A&P Blood - Chapter 17

Define Mononucleosis

"Kissing Disease". response to a virus involving Increased number of affgranullocytes. Monocytes = 3-8%, Lymphocytes = 25-40%

What percentage of blood volume does the matrix make up and what is the matrix of blood?

55% of blood volume is matrix/plasma

What percent of plasma is water? What percent is solutes? What is the percentage of plasma to whole blood?

90% water, 10% solutes and 55% of whole blood

What percentage of whole blood is Leukocytes and what percentage of formed elements is leukocytes?

<1% for each.

What does the fibrin mesh due to stop bleeding?

Actin and myosin contract and draw damaged areas closer together

Plasma proteins is the main solutes in plasma. Where is it mostly made by? What percentage is Albumins, Globulins(Alpha, beta and Gamma) and fibrinogens? What do these proteins do?

Albumins = 60% and help with balancing water and Ph Globulins = 36%. Alpha and Beta globulins transport fat and fat soluble vit A,D,E and K. Gamma are immunoglobulins and transport antibodies fromm WBC's. Fibrinogens = 4% and assist with hemostasis.

What is pernicious anemia?

An autoimmune disease that most often affects the elderly. The immune system destroys cells of their own stomach mucosa. The role of the destroyed cells is to produce Intrinsic Factor which must be present for Vit. B12 to be absorbed. Without B12, erythrocytes can grow but not divide, and large pale cells called macrocytes develop.

Anti- A antibodies destroy cells with ____ antigen. Anti- B? Anti- Rh?

Anti-A destroy cells with A antigen. Anti-B destroy cells with B antigen and Anti Rh destroy cells with Rh Antigen.

Function of Blood: What does blood do to protect?

Antibodies to destroy pathogens Hemostasis: Clotting to prevent blood loss

What is the basic definition of anemia?

Any reduced O2 carrying capacity by the blood.

Describe a Basophil in terms of size, shape, color, and purpose.

Basic blue stain pick up by granules. Difficult to see the nucleus. Job is to release histamin (vasodilator) and heparin in response to antigens.

Why does erythropoiesis occur so frequently?

Because RBC's die at 2 million per second.

In what situation is a blood transfusion prefferable over transfusing saline?

Blood transfusing Increases BV, BP, O2 and CO2 transport. Saline only increases BV and BP

What is rule #1 of blood typing?

Blood type is determined by antigen presence on the RBC membrane.

Function of Blood: What does blood regulate?

Body temp, pH, Fluid/solute levels.

What is sickle cell anemia caused by?

Caused by 1 change in 1 poly peptide chain create crescent shape blood cells.

What is Hemorrhagic anemia?

Caused by blood loss. In acute hemorrhagic anemia blood loss is rapid and is treated by replacing the lost blood. Flight but persistent blood loss causes chronic hemorrhagic anemia.

What are antigens?

Cell membrane surface proteins. Whole collage of proteins ID cell as part of your body and as a particular cell.

What is a thrombus?

Clot in an unbroken blood vessel.

In a blood typing test, this referes to cells clumping together? Is this a positive or negative reaction?

Clumping of cells = agglutination. Destruction of cells = positive reaction

Define Leukemia

Cnacer involving WBC's. Rapid division of cells. High number of WBC's, malformed, not functioning well

What is Renal anemia?

Cuased by lack of EPO (hormone that conrtols RBC production). Renal anermia frequently accompanies renal disease because damaged or diseased kidneys cannot produce enough EPO.

Define Leukopenia

Decreased number of WBC's, due to drug therapy.

What is erythopoietin? Target, abbreviation and function.

Erythopoietin is a hormone that targets red bone marrow and stimulates an increase in RBC production. Abreviated as EPO, released by Kidneys (primary) and liver (secondary) when O2 levels are low in blood. causes 1-2 days increase in RBC count.

What are the two types of Hemolytic anemias?

Erythrocytes rupture prematurely. Hemoglobin abnormalities, transfusion of mismatched blood and certain bacterial and parasitic infects are possible causes. Two types are - Thalassemias and sickle cell anemia.

What is the creation of red blood cells called? What is it part of/What is the creation of blood called?

Erythropoiesis = RBC production Part of larger production shceme called hematopoiesis (blood production)

What is erythroblastosis fetalis (blue baby/hemolytic disease)? What shot is given to mothers to help prevent issues during pregnancy?

Exchange of products at placenta, Anti A and B cannot cross through placenta. Anti RH can pass though. Rhogam shot given. Only occurs if mother is Rh - and baby is Rh positive and mothers been sensitised. Anti Rh can kill baby

What is Iron deficiency anemia?

Generally a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia, but it also results from inadequate intake of iron containing foods and impaired iron absorption. The erythrocytes produced called microcytes are small and pale because they cannot synthesize their normal complement of hemoglobin.

What are the 2 groups of Leukocytes and what are their respective types within?

Granulocytes(have cytoplasmic granules): Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils Agranulocytes: (no granules) Lymphocytes and monocytes

Describe the structure of hemoglobin and it's ability to hold oxygen.

Hemoglobin consists of globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and four heme groups. Each Iron containing heme can hold 1 oxygen. 4 hemes = 4 O2 per hemoglobin. 250 million hemoglobin are in one RBC. 4O2x250 million...

What is Diapedesis?

How WBC's squeeze out of the blood vessels and into the tissues when they reach their destination

Describe a lympocytes in terms of size, shape, color, and purpose.

Live for years, smallest WBC. Develop into T & B cells for immune response. Natural killer cells defense mechanism.T & B cells can divide and make more through mitosis.

What are antibodies?

Made by WBC's. Proteins that destroy foreign antigens. In plasma.

What percentage of blood volume do the formed elements make up and what are they?

Make up 45% of blood volume. Formed elements are cells - Erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), and thrombocytes (platelets).

What are Megakaryocytes? What do they produce and what is their function?

Megakaryocytes are large cells of bone marrow that fragment to form thombocytes (platelets). Their job is to aid in the process of hemostasis (blood clotting)

What happens to an RBC when it dies? (recycle)

Most of RBC is reused. Heme can't be reused and is a pigment (yellow-green color) called bilirubin. Excreted in Fecal and urine. If not excreted, collects in mucous membranes and causes jaundice.

Describe a Neutrophil in terms of size, shape, color, and purpose.

Multilobed. 3-5 lobes. Fine mist of liliac staining granules. Phagocytes - First to site of enfection and tissue damage. Accumulation of dead nutrophils = Puss.

What is the abundance of each WBC?

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutro(50-70%), Lymphocytes(25-45%), Monocytes(3-8%), Eosinophils(2-4%), Basophils(.5-1%)

What are the non Protein plasma solutes in the plasma?

Nutrients, electrolytes and respiratory gases. Also, wastes (nitrogen biproducts of protein) Lactic acid, urea, uric acid, creatine and CO2

Function of Blood: What does blood distribute/ Transport?

Oxygen, CO2, Waste, Heat, Nutrients, drugs, antibodies, hormones

What are the 4 types of hemoglobin? (What they're bonded too and the color)

Oxyhemoglobin - Hemoglobin + O2 = HbO2 (red) DeoxyHb - Hb by self or attached to H+ (blue) CarbaminoHb - Hb + CO2 = HbCO2 (blue) CO + Hb - Binds irreversibly (blue)

Describe a monocyte in terms of size, shape, color, and purpose.

Phagocytes. Engulf cell debris, pathogens, dead neutrophils "puss eaters". When leaving blood called "macrophages". Antigen Presentor cells. Help stimulate T & B cells response. Present antigen of forein substance of external surgace and show T & B cells to be aware.

In adults, where do you find red bone marrow? What does this yield?

Red bone marrow yields formed elemts/RBC and is found in proximal end of the femur and humerus, Found in ilium, sternum, ribs, clavicle, vertebral bodies and skull.

What is aplastic anermia?

Results from destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by certain drugs and chemicals, ionizing radiation or viruses.

Describe a Eosinophil in terms of size, shape, color, and purpose.

Stain is bright red with eosin stain. Bilobed nucleus (looks like sunglasses). Secrete chemicals to destroy parasitic worms. Release antihistimine after an allergic reaction

What is the 3 step positive feedback loop to stop bleeding?

Step 1: Vascular spasm causing vasoconstriction. Step 2: Platelet plug (platelets adhere to collagen fibers). Step 3: Coagulation. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets.

What is the function and structure of erythrocytes?

Transport respiratory gases (O2 and CO2). Structure: small cell, biconcave disc. Hi surgace area to volume ratio results in good exchange with surrounding fluids. Filled with hemoglobin (97% volume). No nucleus, no organelles. Live about 3-4 months. Flexible.

When are WBC counts increased? What is it called?

When disease, infection, or tissue dammage occur. Leukocytosis

What is Chemotaxis?

When injured tissues secrete chemicals to attact WBC's

What is an Embolus?

moving clot

What is the pH, Temperature and color of blood (with O2 and without). How many liters are in the adult body and what percentage of body weight does it make up?

pH= 7.35 - 7.45 Temp = 38 degrees Celsius Color With O2 = Bright light red Color without O2 = Dark red (blue) 5-6L in adults (closer to 5) 8% of body weight

What is the lifespan of the formed elements? Do they Divide?

relatively short life span, few hours --> few days. Most are amitotic (don't divide).

What is serum?

serum is plasma minus all the clotting proteins (yellow ooze under scabs)