A&P Chapter 18

What function does the pancreas perform as an exocrine gland?

It secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning erythropoietin?

It stimulates the absorption of iron across the digestive tract.

Which of the following would stimulate the production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Lower-than-normal body temperatures

Which pituitary hormone induces ovulation in females?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which region of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Medulla

Which pituitary hormone is the only one to be released by the pars intermedia of the pituitary?

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Increased production of the pineal gland hormone ____________ has been suggested as a primary cause of seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

Melatonin

Thyroglobulin molecules contain the amino acid ____________, that is the building block of thyroid hormones.

Tyrosine

Thyroxine is synthesized from the amino acid __________ and __________ ions.

Tyrosine, iodine

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

TSH, ACTH, PRL

Thyroid hormone may increase cellular ATP production by binding to

The mitochondria

Which one of these statements about the thymus and its endocrine functions is FALSE?

The thymus is located superior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.

Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in __________.

Their means of transporting their products

Which gland's hormones bind to the mitochondria to increase rates of mitochondrial ATP production?

Thyroid

The primary physiological effect(s) of thyroid hormones is (are) __________.

To increase the metabolic rate of target cells and to burn calories

One component of the physiologically active thyroid hormone is __________.

Triiodothyronine

During the process of down-regulation, the presence of a hormone triggers a/an __________ in the number of hormone receptors resulting in target cells becoming _________ sensitive to high levels of a particular hormone.

Decrease, less

Which of the following does NOT properly link areas and products of the pancreas?

Delta cells—pancreatic polypeptide

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

There are a number of mechanisms used by the body to achieve intercellular communication. Which mechanism uses hormones as chemical mediators?

Endocrine communication

___________ cells are glandular secretory cells that release their secretions into the ECF, while ___________ cells secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces, generally by way of ducts.

Endocrine, Exocrine

The two catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla are __________ and ____________.

Epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE)

The adrenal medulla secretes __________.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

The presence or absence of a hormone can cause down-regulation or up-regulation. What plasma membrane component does down-regulation or up-regulation regulate?

Extracellular receptors

What are the primary regulatory hormones of the gonads?

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Which of the following endocrine malfunctions is NOT properly associated with the causative hormone?

Gigantism—excessive ADH

Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete __________.

Glucagon

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

Glucagon

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?

Glucagon

Pancreatic alpha cells produce the hormone _________, which raises blood glucose levels by increasing the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver

Glucagon

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?

Glucocorticoids

____________ produced by the zona fasciculata speed up the rates of glucose synthesis, and glycogen formation, especially in the liver. (HINT: the type of hormones, not a specific hormone name)

Glucocorticoids

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

Growth hormone

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

Growth hormone

Insulin __________.

Has all of listed effects

The adrenal glands __________.

Have all of the listed characteristics

When epinephrine and norepinephrine are released into synapses they function as neurotransmitters. When they are released directly into the bloodstream, they function as ____________.

Hormones

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

The kidneys produce renin that is involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renin acts like an enzyme and functions to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. An enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) modifies angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of ADH. Using your knowledge of ADH function, drugs known as ACE inhibitors would be used to treat what condition?

Hypertension

A patient is brought into the emergency room with very low blood pressure and irregular electrolyte levels (sodium and potassium). Which region of the adrenal gland directly or indirectly is causing these signs and symptoms?

Hyposecretion by the zona glomerulosa

The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________.

Hypothalamus

Which one of these is NOT one of the mechanisms by which G proteins work?

Increased breakdown of cAMP through deactivation of phosphodiesterase

Parathyroid hormone ________________.

Increases calcium ion concentrations in the blood

Which one of these statements concerning cells that produce hormones of the reproductive systems is FALSE?

Inhibin is produced by the placenta and helps relax the uterus at delivery

Pancreatic beta cells produce the hormone _________, which lowers blood glucose levels by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and use by most body cells and increasing glycogen production in skeletal muscles and the liver.

Insulin

Which one of the following does NOT properly link a hormone with its effects on growth?

Insulin—normal deposition of calcium in bone formation

Cells of the thyroid gland extract _________ from the blood to synthesize thyroid hormones.

Iodine

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it

Is a component of the hypothalamus

Calcitonin __________.

Is released from the thyroid gland; has an effect antagonistic to that of parathormone (PTH); and inhibits osteoclasts, leading to reduced levels of calcium in body fluids

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

Isthmus

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone.

ADH

Cyclic _______ and ________ ions can act as second messengers in a cell.

AMP, GMP

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except

Acetylcholine derivatives.

What occurs after a first messenger such as a peptide hormone, catecholamine, or eicosanoid binds to a cell's membrane receptor?

Activates a G protein

When certain hormones enter a cell, they bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. What is the function of the receptor-hormone complex?

Activates and deactivates specific genes

What enzyme converts ATP to the ring-shaped molecule, cyclic AMP (cAMP)?

Adenylate cyclase

Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?

Adrenal (suparenal)

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

Aldosterone

G protein activation results in __________.

All of the listed events

The kidneys secrete __________.

All of the listed hormones

How are the endocrine and nervous systems similar?

All of the listed responses are correct

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

Androgens

Which of the following INCORRECTLY links hormones of the adrenal gland with their functions?

Androgens—anti-inflammatory effects in both sexes

The region of the pituitary that releases seven hormones controlling various other endocrine organs and tissues is the __________.

Anterior lobe of the pituitary

Which two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT)

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT concerning the pineal gland?

It releases melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

The hormone, ___________, stimulates calcium excretion by the kidneys and prevents calcium absorption by the digestive tract.

Calcitonin (CT)

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.

Calmodulin

Peptide hormones are

Composed of amino acids

The adrenal cortex produces more than two dozen steroid hormones that are collectively called ____________.

Corticosteroids

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

Cyclic AMP

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about the nervous and endocrine systems?

Both secrete the shared chemicals into the circulatory system for travel throughout the body

Which of these INCORRECTLY links terms and actions concerned with hormone effects?

Diacylglycerol (DAG)—protein that binds to calcium ions and activates cytoplasmic enzymes

There are a number of mechanisms used by the body to achieve intercellular communication. Which mechanism is usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons?

Direct communication

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

Oxytocin

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

Parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

The hormone, ________, functions to increase the reabsorption of calcium by the kidney, and release calcium from bone. (Hint: parathyroid hormone functions in reabsorption and release of calcium)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hormones alter cellular operations by __________.

Performing all of the listed actions

The endocrine system __________.

Performs all of the listed functions

The hypothalamus __________.

Performs all of the listed functions

What enzyme inactivates cAMP by converting it to AMP?

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

Phosphorylation.

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

Polyuria

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus and is released at the __________.

Posterior lobe of the pituitary

The thymus gland __________

Produces thymosin, which matures lymphocytes

Many peptide hormones are inactive when synthesized and are converted to the active form before or after they are secreted. What is the name of an inactive peptide hormone?

Prohormones

Atrial natriuretic peptide __________.

Promotes sodium ion loss and water loss

Glucagon __________.

Raises blood sugar

Two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones exist. ____________ hormones stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe, while ____________ hormones prevent the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe.

Releasing (RH), inhibiting (IH)

The zona fasciculata __________.

Secretes glucocorticoids

Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on behavior?

Sex hormones

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

Somatomedins

Calcitriol __________.

Stimulates calcium absorption by the digestive tract

When two hormones have additive effects, we say they are __________.

Synergistic

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones

Synthesis and release

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

cAMP

The release of parathyroid hormone stimulates the formation of the hormone, ___________ by the kidneys, which not only complements the effects of PTH, but also enhances calcium and phosphate absorption by the digestive tract. (Hint: calcitriol is made by the kidneys in response to the release parathyroid hormone)

calcitrol

The mineralocorticoid hormone _________ increases renal reabsorption of sodium ions, and the elimination of potassium ions.

steroid