A&P 6 Bone and Bone Tissue

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Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation is called _____.

Osteoclasts

Bone destroying/breaking down cells

Osteoblasts

Bone forming cells

Projections

Bone markings that grow outward form bone

Flat

Bone that is spongy in the center surrounded by 2 layers of compact bone.

Lamellae

Hard bone matrix in concentric rings

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Head (humerous)

What are the four steps of healing a bone fracture?

Hematoma formation Fibrocartilaginous callus formation Bony Callus formation Bone remodeling

Diffusion

How does spongy bone get wastes and nutrients in/out?

What's the most prevalent type of cartilage?

Hyaline

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Skeletal Cartilage

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage are considered the 3 forms of what?

Calcium Salts

Hydroxyapatites are also known as ....

Osteogenic

Inner layer of the periosteum (next to the bone surface) composed of osteoclasts and osteoblasts is also called the _____ layer.

Growth from within occurs when the chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage

Interstitial growth

Incomplete lamellae lying between the cylindrical osteons

Interstitial lamellae

Epiphyseal Line

Junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis. Remnant of Epiphyseal plate.

Osteocytes are the mature bone cells occupying the small spaces in the solid matrix called

Lacuna

Femur

Largest Bone in your body

Perichondrium

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone and resists expansion

Tendons/Ligaments

Lots of Sharpey's fibers occur where T/L insert

Periosteum

Lots of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves can enter bone through small openings in this.

Hydroxyapatites

Makes bone hard (Scientific sounding name)

Osteoid

Matrix of bone is called _____.

Canal-like passageway

Meatus (external auditory)

Matrix

Minerals are stored in the ____ of bones.

Short

Mostly Spongy, cubelike bone that contains thin compact bone on surfaces. Makes up your wrist and ankle

Long

Mostly compact bone that is longer than it is wide. Makes up all bones of limbs except patella/wrist/ankle.

Indentation at the edge of a structure

Notch

206

Number of bones in the body

Alkaline Phosphatase

Osteoblasts secrete this

Periosteum/Matrix

Osteoblasts underneath the _____ secret bony _____ on the external bone surface. (_/_) during appositional growth

Lysosomal

Osteoclasts secrete _____ enzymes during bone reabsorption.

Hydrochloric Acid

Osteoclasts secrete this in addition to lysosomal enzymes during bone reabsorption.

Lacunae

Osteocytes are located in _____ between the lamellae.

What two terms refer to the process of bone formation?

Osteognesis Ossification

Depressions/Openings

Other bone markings : (D/O)

Endosteum

Part of bone that is responsible for bone reabsorption. Lines the medullary cavity, canals, and covers the trabeculae of spongy bone.

What type of membrane is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels?

Periosteum

Any bone prominence

Process

Heads Trochancters Spines

Projections

Armlike bar of bone

Ramus (pubis)

Volkmann's Canals

Runs at right angles to long axis of bone. Connects the nerves and the blood vessels of the periosteum to Haversian canals and medullary cavity.

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Sinus (nasal)

Water

Skeletal Cartilage is resilient because it's mostly made of this

Hyaline

Skeletal Cartilage that is embryonic, nasal, costa, articular, or respiratory

Pagets Disease

Soft bones due to excess bone reabsorption

Sesamoid

Special short bones embedded in the tendon or joint capsule (patella)

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Spine (vertebrae)

Osteoclasts

Spongy bone is formed and digested by ______ in the growth of long bones.

Alkaline Phosphatase

Substance tells cells to pull calcium salts from the blood and deposit them in the matrix

What are six bone functions?

Support Movement Protection Mineral Storage Blood cell formation and energy storage

Central Canal

Surrounded by lamellae and runs parallel with long axis of bone. It contains blood vessels and nerves.

Long

The Femur is a type of ____ bone.

Hypertrophy/Calcifies

The chondrocytes ______ and the matrix _____ during the growth in the length of long bones. (_/_)

Epiphyses

The ends of long bones made up of thin, compact bone on the outer layer and spongy bone inside.

(T/F) yellow bones marrow fills the medullary cavities of the femurs and humerus in adults

True

True

True/False. Skeletal Cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves

Small rounded projection or process

Tubercle (adductor)

Large rounded projection, may be roughened

Tuberosity (Tibial)

Flat

Type of Bone that makes up your skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

Fibrocartilage

Type of Cartilage found in the knee and discs surrounding the vertebrae.

Compact

Type of Osseous tissue (outer layer) that is dense, smooth, and homogenous

Irregular

Type of bone found in the vertebrae, hip, and some skull (facial area).

Appositional

Type of bone growth in diameter

Longitudinal

Type of bone growth where the length of the bone grows.

Elastic

Type of cartilage found in the ear and epiglottis

Mesenchymal

Type of cells that become Osteoblasts.

Yellow

Type of marrow in the medullary cavity

Red

Type of marrow located within spongy bone/trabeculae cavities.

Irregular

Type of mostly spongy bone that is not like the other categories of bone.

Spongy

Type of osseous tissue (internal) that has small, flat, needlelike pieces of bone (trabeculae). Contains lots of open spaces filled by yellow or red marrow and blood vessels.

the passageways that carry blood and nutrients from the bone's exterior to the osteocytes are...

Volkman canals

Rapid division of ____ push the epiphysis away from the ____

chondroblasts diaphysis

"Healing" typically means what in cartilage?

chondrocytes secreting additional extracellular matrix

Diaphysis configuration

collar of compact surrounds central medullary or marrow cavity

Which type of fracture is most likely to occur in a car accident?

comminuted fracture

The osteogenic layer abuts the ____ ___ and contains bone depositing cells known as ____ and ____ that are responsible for bone remodeling

compact bone osteoblasts osteroclasts

How are compact bone and spongy bone distributed in long bones?

compact bone exterior spongy bone interior

What type of membrane covers the internal bone structures?

edosteum

what is the difference between the elastic cartilage matrix and hyaline cartilage matrix?

elastic has more elastic fibers

Each osteon is an ___ ___ and runs ____ to the long axis of the bone

elongated cylinder parallel

When the cartilage model of the bone is replaced by bone

endochondral ossification

Cartilage replacement bones are also known as

endochondrial bones

Where can spongy bone be located?

ends of long bones surrounding medullary cavity

What separates the diaphysis and epiphysis?

epiphyseal line

Why do bones stop growing?

epiphyseal plates become thinner and cartilage stops growing

How often is compact bone replaced?

every 10 years

How often is spongy bone replaced?

every 3 years

What is stored in the marrow cavity in adults?

fat

cartilage that forms the embryonic skeleton

fetal

in a developing fetus, the bones of the skull and face begin as...

fibrous connective tissue

Which classification of bone protects organs or provides a large surface area for the attachment of muscles?

flat bones

Bones act as a ____ that supports the ____ and ___ ___

frame body internal organs

What kind of junctions are present in compact bone?

gap junctions

osteons form a concentric rings surrounding a central canal known as

lamella

oteoclasts

large cells which reabsorb matrix

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest

line (intertrochanteric)

What are the four classification of bone shape?

long short flat irregular

the process of endochondral ossification begins in...

long bones

Long bone shape

long shaft with two distinct ends

The shaft of the bone

long tubular diaphysis

osteocytes

mature cells

Typically occurs when bones experience an increase in load...

osteocytes become more active creating new bone

The structural unit of compact bone

osteon Haversian system

Canals that lie at right angles to long axis of bone and connect vascular supply of the periosteum to the central canal and medullary cavity

Volkmann's canal

What makes cartilage so resilient after compression?

Water

Primary Ossification Center

When mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts, the middle of the membrane is called the

Anemia

Why would Yellow marrow turn to red?

Articular

_____ cartilage covers the epiphyses of long bones.

Thyroid

_____ hormones modulate growth hormones.

Hematopoiesis

_____ is a function of bone responsible for blood cell formation.

Spongy

______ bone has irregularly arranged lamellae and consists of trabeculae. Contains no osteons.

Protection

______ is a function of bone that prevents the brain, spinal cord, and other vital organs of the thorax from experiencing damage or trauma

Storage

______ is a function of bone that stores fat and other minerals (Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesium, etc.)

Support

______ is a function of bones that supports/anchors all soft organs of the body.

Movement

_______ is a function of bones where the skeleton is used as levers by muscles to move body

Wolff's law says:

a bone grows remodels in response to the forces which act upon it

Which of the following is not a component of bone matrix? a) elastic fibers b) collagen fibers c) crystalline slats d) phosphate

a) elastic fibers

Examples of membrane bones are

all the bones of the skull (except a few at the base) clavicles

bone lengthening stops when...

all the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate calcifies

what do osteoblasts produce?

bone tissue for the circumferential lamellae

The arrangement of ___ and ___ determine the movements possible

bones joints

osteoblasts

bud cells

in a developing fetus, most bones begin as...

cartilage

Fibrocartilage consists of ____ rows of thick collagen fibers alternating with rows of ____

parallel chondrocytes

What is cartilage surround by and what type of tissue is it made of?

perichondrium dense irregular connective tissue

Short bone shape

roughly cubelike

How are compact bone and spongy bone distributed in flat bones?

sandwich compact bone is bread spongy bone is filling

What influences the grow at adolescent growth spurts

sex hormones

What types of fibers secure the periosteum to the underlying bone?

sharpey's fibers

What types of bones don't have epiphysis or marrow cavities?

short irregular flat

trabeculae are arranged in a way so as to...

strengthen bone

Trabeculae align along lines of

stress

What are the two sublayers of membranes in a bone?

superficial osteogenic

cartilage that reinforce respiratory passages

tracheal and bronchial

uncomplicated fractures heal in...

8 to 12 weeks

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

3 Types of Skeletal Cartilage (H, E, F)

bone formation begins at about...

3 month's gestation

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

4 Types of bone: (L, S, F, I)

(T/F) yellow bone marrow has the potential to change back into red marrow

True

Canaliculi

Allows diffusion of wastes and nutrients in bone and keeps osteocytes all over bone well nourished.

Haversian System

Another name for Osteon

Haversian Canal

Another name for the central canal.

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

Appositional Interstitial

Perichondrium

Appositional Growth of Cartilage is performed by the ______.

Growth from the outside occurs when cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix next to existing cartilage tissue

Appositional growth

Placed Next To

Appositional means

Yes

Are bones considered organs? Yes/No

Yellow

Can convert to Red marrow if needed

Fine canals called ___ connect the lacuna to each other and to the central canal. They tie all the osteocytes in an osteon together

Canaliculi

What is the human skeleton initially made of?

Cartilages Fibrous membranes

Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes of the epiphyseal plates are eventually replaced by ____ _____ as one reaches adulthood during longitudinal bone growth.

Sharpey's fibers

Collagen fibers in the periosteum that anchor the periosteum to the bone by going from the outer layer to the inner layer and into the bone matrix.

Interstitial

Growth of Cartilage that results from the expansion of cartilage from within

Lamellar

Compact bone is also called _____ bone.

Dwarfism

Condition due to the deficit/lack of growth hormone.

Gigantism

Condition resulting for the excess of growth hormone.

Rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa

Condyle (lateral condyle of femur)

Canaliculi

Connects Lacunae to each other and Haversian Canal.

Narrow ridge of bone usually prominent

Crest (Ilium)

Appositional

Growth of Cartilage where new matrix is laid down on the external surface of the cartilage

Epiphyseal plates

Growth plates are also called what?

Fossae sinuses foramina grooves

Depressions

Fossa Meatus Sinus are all examples of

Depressions and openings

Through/Across

Dia means t/a

Three Landmarks of bones

Diaphysis Proximal epiphysis Distal epiphysis

Osteomalacia

Disease where Calcium deposits don't occur which results in soft bones since the bones are inadequately mineralized.

Endosteal

During Appositional growth, bone is reduced by osteoclasts on the ______ surface of compact bone.

Collagen

During Intramembranous Ossification, osteoblasts secrete Osteoid on _____ fibers.

Periosteum

During Intramembranous Ossification, the outer mesenchyme becomes the _____

Spongy/Periosteum

During intramembranous ossification, what forms first? Spongy or compact bone? Under what does it form..the ____? (_/_)

What lines the Haversian canal?

Endosteum

Upon

Epi means

Raised area on or above a condyle

Epicondyle (medial epicondyle of the humerous)

Hyaline Cartilage

Epiphyseal plate (in young bones) is made of what?

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Facet (thoracic vertebrae)

(T/F) The soft spots on a newborn's skull become ossified during the first 6 months of life

False

(T/F) the periosteum secretes a lubricating fluid that eases bone movement

False

(T/F) yellow bone marrow produces white blood cells

False

What do yellow marrow cavities help store?

Fat

Internal Cavities

Fat is stored along the ____ ____ of bones.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Fibrous Outer layer of the Periosteum is made up of what type of tissue?

Narrow, slit-like opening

Fissure

Sternum/Hipbone

Flat and Irregular bone where red marrow is more active (S/H)

Round or oval opening through a bone

Foramen (magnum)

Head Facet Condyle are are all example of surfaces that

Form joints

hallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Fossa

Periosteum

Glistening white, double layered covering of bone

Furrow

Groove (radial)

Central

Grooves on the bone surface form ____ canals during appositional growth. (C)

Appendicular

Group of bones responsible for movement and manipulation. Located on the upper/lower limbs and girdles (shoulder and hip) that attach limbs to the axial skeleton.

Axial

Group of bones responsible for protection and support. Run along the long axis of the body: Skull, Vertebral column, ribcage

Osteon

Group of hallow tubes of hard bone matrix - one inside the other - each tube is a lamella with collagen fibers to resist tension/stress

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Growth hormone is released by this during youth

Hyaline/Mitosis

Growth in the length of long bones - the _____ cartilage grows by _____ of cells on the distal face. (_/_)

Diffusion

The skeletal cartilage receives its nutrients through this process

Diaphysis

Thick collar of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity. It is the shaft; tubular; long axis of bone.

Flat

Thin, flat, usually curved, spongy bone sandwiched between 2 thin compact bone layers.

Calcium

This enters the blood after the organic matrix/minerals are degraded and dissolved by Osteoclasts.

What regulates growth to ensure that skeleton retains proper proportions

Thyroid

Irregularly arranged lamallae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi but have no osteons present

Trabeculae

Little beams

Trabeculae means what?

These align along stress lines in an organized patterns of tiny struts that provide internal support for the bone

Trabeculae of spongy bone

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Trochanter (Femur)

(T/F) During endochondral ossification a primary ossification center develops on the surface of the cartilage as chondrocytes turn into osteoblasts

True

(T/F) The soft spots on a newborn's skull allow for safe compression of the infant's skull during delivery

True

(T/F) The soft spots on a newborn's skull allow it to accommodate rapid brain growth

True

(T/F) The soft spots on a newborn's skull consists of fibrous connective tissue

True

(T/F) the periosteum contains blood vessels, making it crucial to bone survival

True

(T/F) the periosteum contains bone-forming cells

True

(T/F) the periosteum contains fibers that combine with the fibers of tendons

True

(T/F) yellow bone marrow consists mainly of fat

True

the basic structural unit of compact bone is...

an osteon

How do bones grow in width?

appositional growth

cartilage that covers he ends of bones

articular

Where are the five locations of hyaline cartilage?

articular coastal laryngeal tracheal fetal

What is the joint surface of the epiphysis covered with?

articular cartilage

Which substance covers the epiphysis of a long bone?

articular cartilage

Which of the following vitamins do not directly contribute to bone growth and maintenance? a) calium and phosphorus b) Vitamin E c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin A

b) Vitamin E

calcium salt gives bone its...

compressional strength

Cartilage is composed of ___ ___ ___ and has no ____ or ____ ___

connective tissue cartilage nerves blood vessels

cartilage that connect ribs to the breastbone

costal

Compact bone appears very ____ but actually contains canals and passageways proving access for ___, ___ ___, and ___ ___

dense nerves blood vessels lymphatic ducts

The superficial layer is made of what type of tissues and resists what?

dense irregular connective tissue tension during bending

Foramen Groove Fissue Notch are all examples of

depressions and openings for vessels and nerves

the central, shaft-like portion of a long bone is called the...

diaphysis

Water allows what to happen to nutrients?

diffuse rapidly through a loose matrix

What is the spongy area in short, irregular and flat bones known as?

dipole

irregular bone shape

don't fit complicated ship combination of others

Which type of fracture is most likely to occur in a young children?

greenstick fractures

The central canal surrounded by the lamella is the

haversian canal

What is the main function of fibrocatrilage?

highly compressible great tensile strength

Before week 8 the human embryo skeleton is made of what two things?

hyaline cartilage mesenchyme membranes

What makes a bone unique from other connective tissue?

its matrix

Where do chondrocytes occupy in the matrix and what type of fiber is in the matrix

lacuna collagen unit fibril

Bones serve as a reservoir for what? What two ions can be released from the bone into the blood stream?

mineral calcium and phosphate

What are the inorganic components of bone?

mineral salts calcium phosphate

Tuberosity Crest Trochanter Line Tubercle Epicondyle Spine and Process are all examples of projections that

muscle or ligament attach to

Besides bone tissue, what else do bones contain?

nerves blood vessels articular cartilages Epithelial tissue

Which type of cell assists with the regulation of blood levels of calcium and phosphate?

osteocytes

The very center of the bone is an ___ or a ____ cavity filled with ___ ___ ___

open marrow yellow bone marrow

A mixture of what in the matrix of bones allow them to be strong but not brittle?

organic inorganic

osteoid

organic part of the matrix

In the fetus, bone matrix is formed by...

osteoblasts

What adds bone tissue to the external surface of he diaphysis (periosteum)?

osteoblasts

Which type of bone cell helps form bone, specifically the bone's matrix?

osteoblasts

What removes bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis wall (endosteum)?

osteoclasts

Two bone membranes

periosteum endosteum

The _____ ____ covers outer bone surfaces except the ___

periosteum membrane ends of the epiphysis

What simulates the growth at plates?

pituitary

Besides organic components of bone, they also include

proteogylcans glycoproteins collagen

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

red marrow cavities of long bones

Bones display bulges, depressions and holes which serve as

site of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment points of articulation conduits for blood vessels and nerves

What runs inside the Haversian canal?

small blood vessels

Chrondocytes appear ___ in hyaline

spherical

How are compact bone and spongy bone distributed in irregular bones?

spongy bone with thin layer of compact bone

During postnatal bone grown, the epiphyseal plates thickness does what?

stays constant (overall bone length increases)

Where are epiphysis's found?

the end of bones

Where is compression and tension on bones greatest?

the external surfaces, not the center

flat bone shape

thin flat usually curved

How are compact bone and spongy bone distributed in short bones?

thin compact bone surrounding spongy bone mass

the alternating orientation of the lamella resists

torsion stresses

What is the dominate feature of spongy bone?

trabeculae

When does cartilage stop growing?

when the skeleton does

the medullary cavity in most adults is filled with...

yellow bone marrow


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