unit 4 review questions (chapter 8)
which types of children tend to get bullied?
- children who are anxious & socially withdrawn - children who are overweight
who was the theorist who developed a theory that involved 3levels of moral development?
Kohlberg
There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal amount of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as an ____ child.
average
in the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more ____
personal
refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image
self-esteem
what are characteristics of controversial children?
- frequently disliked by their peers - frequently nominated as someone's best friend
preconventional reasoning (Kohlberg)
moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of rewards and punishments - lowest level
developmentally advantageous friends are socially skilled and ____.
supportive
according to Kohlberg's model of moral thinking, development from one stage to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others ____.
& to experience conflict between one's current stage & higher-stage reasoning
what 5 peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?
- average - rejected - neglected - popular - controversial
children who bully others are more likely to do which of the following?
- earn poor grades in school - drink alcohol - smoke
researchers have found that children who are bullied are more likely than their unbullied peers to experience what?
- excess weight gain - suicidal ideation - depression
Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which 2of the following factors?
- experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning & a higher level - taking on the perspectives of others
what are aspects of the development of self-understanding in middle and late childhood?
- increased recognition of social aspects of self - increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description - increasing social comparison
in middle & late childhood, secure attachment is associated w/ what?
- lower levels of depression - lower level of internalized symptoms - lower levels of anxiety
what does the role of parents as managers involve?
- monitoring and encouraging academic progress - setting up routines and schedules - structuring the family environment
what are the 3 levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?
- preconventional - conventional - postconventional
what are the 3 most common types of stepfamily structures?
- stepmother - blended - stepfather
what's a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?
- there's too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior - de didn't adequately take the influences of culture & family into account
what are the 3 reasons John Coie identified for why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?
-they are more impulsive & have problems sustaining attention - they are more emotionally reactive - they have fewer of the social skills needed to maintain positive peer relationships
research has shown victims of peer bullying from 4 to 10 years of age were more likely to engage in suicide ideation at _____ years of age.
11 1/2
in terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of ____.
12
in a national survey, 1out of ______ 6th- to 10th-grade students reported being bullied or participating in bullying.
3
in middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.
FALSE
prosocial behavior occurs more often in childhood than in adolescence
FALSE
prosocial behavior occurs more often in childhood than in adolescence.
FALSE
researchers have found that gender stereotyping doesn't begin until children are of elementary school age.
FALSE
while having friends can be fun for children, it's not an important part of their development.
FALSE
which of Erik Erikson's stages typically occurs during middle to late childhood?
Industry versus inferiority
______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in this latter model there are three levels of moral development.
Piaget's; Kohlberg's
Kohlberg believes that the give & take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.
TRUE
children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle & late childhood.
TRUE
aiden has been disliked by his peers since kindergarten. in terms of peer status, the best description of Aiden is that he is ____.
a rejected child
dodge has found that ______ boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when the child's intention is ambiguous.
aggressive
madeleine is about equally liked & disliked by the children in her class. in terms of peer status, she is best described as ____.
an average child
studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle & late childhood.
anxiety
social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are ____
arbitrary & can be changed by consensus
according to the latest distinction in domain theory, some actions belong to a personal domain & _______ governed by moral strictures or social norms.
are not
in a ____ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.
blended or complex
researchers have found that gender stereotypes for children are more rigid with ____ than with ____.
boys, girls
the term ____ refers to verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.
bullying
Dale Schunk has applied the concept of self-efficacy to many aspects of students' achievement; in his view, self-efficacy influences a student's ____.
choice of activities
more than 75% of the adolescents in long-established simple stepfamilies described their relationships w/ their stepparents as ____.
close or very close
cole is gannon's best friend. cole provides _____ by being a familiar partner & playmate for gannon.
companionship
in middle & late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological & social characteristics, including social ____.
comparison
"I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-______.
concept
in terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated both as someone's best friend & as being disliked.
controversial
____ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
conventional
according to Kohlberg, people in the _____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the standards of others.
conventional
during middle & late childhood, some control is transferred from parent to child. this gradual process produces what is referred to as ____ rather than control by either the child or the parent alone.
coregulation
peer bullying & harassment on the Internet is known as
cyberbullying
which type of bullying is a new source of concern?
cyberbullying
in the ____ theory of moral development, childrens' & adolescents' moral, social conventional, & personality knowledge & reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand & deal w/ different forms of social experience.
domain
which concept of moral development states that childrens' & adolescents' moral, social conventional, & personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand & deal w/ diff. forms of social experience?
domain theory
a broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a ____.
gender stereotype
about ______ of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent within 4 years of the separation.
half
11-year-old meagan has some doubts about ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. what is this likely due to?
her increased skepticism regarding others' claims
adam's teacher, mr. booker, didn't say hello to him when they passed in the hall. adam told himself that mr. booker was probably thinking about something & didn't notice him. what's this an illustration of?
how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies such as reframing
according to Kohlberg, how do children in the preconventional level view good & bad?
in terms on external consequences
in terms of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, the term ____ summarizes children's interest in how things are made & how they work.
industry
developmental psychologists have come to Melissa's classroom & are asking all the children to fill out surveys asking them whom they like best in the class & whom they like least. this technique is ____.
known as the sociometric status technique.
according to Dale Schunk, a child who avoids many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging, most likely has ____
low self-efficacy for learning
one important aspect of development in middle & late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to ____.
manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
in middle & late childhood, parents begin to function more as ___.
managers
______ reasoning focuses on ethical issues & rules of right and wrong.
moral
according to domain theory, a rule regarding which fork to use when eating salad is an example of social conventional reasoning, but a rule about murder is an example of ______ reasoning.
moral
Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but in this latter model 3levels of ___
moral development
what was the basis of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
moral development is based on learning the perspective of others
conventional reasoning (Kohlberg)
moral judgments are based on law and social order
postconventional reasoning (Kohlberg)
moral judgments are based on universal human rights - highest level
according to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development.
moral reasoning
in remarriages, divorces are ______ in first marriages.
more common than
in terms of peer status, a ____ child, receives few nominations of any kind, is seldom nominated as a best friend, but is not actively disliked.
neglected
which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy & has low interaction w/ her classmates?
neglected
which of the following statements describes the balance of control in middle and late childhood?
parents exercise general supervision and control, while children engage in moment-to-moment self regulation.
developmentalists have distinguished five ____ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, & controversial.
peer
b/c learning occurs during give & take, as children move through elementary school ____.
peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.
boys who are more impulsive & have problems sustaining attention, as well as being more emotionally reactive, are often ______ children.
peer-rejected
recently, experts have suggested the existence of a ______ domain subject to the child's independent decision making & judgment. it includes issues such as control over one's body, privacy, & choice of friends and activities.
personal
____ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective taking
which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view & understand their thoughts and feelings?
perspective taking
in terms of peer status, the ____ child is frequently nominated as a best friend & is rarely disliked by peers.
popular
in terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, & maintains lines of communication with others.
popular
school has a ______ influence on children's development.
profound
the study of ______ behavior puts more emphasis on the behavioral aspects of moral development.
prosocial
it may be helpful for children to learn to change their perception of a stressful situation, using a strategy called ____.
reframe
the development of self-____ in middle and late childhood allows the development of social competence & achievement to occur.
regulation
in terms of peer status, ____ children are seldom nominated by others & are actively disliked by their peers.
rejected
who is MOST likely to be a victim of bullying?
roberto, who is in his first year of middle school
in her research, Hetherington (2006) concluded that in long-established simple stepfamilies, children & adolescents ____.
seem to eventually benefit from the presence of a stepparent & the resources provided by the stepparent.
domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ____.
self-concept
donna perceives herself as a good person. she has high _______.
self-esteem
b/w the ages of 8 & 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological & less concrete, demonstrating the development of ____.
self-understanding
as children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of ____ groups or alliances.
social
in middle & late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?
social cognition
______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior & maintain the social system.
social conventional reasoning
according to domain theory, which of these types of reasoning states that rules are arbitrary & established to control behavior and& maintain the social system?
social conventional reasoning
selectively attending to social cues, attributing intent by interpreting social cues, & establishing social goals are all steps in children's ____.
social information processing
to determine a child's ____ status, researchers typically ask children to identify peers whom they like the best & the least. then the results are compiled into five peer status groups.
sociometrical or sociometric
5-year-old billy should like to rough-house & play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others & enjoy playing with dolls. these are examples of gender ______.
stereotypes
