A&P: Chapter 3 Organelles

Vesicles

Contain newly synthesized protein produced in the ER, then ship them throughout the cell, typically to the golgi apparatus

Secretory Vesicles (GA)

Contain secretions such as hormones or enzymes that will be discharged from the cell. Fuse with the plasma membrane and empty their contents into the extracellular environment.

Chromatin

Contained in the nucleus; uncondensed DNA and serves as the blueprint for controlling the cell's function and for building more cells

Cell Membrane

Controls exchanges between the cell and it's environment

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, separates nucleus from cytoplasm

Nucleoplasm

Fluid contents of the nucleus; contains ions, enzymes, and some RNA and DNA

Cytosol

Fluid part of the cytoplasm, also called intercellular fluid

Cisternae

Hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers formed by the ER and Golgi Apparatus

Organelles

Intercellular structures with specific functions. Can be Membranous and Nonmembranous

Membranous Organelles

Isolated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes Peroxisomes, Lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Liquid between the plasma membrane and the nucleus membrane. Contains more protein than extracellular fluid. Contains Cytosol and Organelles.

Smooth ER

No attached ribosomes, synthesizes phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, triglycerides, and glycogen

Nonmembranous Organelles

Not completely enclosed by membranes, parts may be in direct contact with with the cytosol Cytoskeleton, Microvili, Centrioles, Cilia, Ribosomes

Integral Proteins

Part of the membrane structure, some contain pores or channels that allow water and different solutes to pass in and out of the cell

Nuclear Pores

Permit chemical communications between the nucleus and cytoplasm, proteins in the pores regulate the movement of ions and molecules

Phospholipid Bilayer

Plasma membrane is made of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophilic tails on the inside. This helps to keep water out of the cell.

Peroxisomes

Responsible for protecting the cell by removing toxic substances; also break down fat

Rough ER

Ribosomes bound to the membranes, modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins

Plasma/Cell Membrane

Separates the cell contents or cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

Vacuoles

Storage space within the cell

DNA in the Nucleus

Stores instruction for protein synthesis, coils around histone proteins, allowing a lot of DNA to be packaged into a small space. In cells that are not dividing, the DNA is loosely coiled into chromatin.

Peroxisome

Structure: Contain degradative enzymes Function: Break down fatty acids and organic compounds, neutralize toxic compounds generated in the process

Nucleus

Structure: Control center for cellular processes; A nucleoplasm containing enzymes, proteins, DNA, and nucleotides surrounded by a double membrane Function: Control metabolism, store and process genetic information, control protein synthesis

Mitochondrion

Structure: Double membrane, with inner membrane containing numerous folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes. Liquid (matrix) is enclosed by the inner membrane. Function: Produce 95% of the cell's ATp (energy)

Microvili

Structure: Membrane extensions containing microfilaments Function: Increase surface area to help absorption of extracellular materials

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Structure: Network of membranous sheets and channels extending throughout the cytoplasm, connected to the nuclear envelope Function: Synthesize and stores proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates needed by the cell and transport substances inside the cell

Cytoskeleton

Structure: Proteins organized in microfilaments or microtubules; organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles Function: Strengthen and support cell; move cellular structures and materials

Ribosomes

Structure: RNA and proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to rough ER, free ribosomes scattered in the cytoplasm Functions: Synthesize protein

Golgi Apparatus

Structure: Stacks of flattened membranes containing chambers Function: Renews/modifies the plasma membrane, modifies and packages hormones and enzymes to release through exocytosis, and packages special within vesicles for use in the cytosol

Lysosomes (GA)

Structure: Vesicles containing digestive enzymes Function: Break down large organic compounds, damaged organelles, and pathogens

Glycolax

Superficial surface of the plasma membrane; lubricates the cell surface and helps bind to extracellular structures

Nucleolus

Used in the production of ribosomes and ribosomal RNA