A&P Chapter 3 - Cell structure, Mitosis, and Transport
Which of the following conditions would cause (net) glucose to be transported into a cell via facilitated diffusion? Assume ATP is present inside the cell.
0.5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid
Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport mechanisms?
Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients. Passive mechanism move solutes with their concentration gradients.
What is the best description of the cell's plasma membrane?
All of these are true of a cell's plasma membrane. It is its outermost boundary. It regulates exchange with the exterior. It has a phospholipid bilayer.
According to the Cell Theory, which of the following statements is incorrect ?
All organisms are made of multiple cells.
During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?
Anaphase
What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?
Cytokinesis
What structure in the nucleus stores the instructions for protein synthesis?
DNA
The cell cycle is divided into two main parts: interphase and cell division. Interphase is the period in which the cell is performing normal functions and not actively engaged in cell division. Most of your body's cells spend a lot of their time in interphase. Before a cell can divide, what must occur during interphase?
Each chromatin fiber is duplicated in the nucleus.
Which of the following is the best situation for maintaining homeostasis?
Extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular fluid.
Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase?
G1, S, and G2
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?
Interphase
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?
Metaphase
Which of the following is not a passive process?
Na+/K+ pump
During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?
Prophase
When your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle contracts, ultimately and most directly, what is producing the movement?
Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle.
In this illustration, the three compartments are separated by semipermeable membranes. The red balls represent solutes, and the lightly shaded area represents water. Which of the following is a true statement?
Solution B is hypotonic to solution A, but hypertonic to solution C.
During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur?
Synthesis
During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?
Telophase
If a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV (intravenous) fluids, which of the following should you expect?
The IV fluid should be isotonic to the patient's blood.
The hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) increases the pumping rate of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in skeletal muscles. How would you expect this to affect the concentration of Na+ and K+ in the muscle cytoplasm?
The Na+ concentration would decrease and the K+ concentration would increase.
The concentrations of sodium and potassium are fairly constant. However, there is a transmembrane potential charge difference that exists across the membrane. How is this possible?
The concentrations of sodium and potassium are not equal inside and outside the cell.
The effectiveness of certain anesthetics depends in part on their lipid solubility. Why is this?
The hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer enables lipid-soluble substances to readily pass through the plasma membrane.
What happens to facilitated diffusion when the protein carriers become saturated?
The maximum rate of transport will occur.
Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is FALSE?
The movement of a given solute usually occurs in both directions (into and out of the cell).
Which of the following is NOT a reason why a solute would require facilitated diffusion?
The solute directly requires ATP for its transport.
What happened when sodium chloride was added as a solute in the left beaker?
There was no change in the transport rate of glucose.
Which of the following statements about carrier proteins is FALSE?
They assist in simple diffusion.
Which of the following occurs during a single cycle of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?
Three Na+ ions are transported out of the cell.
Which of the following statements about osmosis is FALSE?
Water moves toward the solution with the lowest concentration of solutes.
If a membrane is impermeable to solutes, which of the following is true?
Water will move toward the more concentrated solutes.
In the video clip, which movement process is depicted?
active transport
The cell's transmembrane resting potential was created by __________.
active transport
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate?
anaphase
In mitosis, daughter chromosomes separate from chromatids during __________.
anaphase
When a mutation occurs in a gene involved with cell growth or division, resulting in the uncontrolled growth of cells, this condition is called __________.
cancer
Carriers transport solutes across the plasma membrane by __________.
changing shape as the solutes bind, causing the solutes to move across the membrane
When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.
chromatids
What process ultimately pinches a dividing cell to produce two daughter cells?
cytokinesis
Which of the following would decrease the rate of facilitated diffusion?
decreasing the number of carrier proteins
Pinocytosis is a form of __________.
endocytosis
Active Process
endocytosis, exocytosis, secondary active transport, primary active transport
When the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say the solution has reached _______.
equilibrium
A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____.
exocytosis
What process is occurring here at the surface of the Golgi apparatus?
exocytosis
Which of these vesicular transport methods expels material from the cell?
exocytosis
The plasma membrane separates the __________ from the __________.
extracellular fluid; cytoplasm
Passive movement of a solute by a carrier protein is called __________.
facilitated diffusion
Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.
facilitated diffusion
The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.
facilitated diffusion
Which of the following requires a membrane-bound carrier for transport?
facilitated diffusion
What concentration gradients are established and maintained by the sodium-potassium exchange pump?
high Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm
Based on this information and your understanding of osmosis and tonicity, what type of IV fluid is the doctor likely administering to try to save the life of the student suffering from water intoxication?
hypertonic IV fluid
Which of the following does NOT describe the plasma membrane?
impermeable
Placing a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution will cause it to __________.
increase in size (swell)
Which of the following would increase the rate of facilitated diffusion?
increasing the steepness of the concentration gradient
The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions is called __________.
interphase
Which phase of mitosis has chromosomes lining up in the center of the cell?
metaphase
Actin is the subunit of __________.
microfilaments
During cell division, __________ move the chromosomes.
microtubules
Which of these cellular organelles is membranous?
mitochondria
Osmotic pressure is measured in units of _______.
mm Hg
A primary active transport process is one in which __________.
molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both _______.
move solutes with their concentration gradient
Cancer is characterized by mutations that disrupt normal cell growth and function. The mutations change normal genes into __________.
oncogenes
Water crosses the plasma membrane primarily by means of __________.
osmosis
Passive Process
osmosis, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion
What is the normal direction of calcium transport via the calcium pump?
out of the cell, against its concentration gradient
The backbone of the plasma membrane is a __________ bilayer.
phospholipid
The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____.
primary active transport
During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?
prophase
Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that facilitated diffusion __________.
requires a protein carrier
Which membranous organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
This area of the endoplasmic reticulum indicated by the red arrow is involved in __________.
synthesizing, modifying, and packaging proteins
The chromosomal structure that limits the number of cell divisions of a cell is the __________.
telomere
What is the energy source used by the calcium pump during its normal operation?
the hydrolysis of ATP
Channel proteins, as indicated by the arrow, are involved in __________.
transport
Which of the following is NOT a passive process?
vesicular transport
A Hypertonic solution:_______.
will induce cell shrinkage