A&P Ch 3 Cells
In filtration, a solution is pushed through a membrane by a force called _____. This is a _____ transport mechanism.
hydrostatic pressure; passive
solutions that have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids are called
hypertonic
solutions that have lower osmotic pressure than body fluids are called
hypotonic
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
metaphase
thin rods and tubules that support cytoplams and allow for movement of organelles
microfilaments and microtubules
unit of measurement that equals one thousandth of a millimeter and is symbolized as µm
micrometer
membranous sacs with inner partitions that generate energy.
mitochondria
part of the nucleus that contains porous double membrane that separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
part of the nucleus that contains dense collection of RNA and proteins at the site of ribosome production
nucleolus
control center of the cell
nucleus
3 major parts of a cell are:
nucleus, cytoplasm and the cell membrane
The 3 major parts of a composite cell "typical cell"
nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane into a compartment containing solute that cannot cross the same membrane
osmosis
the diffusion of water (the movement of water, and water moves towards the higher concentration of solutes)
osmosis
type of movement that requires no cellular energy and includes: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and filtration
passive (physical) process
2 types of movements into and out of the cell
passive (physical) process and active (physiological) process
they do not span the entire membrane; they project from the cell surface
peripheral proteins
enzyme containing sacs that break down organic molecules
peroxisomes
certain types of cells including white blood cells are known as ____ because they can take in solid particles such as bacteria and cellular debris
phagocytes
similar to pinocytosis, but the cell takes in solids rather than liquid
phagocytosis
cells take in tiny droplets of liquid from their surrounding and a small portion of the cell membrane will invaginate.
pinocytosis
the three forms of endocytosis are
pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis
cell structure that acts as a selectively permeable barier that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
plasma membrane
the stages of mitosis include:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
form of endocytosis where protein molecules that extend through the cell membrane are exposed on its outer surface. They are receptors to which specific molecules from the fluid surround cells can bind to
receptor mediated endocytosis
free floating or connected to the ER, provide structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form protein
ribosomes
allows white blood cells to "anchor"
selectin
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood is an example of what
simple diffusion
mitosis occurs in ____ cells and produces ____ daughter cells
somatic; two
stage of mitosis in which chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin and the nuclear envelope reforms
telophase
the phospho lipid heads face ____, while the tails face _____
the cytosol and extracellular fluid; each other
pino-
to drink
endocytosis followed by exocytosis, transports a substance rapidly through a cell, HIV crossing a cell layer
transcytosis
membranous sacs that store substances
vesicles
movement against concentration gradient is known as _____ ______. it requires energy, which comes from cellular metabolism
active transport
phase where the centromeres separate and the chromatids move in opposite directions. The spindle fibers shorten and pull their attached chromosomes toward centrioles at opposite sides of the cell
anaphase
cytoplasm contains abundant protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework called
cytoskeleton
2 parts of cytoplasm
cytosol - water organelles - solids
contain peripheral proteins and carbohydrate groups
glycoproteins
they contain peripheral proteins and carbohydrates
glycoproteins
A typical cell has about how many mitochondria
1,700
Produces two daugher cells form an orginal somatic cell, the nucleus divides the cytoplasm divides. The phases of nuclear division include (4)
1. Prophase-chromosomes form; nuclear envelope disappears 2. Metaphase-chromosomes align mideway between centrioles 3. Anaphase- chomosomes seperate and move to centrioles 4. Telophase-chromatin forms; nuclear envelope forms
Sequence of events that occur during phagocytosis (6)
1. an engulfed particle is enclosed within a vesicle 2. a vesicle detaches from the cell's surface and moves into its interior 3. vesicle-lysosome fusion occurs 4. digestive lysosomal enzymes decompose vesicle contents 5. products of intracellular digestion diffuse into the cytoplasm 6. residues are expelled outside through exocytosis
What 2 events occur duing prophase
1. chromatin coils up into chromosomes, spindle fibers form 2. the nucleus and nucleolus disappear
About how many cells are in the human body.
50-100 trillion
stack of flattened, membranous sacs that modify package and deliver proteins
golgi apparatus
type of movement that requires cellular energy and includes: active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis
active (physiological) process
The outer limit of the cell that controls what moves in and out "selectively permeable."
Cell Membrane (aka Plasma Membrane)
Also called a 'typical' cell. Major parts include: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane
Composite Cell
ER that is studded with ribosomes
Rough ER
DNA replication occurs during the ____ phase of interphase
S
This is what happens when cells specialize whenever cells vary in size and shape due to their unique function
Differentiation
connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles that function as a transport system
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
T or F. Simple diffusion requires a carrier to move molecules across the membrane.
False. Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier, Simple diffusion does not require a carrier.
what are the sub-phases of interphase
G1 and S
ER that is involved in lipid synthesis. It is added to proteins arriving from the Rough ER. Breaks down drugs
Smooth ER
The serious of stages that a cell must undergo before it divides:
Interphase, Mitosis, and cytokinesis
Very active period of the cell life, cell grows and maintains routine functions. It replicates the genetic material to prepare for nuclear division. It synthesizes new organelles to prepare for cytoplasmic division. Includes 2 phases:
Interphase; G-Phase-cell grows and synthesizes structures other than DNA S-Phase- cell replicates DNA
part of the cell membrane made of water-soluble "heads" form surfaces (hydrophilic) while water-insoluble "tails" form interior (hydrophobic).
Phospholipid bilayer
Receptors, pores, channels and carries, enzymes, CAMS, self-markers are all characteristics of what
Proteins
During G1 an G2 phases of interphase, cells:
grow and synthesize organelles
guide on cells on the move. Important for growth of the embryonic tissue and nerve tissue
cell adhesion molecules (CAM's)
The basic organizational structure of the human body
cells
two rod-like centrioles used to produce cilia and flagella that distribute chomosomes during cell division
centrosome
this chemical stabilizes the cell membrane and this makes the membrane impermeable to water-soluble structures
cholesterol
this makes the plasma membrane more rigid
cholesterol
four components of the cell membrane
cholesterol, phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates
part of the nucleus that contains fibers of DNA and proteins and stores info for synthesis of proteins
chromatin
the material in the nucleus composed of protein and DNA; it contains information to guide synthesis of proteins and it condenses into chromosomes during cell division
chromatin
short hair-like projections that propel substances on cell surface
cilia
The difference in concentrations
concentration gradient
the tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a lipid or air solution to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, thus becoming more evenly distributed, or more diffuse.
diffusion
What transport mechanisms are classified as a passive mechanisms?
diffusion, filtration, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
_____ _______ occurs when the concentration of a substance becomes uniform throughout a solution and there is no further net movement of molecules throughout the solution
diffusional equilibrium
In osmosis, water diffuses through a semipermeable membrane ____ its concentration gradient.
down
the force behind filtration
hydrostatic pressure
molecules or other particles that are too large to enter the cell by diffusion, or active transport are conveyed in a vesicle that forms from a section of the cell membrane
endocytosis
the membranous organelle that functions to synthesize proteins and lipids is
endoplasmic reticulum
Ions use a process called ____ _____ to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
______ ______ is a passive transport mechanism in which molecules or ions move via carrier proteins from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
the type of movement that follows that concentration gradient because it depends on membrane proteins. This type of diffusion can only move molecules down a gradient.
facilitated diffusion
The process of ____ forces molecules through membranes. This is commonly used to separate solids from water.
filtration
a passive transport mechanism in which small solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure is called
filtration
long tail-like projection that provides motility to sperm
flagellum
temporary nutrients and pigments
inclusions
a type of compact or globular protein that spans the cell membrane. they transport molecules and signals across the membrane
integral protein
ions are hydrophillic, and therefore cannot cross the plasma membrane without help from (2)
integral proteins and ion channels
guides white blood cells through capillary walls
integrin
the phase of the cell cycle that begins after cytokinesis and ends at prophase
interphase
the main division of the cell cycle are:
interphase, mitosis, differentiation and cytoplasmic division
Endocytosis takes particles ____ the cell by using ____.
into; vesicles
protein structures that permit electrical signals to cross membranes by allowing ions through such as calcium, sodium, potassium or chloride
ion channels
faciliated diffusion allows the movement of _____, _____, and _____ across the plasma membrane
ions, polar substances, and glucose
solutes that have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids are called
isotonic
In active transport, substances are moved from ____ concentration to ____ concentration.
low; high
the transported particles are released, and the carrier molecules can accept other passenger molecules at their binding sides. This is because the carrier proteins transport substances from regions of ______ concentration to _____ concentation. They are called pumps. A sodium/potassium pump, for example, transports sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells
lower; higher
enzyme containing sacs that digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances
lysosomes
a form of cell division that only occurs in cells that give rise to sex cells. It halves the chromosome number
meiosis