A&P Ch. 22-Pearson

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. A. thickness of vestibular folds B. strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles C. force with which air rushes across the vocal folds D. length of the vocal folds

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. A. surfactant B. surface tension C. air pressure D. friction

friction

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. B. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure. C. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. D. less than the pressure in the atmosphere.

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________. A. helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood B. helps retain oxygen in the blood C. reduces brain perfusion by constricting cerebral blood vessels D. lowers blood pH levels

helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning? A. slow breathing into a paper bag B. immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb C. hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body D. hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body

hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. A. loss of oxygen in tissues B. acidosis C. alkalosis D. increase of carbon dioxide

increase of carbon dioxide

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A. vital capacity B. expiratory capacity C. inspiratory reserve volume D. reserve air

inspiratory reserve volume

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A. humidifying the air before it enters B. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid C. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations D. warming the air before it enters

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon? A. internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract B. external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax C. diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax D. diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America? A. colorectal B. lung C. skin D. esophageal

lung

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. A. pons and midbrain B. medulla and pons C. midbrain and medulla D. upper spinal cord and medulla

medulla and pons

Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation? A. BPG B. partial pressure of carbon dioxide C. nitric oxide D. temperature

nitric oxide

Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? A. temperature B. partial pressure of carbon dioxide C. number of red blood cells D. partial pressure of oxygen

number of red blood cells

Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest? A. exposure to asbestos B. healthy lungs C. obstructive pulmonary disease D. restrictive disease

obstructive pulmonary disease

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. A. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood B. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin C. not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules D. about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH. A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. BPG D. chloride ions

oxygen

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? A. partial pressure gradient B. solubility in water C. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule D. the temperature

partial pressure gradient

Which center is located in the pons? A. pontine respirator group (PRG) B. expiratory center C. inspiratory center D. pacemaker neuron center

pontine respirator group (PRG)

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. A. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs B. pressure within the pleural cavity C. negative pressure in the intrapleural space D. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs? A. gas exchange B. external respiration C. internal respiration D. pulmonary ventilation

pulmonary ventilation

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder? A. obstructive pulmonary disease B. asthma C. emphysema D. restrictive disease

restrictive disease

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing? A. acidosis resulting from CO2 retention B. arterial PO2 below 60 mm Hg C. rising carbon dioxide levels D. rising blood pressure

rising blood pressure

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________. A. protect the lungs from bacterial invasion B. secrete surfactant C. replace mucus in the alveoli D. trap dust and other debris

secrete surfactant

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall ________. A. the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone B. the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs C. surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity D. the smooth muscles of the lung

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure? A. respiratory bronchiole B. terminal bronchiole C. alveolar duct D. alveolar sac

terminal bronchiole

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? A. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures B. compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid C. compliance and transpulmonary pressures D. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

The larynx contains ________. A. a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple B. the thyroid cartilage C. an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds D. lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds

the thyroid cartilage

Inspiratory capacity is ________. A. air inspired after a tidal inhalation B. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration C. functional residual capacity D. the total amount of exchangeable air

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. A. obstruction of the esophagus B. taking several rapid deep breaths C. getting very cold D. too little oxygen in the atmosphere

too little oxygen in the atmosphere

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________. A. ventilation-perfusion coupling B. the Bohr effect C. the Haldane effect D. chloride shifting

ventilation-perfusion coupling

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________. A. vital capacity B. inspiratory capacity C. expiratory reserve volume D. tidal volume

vital capacity

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________. A. temperature of alveolar air B. thalamic control C. stretch receptors in the alveoli D. voluntary cortical control

voluntary cortical control

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. A. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick B. between 5 and 6 micrometers thick C. at least 3 micrometers thick D. The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated. A. 95% B. 98% C. 100% D. less than 50%

95%

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood: A. Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity. B. During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. C. During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2. D. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.

Terminates in alveoli.

Alveolar duct

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. A. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. B. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension. C. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. D. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. A. Boyle's law B. Charles' law C. Henry's law D. Dalton's law

Boyle's law

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? A. surfactant production B. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium C. C-shaped cartilage D. surface tension of water

C-shaped cartilage

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. A. Boyle's law B. Henry's law C. Dalton's law D. Charles' law

Dalton's law

Functional residual capacity =

ERV + RV

Type I cells:

Form a simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli.

The law that applies to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a soda is called ________ law. A. Boyle's B. Murphy's C. Dalton's D. Henry's

Henry's

Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization? A. High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded. B. When blood O2 levels decline, the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, which stimulates breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen. C. Decreases in arterial PO2 cause the peripheral chemoreceptors to become less responsive to increases in PCO2. D. At high altitudes, hemoglobin's affinity for O2 is increased because BPG concentrations increase.

High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air? A. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration. B. It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles. C. It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels. D. It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall.

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

Which of the following is NOT a form of lung cancer? A. small cell carcinoma B. adenocarcinoma C. squamous cell carcinoma D. Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma

Which statement about CO2 is FALSE? A. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. B. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. C. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. D. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.

More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

Which of the following is INCORRECT? A. The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli. B. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. C. Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. D. Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. F/R

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins.

Respiratory bronchioles

Type II cells:

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant. Are cuboidal cells.

No exchange of gases occurs here:

Segmental bronchi

Inspiratory capacity =

TV + IRV

Vital capacity =

TV + IRV + ERV

Total lung capacity =

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Select the correct statement about the pharynx. A. The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx. B. The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx. C. The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube drains into the nasopharynx. D. The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.

The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. A. The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive. B. The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons. C. The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. D. The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing.

The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. A. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs B. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts C. alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes D. atria and alveolar sacs

alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

Which of the following determines lung compliance? A. flexibility of the thoracic cage B. alveolar surface tension C. muscles of inspiration D. airway opening

alveolar surface tension

The main site of gas exchange is the ________. A. alveolar sacs B. respiratory bronchiole C. alveolar duct D. alveoli

alveoli

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A. alveolar sacs B. alveolar ducts C. respiratory bronchioles D. alveoli

alveoli

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium? A. oropharynx B. nasopharynx C. trachea D. alveolus

alveolus

Which of the following anchor(s) the vocal folds? A. cricoid cartilage B. corniculate cartilages C. cuneiform cartilages D. arytenoid cartilages

arytenoid cartilages

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood? A. chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin B. chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells C. as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells D. as carbonic acid in the plasma

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________. A. as a passageway for air movement B. as the direct initiator of the cough reflex C. warming and humidifying the air D. cleansing the air

as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae? A. assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs B. help divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers C. allow the lungs to easily glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements D. help limit the spread of local infections

assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? A. just over 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin B. 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma C. as bicarbonate ions in plasma D. attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

The respiratory membrane consists of 3 layers:

capillary endothelium, fused basement membrane and alveolar epithelium consisting of Type I cells.

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? A. release of hydrogen ion B. the Bohr effect C. chloride shifting D. the Haldane effect

chloride shifting

Which of the following plays a role in removing particles such as dust from inspired air? A. porous structure of turbinate bones B. action of the epiglottis C. ciliated mucous lining in the nose D. abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. A. basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes B. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes C. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes D. temperature is lower at higher altitudes

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. A. decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B. increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C. increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D. decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first? A. diaphragm descends and rib cage rises B. intrapulmonary pressure drops C. air (gases) flows into lungs D. thoracic cavity volume decreases

diaphragm descends and rib cage rises

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. A. diffusion B. filtration C. active transport D. osmosis

diffusion

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? A. pneumonia B. emphysema C. tuberculosis D. coryza

emphysema

Tidal volume is air ________. A. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration B. exchanged during normal breathing C. inhaled after normal inspiration D. forcibly expelled after normal expiration

exchanged during normal breathing