A&P Chapter 3 - Cell structure, Mitosis, and Transport

Which of the following conditions would cause (net) glucose to be transported into a cell via facilitated diffusion? Assume ATP is present inside the cell.

0.5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport mechanisms?

Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients. Passive mechanism move solutes with their concentration gradients.

What is the best description of the cell's plasma membrane?

All of these are true of a cell's plasma membrane. It is its outermost boundary. It regulates exchange with the exterior. It has a phospholipid bilayer.

According to the Cell Theory, which of the following statements is incorrect ?

All organisms are made of multiple cells.

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?

Anaphase

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?

Cytokinesis

What structure in the nucleus stores the instructions for protein synthesis?

DNA

The cell cycle is divided into two main parts: interphase and cell division. Interphase is the period in which the cell is performing normal functions and not actively engaged in cell division. Most of your body's cells spend a lot of their time in interphase. Before a cell can divide, what must occur during interphase?

Each chromatin fiber is duplicated in the nucleus.

Which of the following is the best situation for maintaining homeostasis?

Extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular fluid.

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase?

G1, S, and G2

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?

Interphase

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?

Metaphase

Which of the following is not a passive process?

Na+/K+ pump

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

Prophase

When your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle contracts, ultimately and most directly, what is producing the movement?

Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle.

In this illustration, the three compartments are separated by semipermeable membranes. The red balls represent solutes, and the lightly shaded area represents water. Which of the following is a true statement?

Solution B is hypotonic to solution A, but hypertonic to solution C.

During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur?

Synthesis

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?

Telophase

If a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV (intravenous) fluids, which of the following should you expect?

The IV fluid should be isotonic to the patient's blood.

The hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) increases the pumping rate of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in skeletal muscles. How would you expect this to affect the concentration of Na+ and K+ in the muscle cytoplasm?

The Na+ concentration would decrease and the K+ concentration would increase.

The concentrations of sodium and potassium are fairly constant. However, there is a transmembrane potential charge difference that exists across the membrane. How is this possible?

The concentrations of sodium and potassium are not equal inside and outside the cell.

The effectiveness of certain anesthetics depends in part on their lipid solubility. Why is this?

The hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer enables lipid-soluble substances to readily pass through the plasma membrane.

What happens to facilitated diffusion when the protein carriers become saturated?

The maximum rate of transport will occur.

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is FALSE?

The movement of a given solute usually occurs in both directions (into and out of the cell).

Which of the following is NOT a reason why a solute would require facilitated diffusion?

The solute directly requires ATP for its transport.

What happened when sodium chloride was added as a solute in the left beaker?

There was no change in the transport rate of glucose.

Which of the following statements about carrier proteins is FALSE?

They assist in simple diffusion.

Which of the following occurs during a single cycle of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

Three Na+ ions are transported out of the cell.

Which of the following statements about osmosis is FALSE?

Water moves toward the solution with the lowest concentration of solutes.

If a membrane is impermeable to solutes, which of the following is true?

Water will move toward the more concentrated solutes.

In the video clip, which movement process is depicted?

active transport

The cell's transmembrane resting potential was created by __________.

active transport

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate?

anaphase

In mitosis, daughter chromosomes separate from chromatids during __________.

anaphase

When a mutation occurs in a gene involved with cell growth or division, resulting in the uncontrolled growth of cells, this condition is called __________.

cancer

Carriers transport solutes across the plasma membrane by __________.

changing shape as the solutes bind, causing the solutes to move across the membrane

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.

chromatids

What process ultimately pinches a dividing cell to produce two daughter cells?

cytokinesis

Which of the following would decrease the rate of facilitated diffusion?

decreasing the number of carrier proteins

Pinocytosis is a form of __________.

endocytosis

Active Process

endocytosis, exocytosis, secondary active transport, primary active transport

When the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say the solution has reached _______.

equilibrium

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____.

exocytosis

What process is occurring here at the surface of the Golgi apparatus?

exocytosis

Which of these vesicular transport methods expels material from the cell?

exocytosis

The plasma membrane separates the __________ from the __________.

extracellular fluid; cytoplasm

Passive movement of a solute by a carrier protein is called __________.

facilitated diffusion

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.

facilitated diffusion

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following requires a membrane-bound carrier for transport?

facilitated diffusion

What concentration gradients are established and maintained by the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

high Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm

Based on this information and your understanding of osmosis and tonicity, what type of IV fluid is the doctor likely administering to try to save the life of the student suffering from water intoxication?

hypertonic IV fluid

Which of the following does NOT describe the plasma membrane?

impermeable

Placing a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution will cause it to __________.

increase in size (swell)

Which of the following would increase the rate of facilitated diffusion?

increasing the steepness of the concentration gradient

The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions is called __________.

interphase

Which phase of mitosis has chromosomes lining up in the center of the cell?

metaphase

Actin is the subunit of __________.

microfilaments

During cell division, __________ move the chromosomes.

microtubules

Which of these cellular organelles is membranous?

mitochondria

Osmotic pressure is measured in units of _______.

mm Hg

A primary active transport process is one in which __________.

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both _______.

move solutes with their concentration gradient

Cancer is characterized by mutations that disrupt normal cell growth and function. The mutations change normal genes into __________.

oncogenes

Water crosses the plasma membrane primarily by means of __________.

osmosis

Passive Process

osmosis, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion

What is the normal direction of calcium transport via the calcium pump?

out of the cell, against its concentration gradient

The backbone of the plasma membrane is a __________ bilayer.

phospholipid

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____.

primary active transport

During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?

prophase

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that facilitated diffusion __________.

requires a protein carrier

Which membranous organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

This area of the endoplasmic reticulum indicated by the red arrow is involved in __________.

synthesizing, modifying, and packaging proteins

The chromosomal structure that limits the number of cell divisions of a cell is the __________.

telomere

What is the energy source used by the calcium pump during its normal operation?

the hydrolysis of ATP

Channel proteins, as indicated by the arrow, are involved in __________.

transport

Which of the following is NOT a passive process?

vesicular transport

A Hypertonic solution:_______.

will induce cell shrinkage