A&P - Ch. 24 redon

Micturition: A. is another name for urination. B. is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder. C. requires the opening of two sphincters. D. requires contraction of the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder. E. All choices are correct.

All choices are correct

Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation. a: Capsular space of glomerulus b: Nephron loop c: Collecting duct d: Distal convoluted tubule e: Proximal convoluted tubule

Capsular space of glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule, Nephron loop, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting duct

Increases in the levels of plasma proteins result in increases in net filtration pressure. A. True B. False

False

Large proteins and red blood cells normally pass freely through the filtration membrane. A. True B. False

False

The glomerulus is part of the renal tubule. A. True B. False

False

Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated? A. Intercalated nephrons B. Juxtamedullary nephrons C. Adrenal nephrons D. Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related? A. They both involve movement of material from the blood into the tubular fluid. B. Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood. C. Materials move in opposite directions: secretion moves materials into the blood, whereas reabsorption removes them from the blood. D. They both involve movement of material from the tubular fluid into the blood.

Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood.

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order that urine flows through them? A. Major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis B. Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor pelvis C. Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis D. Major pelvis, minor calyx, renal pelvis E. Major calyx, renal pelvis, minor calyx

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

For glucose to be reabsorbed from the tubule lumen, it is transported into the tubule cell by means of a: A. glucose uniporter. B. Na+/glucose symporter. C. glucose protein channel. D. Na+/glucose antiporter.

Na+/glucose symporter.

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in: A. systemic blood pressure by signaling for a decrease in heart rate through blood-borne hormones. B. urine production by signaling for a decrease in urine production through the hormone ADH. C. NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers. D. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure by signaling for afferent arterioles to constrict and increase filtration rate

NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers.

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other? A. One collecting duct drains into one nephron, and one nephron drains into one collecting tubule. B. One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct. C. One nephron drains into one collecting duct, and several collecting ducts empty into a collecting tubule. D. One collecting tubule drains into one nephron, and several nephrons drain into one collecting duct. E. One nephron drains into several collecting tubules, and all tubules eventually lead to one collecting duct.

One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.

Which is not correct regarding the innervation of the kidney? A. Parasympathetic innervation is from the vagus nerve. B. The kidney is served by the renal plexus. C. Sympathetic innervation is from segments T10-T12 of the spinal cord. D. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels. E. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

Which is not a function of the kidneys? A. Regulation of blood pressure B. Removal of wastes from the blood C. Regulation of erythrocyte production D. Regulation of lymphocyte production E. Regulation of acid-base balance

Regulation of lymphocyte production

Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney? A. Renal cortex B. Renal sinus C. Renal pelvis D. Renal medulla E. Renal papilla

Renal medulla

Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule? A. Filtration only B. Secretion only C. Reabsorption only D. Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption E. Secretion and reabsorption only

Secretion and reabsorption only

Which is not correct regarding nephrons? A. The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. B. The renal tubule is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule. C. The nephron is the functional filtration unit in the kidney. D. Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons. E. The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.

The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.

Both the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule reside in the cortex of the kidney. A. True B. False

True

Water and glucose are freely filtered through the filtration membrane of a renal corpuscle. A. True B. False

True

Where in the urinary tract is transitional epithelium found? A. Urinary bladder B. Urethra C. Ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra D. Ureters E. Ureters and urinary bladder

Ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver? A. Urea B. Deoxyribose C. Uric acid D. Creatinine

Uric acid

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid: A. are completely secreted. B. are completely reabsorbed. C. have half of their plasma concentration secreted. D. have a little less than half of their tubular fluid concentration reabsorbed. E. have concentrations in the filtrate and urine that match their transport maximum.

are completely reabsorbed.

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine? a. Bladder, urethra, kidney, ureter b. Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra c. Kidney, urethra, bladder, ureter d. Kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra e. Urethra, bladder, kidney, ureter

b. Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in: A. constriction of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus. B. constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus. C. dilation of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus. D. dilation of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.

constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.

Stimulation of granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system causes them to: A. contract. B. relax. C. release calcitriol. D. increase endocytosis.

contract

ANP is a hormone that causes: A. constriction of the afferent arterioles and release of renin. B. constriction of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release. C. dilation of the afferent arterioles and release of renin. D. dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.

dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they: A. carry only deoxygenated blood. B. drain into an arteriole instead of a venule. C. contain no endothelium. D. absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule. E. secrete mucus.

drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.

The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to: A. push fluid across the filtration membrane. B. draw fluid back into the glomerulus.

draw fluid back into the glomerulus.

Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered ________ controls. A. intrinsic B. extrinsic

extrinsic

The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of _________ capillaries. A. fenestrated B. continuous

fenestrated

From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the: A. fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat. B. renal corpuscle, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat. C. renal fascia, paranephric fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat. D. renal fascia, perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, paranephric fat. E. fibrous capsule, paranephric fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat.

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.

In the process of urine formation, first: A. filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine. B. tubular fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine.

filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.

Net filtration pressure is equal to the: A. capsular hydrostatic pressure plus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the glomerular hydrostatic pressure. B. glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure. C. capsular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure. D. blood colloid osmotic pressure minus the capsular hydrostatic pressure. E. glomerular hydrostatic pressure plus blood colloid osmotic pressure minus capsular hydrostatic pressure.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure.

The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the: A. Bowman. B. convoluted capillary bed. C. glomerular capsule. D. glomerulus. E. nephron.

glomerulus.

The main parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the: A. principal cells and macula densa. B. granular cells and macula densa. C. granular cells and intercalated cells. D. intercalated cells and principal cells. E. principal cells and granular cells.

granular cells and macula densa.

Sympathetic stimulation causes: A. mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell contraction. B. mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell relaxation. C. granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction. D. granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell relaxation. E. inhibited release of erythropoietin and contraction of granular and mesangial cells.

granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction.

Generally, a very _______ percent of Na+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place _________. A. high, only in the nephron loop B. high, along the entire tubule C. small, only in the nephron loop D. small, along the entire tubule

high, along the entire tubule

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is _______ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of ________ arterioles. A. higher, afferent B. higher, efferent C. lower, afferent D. lower, efferent

higher, afferent

If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to: A. increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR. B. increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR. C. decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR. D. decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR.

increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR.

Dehydration results in: A. increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption. B. increased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption. C. decreased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption. D. decreased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption.

increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption.

The myogenic mechanism of autoregulation that occurs within afferent arterioles of the kidney is an __________ control of GFR. A. intrinsic B. extrinsic

intrinsic

Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of _______, but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of _________. A. creatine phosphate, insulin B. insulin, creatine phosphate C. inulin, creatinine D. creatinine, inulin

inulin, creatinine

The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ________ and its ________ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule. A. cortex, ascending B. cortex, descending C. medulla, ascending D. medulla, descending

medulla, ascending

The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the: A. renal capsule. B. minor calyx. C. renal pelvis. D. renal sinus. E. renal cortex.

minor calyx

Urine passes from a papillary duct into a: A. major calyx, then to a minor calyx, then to a ureter. B. minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis. C. ureter, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx. D. renal pelvis, then to a major calyx, then to a ureter. E. collecting duct, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.

minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located: A. within the renal sinus. B. in the renal papilla. C. in the perinephric fat. D. inside the tubular pole of the glomerulus. E. near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the: A. nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla. B. nephron loop dilutes the concentration of solutes in the tubular fluid at its hairpin turn. C. vasa recta secretes multiple amounts of metabolic wastes against their concentration gradient. D. vasa recta becomes more concentrated with nitrogenous wastes than the urine.

nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla.

The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is: A. primary active transport by means of a protein pump. B. osmosis through aquaporins. C. secondary active transport by means of a sodium-water symporter. D. bulk transport by means of endocytosis.

osmosis through aquaporins

In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________. A. calcium, renin B. oxygen, erythropoietin C. sodium, calcitriol D. potassium, erythropoietin E. glucose, calcitriol

oxygen, erythropoietin

The kidneys are located ___________ the peritoneum. A. within B. anterior to C. posterior to

posterior to

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and _________, and it restricts the passage of _________. A. phospholipids, plasma ions B. phospholipids, plasma proteins C. proteoglycans, plasma ions D. proteoglycans, plasma proteins

proteoglycans, plasma proteins

Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the: A. nephron loop and is called obligatory water reabsorption. B. nephron loop and is called facultative water reabsorption. C. proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption. D. proximal convoluted tubule and is called facultative water reabsorption.

proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the: A. proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella. B. proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli. C. distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella. D. distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

The normal pH for urine: A. is anything below 7.0. B. is anything above 7.0 C. ranges between 4.5 and 8.0. D. ranges between 3.0 and 6.0. E. ranges between 8.0 and 9.0 for someone with a diet high in protein.

ranges between 4.5 and 8.0

The renal corpuscle is located within the: A. collecting duct. B. renal medulla. C. renal cortex. D. renal pelvis.

renal cortex

Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme: A. angiotensinogen. B. antidiuretic hormone. C. renin. D. calcitriol.

renin

Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are: A. moved across the filtration membrane by active transport pumps. B. attracted by the positive charge of the filtration membrane. C. repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane. D. engulfed by endocytosis and reabsorbed at the filtration membrane.

repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of: A. glucose in the blood. B. antidiuretic hormone in the urine. C. sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. D. calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule. E. aldosterone in the afferent arteriole.

sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): A. stimulates reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate. B. stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption. C. inhibits reabsorption of calcium but stimulates phosphate reabsorption. D. inhibits reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate.

stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption

The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule wall in a given duration of time is known as the: A. glomerular filtration rate. B. renal threshold. C. transport maximum. D. net filtration pressure. E. renal clearance exponent.

transport maximum.

Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop would be considered to be: A. plasma. B. tubular fluid. C. filtrate. D. urine.

tubular fluid

The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called: A. filtration. B. tubular reabsorption. C. tubular secretion. D. fenestration. E. titration.

tubular secretion

If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive: A. vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to raise GFR. B. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal. C. vasodilation of efferent arterioles to lower GFR. D. vasodilation of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.