A&P Chapter 18
What function does the pancreas perform as an exocrine gland?
It secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum
Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning erythropoietin?
It stimulates the absorption of iron across the digestive tract.
Which of the following would stimulate the production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Lower-than-normal body temperatures
Which pituitary hormone induces ovulation in females?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which region of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Medulla
Which pituitary hormone is the only one to be released by the pars intermedia of the pituitary?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Increased production of the pineal gland hormone ____________ has been suggested as a primary cause of seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
Melatonin
Thyroglobulin molecules contain the amino acid ____________, that is the building block of thyroid hormones.
Tyrosine
Thyroxine is synthesized from the amino acid __________ and __________ ions.
Tyrosine, iodine
If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
TSH, ACTH, PRL
Thyroid hormone may increase cellular ATP production by binding to
The mitochondria
Which one of these statements about the thymus and its endocrine functions is FALSE?
The thymus is located superior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in __________.
Their means of transporting their products
Which gland's hormones bind to the mitochondria to increase rates of mitochondrial ATP production?
Thyroid
The primary physiological effect(s) of thyroid hormones is (are) __________.
To increase the metabolic rate of target cells and to burn calories
One component of the physiologically active thyroid hormone is __________.
Triiodothyronine
During the process of down-regulation, the presence of a hormone triggers a/an __________ in the number of hormone receptors resulting in target cells becoming _________ sensitive to high levels of a particular hormone.
Decrease, less
Which of the following does NOT properly link areas and products of the pancreas?
Delta cells—pancreatic polypeptide
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
There are a number of mechanisms used by the body to achieve intercellular communication. Which mechanism uses hormones as chemical mediators?
Endocrine communication
___________ cells are glandular secretory cells that release their secretions into the ECF, while ___________ cells secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces, generally by way of ducts.
Endocrine, Exocrine
The two catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla are __________ and ____________.
Epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE)
The adrenal medulla secretes __________.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
The presence or absence of a hormone can cause down-regulation or up-regulation. What plasma membrane component does down-regulation or up-regulation regulate?
Extracellular receptors
What are the primary regulatory hormones of the gonads?
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Which of the following endocrine malfunctions is NOT properly associated with the causative hormone?
Gigantism—excessive ADH
Alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete __________.
Glucagon
If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
Glucagon
If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?
Glucagon
Pancreatic alpha cells produce the hormone _________, which raises blood glucose levels by increasing the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver
Glucagon
Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action?
Glucocorticoids
____________ produced by the zona fasciculata speed up the rates of glucose synthesis, and glycogen formation, especially in the liver. (HINT: the type of hormones, not a specific hormone name)
Glucocorticoids
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
Growth hormone
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
Growth hormone
Insulin __________.
Has all of listed effects
The adrenal glands __________.
Have all of the listed characteristics
When epinephrine and norepinephrine are released into synapses they function as neurotransmitters. When they are released directly into the bloodstream, they function as ____________.
Hormones
________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
The kidneys produce renin that is involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Renin acts like an enzyme and functions to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. An enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) modifies angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of ADH. Using your knowledge of ADH function, drugs known as ACE inhibitors would be used to treat what condition?
Hypertension
A patient is brought into the emergency room with very low blood pressure and irregular electrolyte levels (sodium and potassium). Which region of the adrenal gland directly or indirectly is causing these signs and symptoms?
Hyposecretion by the zona glomerulosa
The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________.
Hypothalamus
Which one of these is NOT one of the mechanisms by which G proteins work?
Increased breakdown of cAMP through deactivation of phosphodiesterase
Parathyroid hormone ________________.
Increases calcium ion concentrations in the blood
Which one of these statements concerning cells that produce hormones of the reproductive systems is FALSE?
Inhibin is produced by the placenta and helps relax the uterus at delivery
Pancreatic beta cells produce the hormone _________, which lowers blood glucose levels by increasing the rate of glucose uptake and use by most body cells and increasing glycogen production in skeletal muscles and the liver.
Insulin
Which one of the following does NOT properly link a hormone with its effects on growth?
Insulin—normal deposition of calcium in bone formation
Cells of the thyroid gland extract _________ from the blood to synthesize thyroid hormones.
Iodine
Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it
Is a component of the hypothalamus
Calcitonin __________.
Is released from the thyroid gland; has an effect antagonistic to that of parathormone (PTH); and inhibits osteoclasts, leading to reduced levels of calcium in body fluids
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
Isthmus
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone.
ADH
Cyclic _______ and ________ ions can act as second messengers in a cell.
AMP, GMP
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except
Acetylcholine derivatives.
What occurs after a first messenger such as a peptide hormone, catecholamine, or eicosanoid binds to a cell's membrane receptor?
Activates a G protein
When certain hormones enter a cell, they bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. What is the function of the receptor-hormone complex?
Activates and deactivates specific genes
What enzyme converts ATP to the ring-shaped molecule, cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
Adenylate cyclase
Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?
Adrenal (suparenal)
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
Aldosterone
G protein activation results in __________.
All of the listed events
The kidneys secrete __________.
All of the listed hormones
How are the endocrine and nervous systems similar?
All of the listed responses are correct
The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
Androgens
Which of the following INCORRECTLY links hormones of the adrenal gland with their functions?
Androgens—anti-inflammatory effects in both sexes
The region of the pituitary that releases seven hormones controlling various other endocrine organs and tissues is the __________.
Anterior lobe of the pituitary
Which two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT)
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT concerning the pineal gland?
It releases melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
The hormone, ___________, stimulates calcium excretion by the kidneys and prevents calcium absorption by the digestive tract.
Calcitonin (CT)
The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.
Calmodulin
Peptide hormones are
Composed of amino acids
The adrenal cortex produces more than two dozen steroid hormones that are collectively called ____________.
Corticosteroids
Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
Cyclic AMP
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is
ACTH
Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about the nervous and endocrine systems?
Both secrete the shared chemicals into the circulatory system for travel throughout the body
Which of these INCORRECTLY links terms and actions concerned with hormone effects?
Diacylglycerol (DAG)—protein that binds to calcium ions and activates cytoplasmic enzymes
There are a number of mechanisms used by the body to achieve intercellular communication. Which mechanism is usually limited to adjacent cells of the same type that are interconnected by connexons?
Direct communication
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
Oxytocin
Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
Parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
The hormone, ________, functions to increase the reabsorption of calcium by the kidney, and release calcium from bone. (Hint: parathyroid hormone functions in reabsorption and release of calcium)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hormones alter cellular operations by __________.
Performing all of the listed actions
The endocrine system __________.
Performs all of the listed functions
The hypothalamus __________.
Performs all of the listed functions
What enzyme inactivates cAMP by converting it to AMP?
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
Phosphorylation.
The term used to describe excess production of urine is
Polyuria
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus and is released at the __________.
Posterior lobe of the pituitary
The thymus gland __________
Produces thymosin, which matures lymphocytes
Many peptide hormones are inactive when synthesized and are converted to the active form before or after they are secreted. What is the name of an inactive peptide hormone?
Prohormones
Atrial natriuretic peptide __________.
Promotes sodium ion loss and water loss
Glucagon __________.
Raises blood sugar
Two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones exist. ____________ hormones stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe, while ____________ hormones prevent the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe.
Releasing (RH), inhibiting (IH)
The zona fasciculata __________.
Secretes glucocorticoids
Which of the following hormones has the greatest effect on behavior?
Sex hormones
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
Somatomedins
Calcitriol __________.
Stimulates calcium absorption by the digestive tract
When two hormones have additive effects, we say they are __________.
Synergistic
TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones
Synthesis and release
Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of
cAMP
The release of parathyroid hormone stimulates the formation of the hormone, ___________ by the kidneys, which not only complements the effects of PTH, but also enhances calcium and phosphate absorption by the digestive tract. (Hint: calcitriol is made by the kidneys in response to the release parathyroid hormone)
calcitrol
The mineralocorticoid hormone _________ increases renal reabsorption of sodium ions, and the elimination of potassium ions.
steroid