A&P chapter 7-9

3. What happens to the I bands in a contracted muscle?

The I bands shorten

What is the end of a long bone called?

Epiphysis

1. Hundreds of mutations have been identified in RyR1 that contribute to multiple muscular diseases. Assume that a new mutation was discovered that causes this receptor to continually remain open. Based on what you know about the function of this receptor, how would you expect this new mutation to impact contraction?

This mutation will increase levels of calcium in the sarcoplasm, which will induce continued muscle contraction.

The acetabulum is

a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.

Bones of a synovial joint are held together by

a joint capsule

As long as oxygen is available, the oxidation of each glucose molecule using ____________ metabolism will produce, in total, ____________ ATP molecules.

aerobic; 30

The muscle that causes an action is the

agonist

Myasthenia gravis is

an autoimmune disorder

Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called

bursae

A suture is an example of a

fibrous joint

When you reach up to scratch your nose, you have to __________ your elbow.

flex

Movements permitted by the elbow joint between the humerus and the ulna are

flexion and extension

Diarthrotic joints are

freely movable

The femur

is the longest bone in the body.

Greg trips over a toy and experiences a sharp pain. His physician diagnoses a torn meniscus. Greg has injured his

knee joint

Along the margin of the glenoid cavity is a fibrocartilage rim called the glenoid ____________ . It deepens the cavity, making the joint more stable.

labrum

The hard palate is composed of the

maxillary and palatine bones.

Fibers of muscles whose motor neurons are severed

may be replaced by fat or fibrous connective tissue

Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called

menisci

Bacteria infecting the mucous membranes in the air cells of the mastoid process most likely spread from the

middle ear.

Threshold stimulus is the

minimum strength of stimulation required to contract a muscle fiber.

Site of ATP production

mitochondria

4. The antidote that holds the most promise to counteract the effects of tubocurarine is one that __________.

modifies acetylcholine receptors so that they bind acetylcholine stronger than tubocurarine

The chemicals then bind to receptors located on the ____________ , a specialized area of the sarcolemma.

motor end plate

At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a

motor end plate.

At this neuromuscular junction, a ____________ releases a type of chemical called a neurotransmitter.

motor neuron

Forms cross-bridges

myosin

1. Botulinum toxin causes muscle paralysis because __________.

no acetylcholine enters the synaptic cleft

Articular cartilage of a long bone is found

on the outer surface of the epiphyses.

2. Acetylcholine causes an end-plate potential by triggering the __________.

opening of sodium channels

At what level of organization is a skeletal muscle such as the biceps brachii?

organ

A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the

origin

Calcitonin causes an increase in the number of ____________ and greater rates of bone deposition.

osteoblasts

Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in the number of ____________ and greater rates of bone resoprtion.

osteoclasts

The osteocytes in compact bone are arranged within cylinder-shaped units called __________.

osteons

Label the features of a neuromuscular junction.

pic in phone

trochoid

pivot

What type of synovial joint involves a cylindrical shape for one bone end that rotates in a ring formed by another bone and a ligament?

pivot joint

gliding joint

plane

Functions of muscles include

pumping blood.

The anular ligament encircles the head of the radius and attaches to the margin of the trochlear notch, holding the head against the radial notch.

radius

At neuromuscular junctions, acetylcholine binds to __________.

receptors in the muscle fiber membrane

2. Facial wrinkles, such as glabellar or "frown" lines, appear with aging as a result of natural, repetitive muscle contractions. Botox® helps alleviate the appearance of these wrinkles by __________.

relaxing the facial muscles that cause the wrinkles

The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the

shoulder joint

Artificial joints are built of

silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints

Which of the following is not a synovial joint?

symphysis

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint?

symphysis

The point of communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called a ____________ .

synapse

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from motor neurons and enters the __________.

synaptic cleft

These chemicals diffuse across a small gap between the neuron and muscle fiber called the ____________ .

synaptic cleft

The joints between the epiphyses and diaphyses of long bones are a type of ____________ , a cartilaginous joint. These joints ossify around the time of puberty.

synchondrosis

Types of fibrous joints include

syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints.

A fibrous joint in which an interosseous ligament binds bones is a

syndesmosis.

A muscle that assists the agonist is a(n)

synergist

The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of

the zygomatic and temporal bones.

The primary curves of the vertebral column are the

thoracic and sacral curvatures.

Transverse tubules

transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior.

The binding of the chemicals to the muscle cell causes a electrical impulse to travel across the sarcolemma and down the ____________ tubules.

transverse

The triangle of auscultation, commonly used to hear sounds of respiratory organs, is located near the border of the

trapezius and latissimus dorsi.

Blocks myosin binding sites

tropomyosin

5. Calcium ions bind to __________ in order to initiate a muscle contraction.

troponin

In order for a skeletal muscle fiber to contract, calcium must bind to __________ .

troponin

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

-Protect soft tissue -Provide attachment for muscles -Store inorganic salts

shoulder

-flexion -extension -adduction -abduction -rotation -circumduction

Elbow

-flexion -extension -rotation

A synovial joint is surrounded by a two-layer ____________ which encloses a fluid-filled space called the ____________ .

-joint capsule -synovial cavity

synovial joints

-joint capsule -freely moveable -joint fluid within cavity

Fibrous Joints

-suture -dense connective tissue holds bone together -generally synarthrotic

These terms refer to types of joints or features of joints. Drop each term onto the appropriate figure. Cartilaginous Joints

-symphysis -intervertebral discs -hyaline cartilage holds bone together -fibrocartilage

The inner layer of the joint capsule is the ____________ , consisting of ____________ .

-synovial membrane -loose connective tissue

Complete the sentences describing the connective tissue associated with skeletal muscles. Then put the sentences in the correct order to list the connective tissue layers from superficial to deep.

1. The layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle is called the epimysium. 2. Another layer of connective tissue, called the perimysium, extends inward from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into groups of muscle fibers. These groups are called fascicles. 3. Each muscle fiber within a fascicle is surrounded by a thin covering called a(n) endomysium. 4. Therefore, as described, layers of connective tissue enclose and separate the various parts of a skeletal muscle.

1. Bones in the legs, arms, spine, and pelvis grow 2. Which of the following is not considered a weight-bearing activity? 3. Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in 4. At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten? 5. What is the most important mineral to assist in maintaining strong bone throughout life?

1. at different rates 2. swimming 3. trabecular bone 4. after 30 years old 5. Calcium

1. Bone-producing cells are called: 2. The concentric rings of compact bone are called: 3. The combination of all of the concentric rings of bone built around blood vessels is called a(n): 4. Bone-building cells beneath the endosteum lay down bone to form ridges around a blood vessel. 5. Once a tunnel of bone is formed around a blood vessel, the bone-building cells of the periosteum lay down bone in concentric circles that fill in the tunnel.

1. osteoblasts 2. lamellae 3. osteon 4. false 5. false

Height begins to decrease on average after age

30

The striations seen in skeletal muscle consist of alternating dark bands, called the __________ bands, and light bands, called the __________ bands.

A; I

As strenuous activity begins, muscle cells first use the ____________ molecules present in their cytoplasm as their source of energy. The supply of this molecule, however, is limited. It must be produced by other means in order for exercise to continue.

ATP

Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of

ATP

2. Myosin heads directly use __________ to transition to their __________ conformation, which enables them ready to bind to actin.

ATP; energized

Which of the following correctly pairs a term with its definition?

Abduction—lifting the arm out to the side of the body so that it is parallel to the ground

What is the name of the neurotransmitter used at a skeletal neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

What is the first event in muscle fiber contraction?

Acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron

Choose the correct statement about muscle contraction.

Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments.

The two types of myofilaments are thin filaments, composed primarily of the protein _______. And thick filaments composed of ________.

Actin; myosin

Describe how action potentials travel from the sarcolemma into the interior of the muscle fibers, resulting in the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm.

Action potentials travel along T tubles.

Choose the joint characteristic that applies to all joints of the body.

All joints are connections between neighboring bones

Name the ligament that holds the head of the radius in place within the elbow joint.

Anular ligament

Which of the following is(are) an example of an intramembranous bone?

Broad, flat skull bones

4. How does an electrical impulse travel into the interior of a muscle fiber?

By way of transverse tubules

In what types of muscle does some of the calcium needed for contraction come from the extracellular fluid?

Cardiac muscle and visceral smooth muscle

What are the intercalated discs that are found in cardiac muscle?

Complex membrane junctions that include desmosomes and gap junctions

Which of the following statements describes myofibrils?

Comprised of thick and thin filaments

In order to produce more ATP, the muscle cells next start to use ____________ , also present in the cytoplasm, to form new ATP. This is done by moving a phosphate and its energy from this molecule to ADP, forming new ATP.

Creatine phosphate

1. What happens to each sarcomere during contraction?

Each sarcomere shortens

Which muscle group is composed of mainly slow-twitch (type I) fibers?

Erector spinae muscles of the back

Lordosis is an excess curvature of the thoracic part of the vertebral column.

FALSE

Rotation of the forearms so the palms face upward is called pronation.

FALSE

A ball-and-socket joint is also called an ellipsoidal joint.

False

Based on their shape, the bones of the Cranium can be classified as what type of bone?

Flat bones

In which decade of life does the removal of the bone matrix first exceed production of new bone?

Fourth decade

As exercise continues, the cells now begin to use ____________ as a fuel to produce ATP. Initially, the anaerobic pathway called ____________ uses this fuel to produce 2 ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

Glucose; glycolysis

Which of the following describes smooth muscle contraction but not skeletal muscle contraction?

Hormones can inhibit muscle contraction.

Which of the following is not a step in endochondral bone formation?

Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue.

2. Which of the following best describes the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

It binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin, so that myosin heads can bind to actin.

Which of the following does not describe the function(s) of the skeletal system?

It generates the movements of the limbs.

Describe the role of acetylcholinesterase in stimulation of a muscle fiber.

It is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, ending stimulation of the muscle fiber.

If little or no oxygen is available, pyruvic acid is converted to ____________ . If, however, oxygen is available, the pyruvic acid molecules enter the aerobic respiration pathways.

Lactic acid

Which of the following is an infection?

Lyme disease

What is a function of bone that is due to its relationship with skeletal muscle?

Movement of limbs

The characteristic reddish brown color of skeletal muscle comes from which substance?

Myoglobin

6. In order for muscle contraction to occur, cross-bridges form between __________.

Myosin and actin

During the contraction cycle, what is the result of ATP binding to myosin?

Myosin heads release from the binding site on actin.

Which one of the following is true?

Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae.

Throughout life, bone tissue continues to change. __________ are responsible for resorbing bone matrix and __________ are responsible for replacing it.

Osteoclasts; osteoblasts

A six-month-old baby is admitted to the hospital with a broken bone. This is the third fracture in the otherwise healthy child. The parents are arrested on charges of child abuse. The defense lawyer gets the charges dropped after the results of genetic tests indicate which of the following conditions?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Which of the following is not associated with spongy bone?

Osteons

Name the connective tissue layer that separates a skeletal muscle into fascicles.

Perimysium

Which of the following is not true?

Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white.

Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging

Site for storage of calcium

Sacroplasmic reiticulum

1. An electrical impulse traveling along the sarcolemma and into transverse tubules causes calcium ions to diffuse from the __________ into the __________ .

Sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcoplasm

Define muscle tone

State of partial contraction of muscles while at rest.

What is the name of the space between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction?

Synaptic cleft

A bone shaft is the diaphysis; the expanded parts at the ends are the epiphyses.

TRUE

A young woman is in a car accident. When she regains consciousness, she notices a sharp pain in her left arm. Looking down, she sees a bone sticking out. This is a compound fracture.

TRUE

Bones are classified as irregular, flat, short, or long.

TRUE

If the supply of blood cells is deficient, yellow marrow may change into red marrow.

TRUE

Kyphosis is an excess curvature in the thoracic part of the vertebral column.

TRUE

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells, whereas osteoblasts are bone-forming cells.

TRUE

The fibrous joints between the flat bones of the skull are sutures.

TRUE

The small intestine requires vitamin D to adequately absorb calcium.

TRUE

2. What happens to the A bands in a contracted muscle?

The A bands do not change length

4. What happens to the H zones in a contracted muscle?

The H zones shorten

What is the H zone?

The area with thick filaments only; no thin filaments

What is the I band?

The area with thin filaments only; no thick filaments

What is the definition of hematopoiesis?

The process of blood cell formation

Which is true of sex hormones?

They stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates

What vitamin is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestines?

Vitamin D

What is the role of vitamin D in bone development?

Vitamin D increases calcium absorption from the small intestine which is used to build bone matrix.

What is the role or function of yellow marrow in the bone tissue?

Yellow bone marrow is a site for storage of fat.

Doing jumping jacks requires that you alternate __________ and __________ your lower extremities.

abducting; adducting

By definition, the structures, such as some ligaments, that are located outside the capsule are called ____________ .

accessory structures

The chemical used at the junction with a skeletal muscle cell is ____________ .

acetylcholine

People with myasthenia gravis have a deficiency of

acetylcholine receptors

Location of binding sites for myosin

actin

When myosin heads form cross-bridges during muscle contractions, they bind to binding sites found on _________ , a component of thin filaments.

actin

Myofibrils are composed primarily of

actin and myosin

An action, such as flexing the knee, is caused by the contraction of a muscle acting as an __________ and is opposed by a muscle acting as an __________.

agonist and antagonist

The muscle that opposes a particular action is called the

antagonist

With aging, joint diseases such as ____________ may develop. This large group of joint diseases involve inflammation of the joint(s) accompanied by pain and stiffness.

arthritis

Joints are also called

articulations

Joints of the body, also called __________, serve several functions. Most obviously, they serve to bind bones together.

articulations

A bone lengthens

as a result of increased activity within the epiphyseal plate.

a bone thickens

as compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis.

spheroidal

ball and socket

Joints, such as those between the shaft and the heads of long bones of pre-adolescents, serve as a site for growth (elongation) of

bone

Osteoblasts are __________, whereas osteocytes are __________.

bone-forming cells; mature bone cells

Changes to other ____________ joints, such as symphyses joints, are due to decreased water content of fibrocartilage that occurs with aging. This affects the vertebral column by reducing the ability to absorb shock and by stiffening the spine.

cartilaginous

Joints in which the bone ends are bound together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as __________ joints.

cartilaginous

The secondary curves of the vertebral column are the

cervical and lumbar curvatures.

The atlas is one of the

cervical vertebrae

Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets out of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to

changes in collagen structure.

The joint stiffness that occurs with aging is typically due to changes in __________ within the joint.

collagen

The lateral ligament is the radial collateral ligament, running from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the anular ligament.

collateral, lateral

A muscle fiber exposed to a series of stimuli of increasing frequency combines individual twitches (summation) which results in

complete sustained contraction

What type of synovial joint involves a raised ovoid surface on one bone fitting into an ovoid depression on the other bone?

condylar

Ellipsoidal joint

condylar joint

Which of the following is not a function of bones?

contraction

The muscle that adducts and flexes the arm is the

coracobrachialis

3. If there was a high concentration of acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft, but little to no response at the motor end-plate, you would expect __________ to be the responsible neuromuscular-blocking agent.

curare

As a result of direct actions on the target cells of bone and kidneys, calcitonin works to ____________ blood calcium levels.

decrease

When levels of blood calcium ____, parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid glands located on the posterior side of the thyroid gland.

decrease

The outer layer of this structure consists of ____________ which is continuous with the periosteum of each bone.

dense connective tissue

2. Rigor mortis occurs after death because __________.

detachment of crossbridges does not occur due to the lack of ATP

A movement that brings the foot closer to the shin is

dorsiflexion

The radial collateral ligament is associated with the

elbow joint

Cardiac muscle

excites itself

A compound fracture

exposes the broken bone to the outside.

1. The presence of calcium in the sarcoplasm is directly responsible for __________.

exposing the binding sites on actin

As the body ages, the calcium levels ___ and bone material gradually deteriorates. As a result, the skeleton loses ___ and the bone becomes ____ and ___ prone to fracture. The ability of fractures to heal reveals that bone tissue ___ alive and functional.

fall,loses,brittle,increasingly, is

Arthritis is a circulatory problem.

false

Which of the following are not components of the pelvic girdle?

femur

Within a joint called a symphysis, the bone ends are held together by _______. Within joints called synchondroses, the bone ends are held together by ________.

fibrocartilage; hyaline cartilage

Some of the first joints to undergo changes are the _____ joints of the skull. As ossification of the skull continues through early childhood, these joints become smaller as the bones grow closer together.

fibrous

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the

foot

Ligaments of the shoulder joint include the ____________ ligaments which extend from the edge of the glenoid cavity, across the anterior joint capsule, and attach to the ____________ tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus.

glenohumeral, lesser

The shoulder joint occurs between the ____________ of the scapula and the head of the ____________ . It is a ____________ joint.

glenoid cavity, humerus, ball and socket

A gluteal gait, in which a person walks with a waddling limp, is usually caused by a disorder of the

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a __________ .

gomphosis

Disuse of the joints __________, which hastens stiffening.

hampers blood flow

Two articulations are found within the elbow joint: a hinge joint between the trochlear notch of the ulna and trochlea of the humerus, and a plane joint between the capitulum and the fossa of the head of the radius.

hinge, humerous, plane, capitulum

Articular cartilage is

hyaline cartilage.

Synarthrotic joints are

immovable

As a result of direct actions on the target cells of the bone and kidneys, parathyroid hormone works to ____________ blood calcium levels.

increase

When blood levels of calcium ____________ , calcitonin is released from cells in the thyroid gland.

increase

Curvatures of the spine produce all of the following except

increased height.

The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are

intercalated discs.

2. If it were possible to move the terminal cistrnae further away from the T-tubules, it would __________.

interfere with the signal required for the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

The zygomatic bone is an example of a(n)

irregular bone.

In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the time the muscle responds is called the

latent period.

What is the A band?

length of the myosin filament

The outer layer may be reinforced by ____________ which are bundles of collagenous fibers. Some of these bundles are part of the capsule while others are located outside of the capsule.

ligaments

A joint capsule is reinforced by

ligaments binding articular ends of bones together

Finally the presence of joints allows the skeleton to respond to ______ contraction by producing movement.

muscle

A weightlifter uses muscles so the muscles exert more than 75% of their maximum tension. This stimulates

muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin.

The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of

muscle tendons

An example of a partial but sustained contraction is

muscle tone.

Threadlike bundles of thick and thin filaments

myofibril

During muscle contraction, ATP supplies energy for

myofilament movement

Bisphosphonates are drugs that slow the progress of

osteoporosis.

A sprain involves

overstretched or torn ligaments in a joint.

Tendons of several muscles (including the supraspinatus and subscapularis) cross the joint, blending with the fibrous layer of the joint capsule to form the ____________ .

rotater cuff

The discoloration and swelling that occurs with a muscle strain is due to

ruptured blood vessels.

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

sacrolemma

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

sacroplasm

Sellar joint

saddle joint

Functional unit of contraction within muscle fiber

sarcomere

The functional unit of muscle contraction is

sarcomere

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers results from the

sarcomere organization.

Muscle fibers are basically a collection of

sarcomeres

Some joints, such as those between the bones of the _______, allow change in shape of a part of the body during childbirth

skull

Amphiarthrotic joints are

slightly movable

Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is __________ to contract and __________ to relax.

slower; slower

Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect

smooth muscle contraction

The electrical impulse that moves over the surface of a muscle fiber and into the T tubules results from increased membrane permeability to what ion?

sodium

Regina began an exercise program six months ago, and the muscles of her upper limbs and lower limbs are more prominent. Exercise can lead to the formation of new muscles by

stimulating skeletal muscle cells to release IL-6, which stimulates satellite cells to divide, producing more muscle cells

Creatine phosphate

supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP.

In ____________ joints, changes within the joint capsule occur with aging. The blood flow to the synovial membrane decreases, reducing fluid production. It also loses elasticity as fibrous material builds up.

synovial

The presence of a joint capsule is associated with what type of joint?

synovial

The inner lining of the joint capsule secretes a fluid called ____________ . This fluid is viscous, and it moistens and lubricates the surfaces within the joint capsule.

synovial fluid

The hip joint has less freedom of movement than the shoulder joint because

the articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder.

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that

the bone is lengthening

Channel formed by invagination of plasma membrane

transverse tubule

Location of binding sites for calcium

troponin

3. Transverse (T) tubules are invaginations of the sarcolemma of a muscle cell.

true

Closed, fluid-filled sacs that function as cushions are called bursae.

true

Moving a part away from the midline is abduction.

true

Synovial fluid moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in a joint.

true

The amount of oxygen needed to repay the oxygen debt includes the amount of oxygen that muscle cells need to resynthesize ATP.

true

Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called

true ribs.

A lateral and medial ligament stabilize the joint. The ulnar collateral ligament is medial, running from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid and olecranon processes of the ulna.

ulnar, medial

Which of the following bones is not part of the orbit of the skull?

vomer

1. Thin filaments connect to and extend from either side of a __________. These thin filaments are composed largely of the myofilament __________.

z disc; actin