A&P Ch 3 Cells

In filtration, a solution is pushed through a membrane by a force called _____. This is a _____ transport mechanism.

hydrostatic pressure; passive

solutions that have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids are called

hypertonic

solutions that have lower osmotic pressure than body fluids are called

hypotonic

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

metaphase

thin rods and tubules that support cytoplams and allow for movement of organelles

microfilaments and microtubules

unit of measurement that equals one thousandth of a millimeter and is symbolized as µm

micrometer

membranous sacs with inner partitions that generate energy.

mitochondria

part of the nucleus that contains porous double membrane that separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

part of the nucleus that contains dense collection of RNA and proteins at the site of ribosome production

nucleolus

control center of the cell

nucleus

3 major parts of a cell are:

nucleus, cytoplasm and the cell membrane

The 3 major parts of a composite cell "typical cell"

nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane into a compartment containing solute that cannot cross the same membrane

osmosis

the diffusion of water (the movement of water, and water moves towards the higher concentration of solutes)

osmosis

type of movement that requires no cellular energy and includes: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and filtration

passive (physical) process

2 types of movements into and out of the cell

passive (physical) process and active (physiological) process

they do not span the entire membrane; they project from the cell surface

peripheral proteins

enzyme containing sacs that break down organic molecules

peroxisomes

certain types of cells including white blood cells are known as ____ because they can take in solid particles such as bacteria and cellular debris

phagocytes

similar to pinocytosis, but the cell takes in solids rather than liquid

phagocytosis

cells take in tiny droplets of liquid from their surrounding and a small portion of the cell membrane will invaginate.

pinocytosis

the three forms of endocytosis are

pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis

cell structure that acts as a selectively permeable barier that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

plasma membrane

the stages of mitosis include:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

form of endocytosis where protein molecules that extend through the cell membrane are exposed on its outer surface. They are receptors to which specific molecules from the fluid surround cells can bind to

receptor mediated endocytosis

free floating or connected to the ER, provide structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form protein

ribosomes

allows white blood cells to "anchor"

selectin

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood is an example of what

simple diffusion

mitosis occurs in ____ cells and produces ____ daughter cells

somatic; two

stage of mitosis in which chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin and the nuclear envelope reforms

telophase

the phospho lipid heads face ____, while the tails face _____

the cytosol and extracellular fluid; each other

pino-

to drink

endocytosis followed by exocytosis, transports a substance rapidly through a cell, HIV crossing a cell layer

transcytosis

membranous sacs that store substances

vesicles

movement against concentration gradient is known as _____ ______. it requires energy, which comes from cellular metabolism

active transport

phase where the centromeres separate and the chromatids move in opposite directions. The spindle fibers shorten and pull their attached chromosomes toward centrioles at opposite sides of the cell

anaphase

cytoplasm contains abundant protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework called

cytoskeleton

2 parts of cytoplasm

cytosol - water organelles - solids

contain peripheral proteins and carbohydrate groups

glycoproteins

they contain peripheral proteins and carbohydrates

glycoproteins

A typical cell has about how many mitochondria

1,700

Produces two daugher cells form an orginal somatic cell, the nucleus divides the cytoplasm divides. The phases of nuclear division include (4)

1. Prophase-chromosomes form; nuclear envelope disappears 2. Metaphase-chromosomes align mideway between centrioles 3. Anaphase- chomosomes seperate and move to centrioles 4. Telophase-chromatin forms; nuclear envelope forms

Sequence of events that occur during phagocytosis (6)

1. an engulfed particle is enclosed within a vesicle 2. a vesicle detaches from the cell's surface and moves into its interior 3. vesicle-lysosome fusion occurs 4. digestive lysosomal enzymes decompose vesicle contents 5. products of intracellular digestion diffuse into the cytoplasm 6. residues are expelled outside through exocytosis

What 2 events occur duing prophase

1. chromatin coils up into chromosomes, spindle fibers form 2. the nucleus and nucleolus disappear

About how many cells are in the human body.

50-100 trillion

stack of flattened, membranous sacs that modify package and deliver proteins

golgi apparatus

type of movement that requires cellular energy and includes: active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis

active (physiological) process

The outer limit of the cell that controls what moves in and out "selectively permeable."

Cell Membrane (aka Plasma Membrane)

Also called a 'typical' cell. Major parts include: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane

Composite Cell

ER that is studded with ribosomes

Rough ER

DNA replication occurs during the ____ phase of interphase

S

This is what happens when cells specialize whenever cells vary in size and shape due to their unique function

Differentiation

connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles that function as a transport system

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

T or F. Simple diffusion requires a carrier to move molecules across the membrane.

False. Facilitated diffusion requires a carrier, Simple diffusion does not require a carrier.

what are the sub-phases of interphase

G1 and S

ER that is involved in lipid synthesis. It is added to proteins arriving from the Rough ER. Breaks down drugs

Smooth ER

The serious of stages that a cell must undergo before it divides:

Interphase, Mitosis, and cytokinesis

Very active period of the cell life, cell grows and maintains routine functions. It replicates the genetic material to prepare for nuclear division. It synthesizes new organelles to prepare for cytoplasmic division. Includes 2 phases:

Interphase; G-Phase-cell grows and synthesizes structures other than DNA S-Phase- cell replicates DNA

part of the cell membrane made of water-soluble "heads" form surfaces (hydrophilic) while water-insoluble "tails" form interior (hydrophobic).

Phospholipid bilayer

Receptors, pores, channels and carries, enzymes, CAMS, self-markers are all characteristics of what

Proteins

During G1 an G2 phases of interphase, cells:

grow and synthesize organelles

guide on cells on the move. Important for growth of the embryonic tissue and nerve tissue

cell adhesion molecules (CAM's)

The basic organizational structure of the human body

cells

two rod-like centrioles used to produce cilia and flagella that distribute chomosomes during cell division

centrosome

this chemical stabilizes the cell membrane and this makes the membrane impermeable to water-soluble structures

cholesterol

this makes the plasma membrane more rigid

cholesterol

four components of the cell membrane

cholesterol, phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates

part of the nucleus that contains fibers of DNA and proteins and stores info for synthesis of proteins

chromatin

the material in the nucleus composed of protein and DNA; it contains information to guide synthesis of proteins and it condenses into chromosomes during cell division

chromatin

short hair-like projections that propel substances on cell surface

cilia

The difference in concentrations

concentration gradient

the tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a lipid or air solution to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, thus becoming more evenly distributed, or more diffuse.

diffusion

What transport mechanisms are classified as a passive mechanisms?

diffusion, filtration, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

_____ _______ occurs when the concentration of a substance becomes uniform throughout a solution and there is no further net movement of molecules throughout the solution

diffusional equilibrium

In osmosis, water diffuses through a semipermeable membrane ____ its concentration gradient.

down

the force behind filtration

hydrostatic pressure

molecules or other particles that are too large to enter the cell by diffusion, or active transport are conveyed in a vesicle that forms from a section of the cell membrane

endocytosis

the membranous organelle that functions to synthesize proteins and lipids is

endoplasmic reticulum

Ions use a process called ____ _____ to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane

facilitated diffusion

______ ______ is a passive transport mechanism in which molecules or ions move via carrier proteins from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

facilitated diffusion

the type of movement that follows that concentration gradient because it depends on membrane proteins. This type of diffusion can only move molecules down a gradient.

facilitated diffusion

The process of ____ forces molecules through membranes. This is commonly used to separate solids from water.

filtration

a passive transport mechanism in which small solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure is called

filtration

long tail-like projection that provides motility to sperm

flagellum

temporary nutrients and pigments

inclusions

a type of compact or globular protein that spans the cell membrane. they transport molecules and signals across the membrane

integral protein

ions are hydrophillic, and therefore cannot cross the plasma membrane without help from (2)

integral proteins and ion channels

guides white blood cells through capillary walls

integrin

the phase of the cell cycle that begins after cytokinesis and ends at prophase

interphase

the main division of the cell cycle are:

interphase, mitosis, differentiation and cytoplasmic division

Endocytosis takes particles ____ the cell by using ____.

into; vesicles

protein structures that permit electrical signals to cross membranes by allowing ions through such as calcium, sodium, potassium or chloride

ion channels

faciliated diffusion allows the movement of _____, _____, and _____ across the plasma membrane

ions, polar substances, and glucose

solutes that have the same osmotic pressure as body fluids are called

isotonic

In active transport, substances are moved from ____ concentration to ____ concentration.

low; high

the transported particles are released, and the carrier molecules can accept other passenger molecules at their binding sides. This is because the carrier proteins transport substances from regions of ______ concentration to _____ concentation. They are called pumps. A sodium/potassium pump, for example, transports sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells

lower; higher

enzyme containing sacs that digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances

lysosomes

a form of cell division that only occurs in cells that give rise to sex cells. It halves the chromosome number

meiosis