A&P CHP.24 Smartbook Assignment
Explain the process of bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas.
1. CO2 and H2O combine under the influence of carbonic anhydrase to form H2CO3 2. carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3- 3. H+ exchanged for Na+ in the blood 4. HCO3- exchanged for Cl- in the intercalated ducts. Na+ and H2O follow the HCO3- 5. HCO3-, Na+ and H2O move into the interlobular ducts
Identify the steps in the production of hydrochloric acid by the stomach from beginning to secretion into the stomach.
1. CO2 diffuses into the parietal cell 2. CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3 3. H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3- and H+ 4. HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- with the bloodstream 5. H+ pump into the duct of the gastic gland 6. diffusion of Cl- into duct of gastic gland
Place the parts of the colon in order from proximal to most distal.
1. ascending colon 2. transverse colon 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon
Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.
1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. lleum
Rank the following molecules from the the one with the greatest concentration of protein to the least amount of protein.
1. high-density lipoprotein 2. low-density lipoprotein 3. very low-density lipoprotein
Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination.
1. lleocecal junction 2. cecum 3. colon 4. rectum 5. anal canal
Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase.
1. taste, smell, and thought of food 2. stimulation of medulla oblongata 3. parasympathetic impulses are carried by the vagus nerve to the neuron of the enteric plexus 4. postganglionic neurons stimulate of gastrin and histamine 5. gastric secretions are released
Place the following events of the activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in order.
1. trypsinogen, chmotrypsingen, and procarboxpeptidase are secreted into the duodenum 2. enterokinase activates trypsinogen 3. trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxpeptidase
The muscularis of the stomach consists of ______ layers.
3
The hepatic lobule is a _____ -sided structure with a(n) _____ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.
6, portal
What is bile?
A substance produced by hepatocytes from metabolic by-products
Which of the following are functions of the digestive tract? Select all that apply.
Absorb electrolytes Digest food Absorb water
Match each basic function of the digestive system with the correct description.
Absorption- Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system Digestion- Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Elimination- Process by which waste products are removed from the body Ingestion- The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach Secretion- Process by which substances are added to the digestive tract to lubricate, liquefy, buffer and digest the food
Correctly pair each basic function of the digestive system with the correct description.
Absorption- Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system Digestion- Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Mastication- Process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area Ingestion- The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach Propulsion- Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
Which of the following is an example of nutrient conversion?
Amino acids are converted to glycogen.
What is peritonitis?
An inflammation of the peritoneal membranes
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Select all that apply.
Anal canal Oropharynx Mouth Esophagus
Identify the substances within saliva. Select all that apply.
Bicarbonate ion Water Mucin Lysozymes Amylase
Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function.
Bicarbonate ion- To raise the pH of the small intestine Proteolytic enzymes- Chemical digestion of proteins Amylase- Chemical digestion of polysaccharides Lipase- Chemical digestion of fats Nuclease- Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA
Identify the substance necessary to emulsify lipids.
Bile salts
What are hepatic sinusoids?
Blood filled channels between hepatic cords
Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins. Select all that apply.
Carboxypeptidase Pepsin Trypsin Peptidases
Identify the mismatched pair of enzyme and substrate below.
Carboxypeptidase - lipids
Identify the region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine.
Cecum
Match the phases of gastric regulation with the correct description.
Cephalic phase- Sight, smell, taste or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions. Gastric phase.- Distension of the stomach stimulates gastric secretions. Intestinal phase.- Acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates secretion of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions.
______ digestion breaks covalent bonds in organic molecules through the action of digestive enzymes.
Chemical
Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Chemical signals Nervous mechanisms
Identify the functions of the gallbladder. Select all that apply.
Concentration of bile Storage of bile
Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.
Cystic duct
Select the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Decreases in the amount of mucus secreted Decline in the liver's ability to detoxify chemicals
Identify the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Select all that apply.
Destroys ingested bacteria Activates pepsin Inactivates salivary amylase
Why is emulsification of lipids important?
Emulsification increases surface area for digestive enzymes.
Identify what activates trypsinogen. Select all that apply.
Enterokinase Trypsin
True or false: Food regardless of type moves out of the stomach within 1.5 hours.
False
True or false: Sympathetic reflexes are responsible for most of the defecation reflex.
False
List blood proteins produced by the liver. Select all that apply.
Fibrinogen Heparin Albumin
Identify the hormone that promotes gastric secretions.
Gastrin
Select the steps in the process of bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas. Select all that apply.
HCO3-, Na+ and H2O move into the interlobular ducts. CO2 and H20 combine under the influence of carbonic anhydrase to form H2CO3. Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3-. HCO3- exchanged for Cl- in the intercalated ducts. Na+ and H20 follow the HCO3-
Identify the pouches of the large intestine that result from contraction of the teniae coli.
Haustra
Name the cells which play a major role in detoxification.
Hepatocytes
Identify the one-way valve between the small intestine and the large intestine.
Ileocecal
Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion. Select all that apply.
Laryngopharynx Oropharynx
Which is a membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm?
Lesser omentum
Describe how lipids are transported through the blood.
Lipids are combined with protein to form lipoproteins.
Identify the largest internal organ of the body.
Liver
Identify the types of reflexes that control the defecation reflex. Select all that apply.
Local reflexes Parasympathetic reflexes
Identify the functions of saliva. Select all that apply.
Moistens food and the oral cavity Neutralizes bacterial acids Digests starch
Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin
Identify the muscle that forms most of the lips.
Orbicularis oris
Identify the process by which water is absorbed in the small intestine.
Osmosis
Identify the organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue located within the curvature of the duodenum.
Pancreas
Match the digestive secretion with the correct function.
Pepsin- Digests proteins into smaller peptide chains Lipase- Digests lipids Bicarbonate ions- Provides appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes Mucus- Protects the lining of the esophagus Peptidases- Splits amino acids from polypeptides Bile salts- Emulsifies lipids
Which of the following movements of the digestive tract will help to propel food from one end of the digestive tract to the other? Select all that apply.
Peristalsis Mass movements Deglutition
Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine. Select all that apply.
Peristaltic contractions Segmental contractions
What is the pyloric pump?
Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening
What are gallstones?
Precipitates of cholesterol that form in the gallbladder
Which are functions of the liver? Select all that apply.
Production of bile Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Detoxification of harmful substances Production of blood proteins including clotting factors Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells Nutrient storage
Identify the functions of the liver. Select all that apply.
Production of bile Synthesis of new molecules Phagocytosis Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals Interconversion of nutrients
Which region of the stomach connects to the small intestine?
Pyloric canal
What is the straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal?
Rectum
Which of the following functions to mix food with digestive secretions?
Segmental contractions
Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract. Select all that apply.
Serosa Adventitia
Which of the following is NOT one of the major digestive secretions?
Serous fluid
What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?
Smooth
Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.
Stomach
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Storage and mixing chamber
Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.
Submandibular Sublingual Parotid
What is the brush border?
The microvilli of the epithelium in the small intestine
Describe emulsification.
The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets
Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach.
The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.
What are feces?
The semi-solid waste products eliminated from the body
How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.
Name factors that influence stomach emptying. Select all that apply.
The type of food; a meal high in carbohydrates empties the fastest. The volume of food; the more food in the stomach the longer it takes to empty.
Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.
These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.
Identify the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.
Thinning of tooth enamel Reduction in motility Decrease in mucus production
True or False: The masseter and temporalis are muscles that move the mandible during mastication.
True
Identify the small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum.
Vermiform appendix
Name the lipoprotein with the lowest concentration of protein and highest concentration of lipid.
Very low-density lipoprotein
The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are
accessory
The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the
accessory or associated
Besides organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the digestive system also contains ______.
accessory organs
The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of _____.
active transport
The function of intrinsic factor is to ______.
aid in the absorption of vitamin B12
The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.
anterior
The four parts of the colon from proximal to distal are the
ascending transverse descending
The emulsification of lipids occurs primarily through the action of
bile salt
All of the microvilli on the epithelial surface of the small intestine are collectively called the ______.
brush border
The muscle in the cheeks is the ______.
buccinator
The muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the _____.
buccinator
Monosaccharides are the product of the chemical digestion of ______.
carbohydrates
The proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the
cecum
The region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine, is the
cecum
The vermiform appendix is attached to the ______.
cecum
A type of lipoprotein consisting of mostly triglycerides along with phospholipids, cholesterol and protein is a(n)
chylomicron
Stomach contents are called ______.
chyme
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called
chyme
Mass movements occur in the _____.
colon
Teniae coli are bands of longitudinal muscle of the ______ that form haustra upon contraction.
colon
The submucosa consists of ______ tissue.
connective
Permanent teeth replace milk or
deciduous, primary, or baby
The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called ______.
defecation
Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of
defecation or elimination
The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or
deglutition
The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or
deglutition
Hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea which is more easily excreted from the body. This is an example of _____.
detoxification
The system specialized to ingest food, digest food and absorb water, electrolytes and nutrients is the
digestive or gastrointestinal
The hepatic portal triad consists of 3 vessels. The hepatic portal vein, the hepatic
duct artery
The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the
duodenum jejunum ileum
The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.
enteric nervous system
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the
esophagus
Food is ingested, digested and finally eliminated from the body as
feces
During stomach filling the rugae _______.
flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume
Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening are called the ______.
flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume/ pyloric pump
The organ that stores and concentrates bile is the
gallbladder
The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the
gallbladder or cholecyst
Cholesterol in bile can precipitate out to produce _____ which may block the cystic duct.
gallstones
Mass movements in the colon are initiated by the ______ reflex when there is food in the stomach and by the ______ reflex when there is food in the small intestine.
gastrocolic, duodenocolic
The submucosal plexus controls ______ and the myenteric plexus controls ______.
glandular secretions, movement of the digestive tract
The pouches of the colon that result from contraction of the teniae coli are called
haustra or haustrum
The blood-filled channels found between the hepatic cords are called
hepatic sinusoids
The valve that allows intestinal contents to move from the ileum to the large intestine but not in the opposite direction is called the
ileocecal
Bile salts emulsify lipids and thus ______ the surface area for the digestive enzymes..
increase
Stretching the stomach wall leads to ______.
increased motility and secretion
Bile helps in ______ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes.
increasing
Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when it binds to
intrinsic factor
Lipids are chemically digested by the enzyme
lipase
The enzyme that chemically digests lipid molecules is _____.
lipase
A micelle is a ______ droplet surrounded by ______.
lipid, bile salts
A chylomicron is a ______ droplet surrounded by ______.
lipid, proteins
Fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of _____.
lipids
Lipids combine with protein to form Blank 1 of 1 that are transported in the blood.
lipoprotein or lipoproteins
The largest internal organ of the body is the
liver
The esophagus is in the ______.
mediastinum
"Connective tissue sheets composed of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue between them" best describes _______.
mesenteries
A lipid droplet surrounded by bile salts in the small intestine is called a _____.
micelle
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates results in the production of ______.
monosaccharides
The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the Blank 1 of 3 Blank 2 of 3 and the muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the Blank 3 of 3.
orbicularis oris buccinator
The majority of lipase is secreted by the _____.
pancreas
The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, located posterior to the stomach and within the curvature of the duodenum, is the
pancreas
is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.
pancreas
The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the ______.
parietal peritoneum
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the ______ cells of the ______.
parietal stomach
The 3 large paired salivary glands are the
parotid sublingual submandibular
The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called
peritonitis
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.
permanent, deciduous
Heparin, globulins, clotting factors and albumin are ______.
produced in the liver
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of ______.
proteins
The structure indicated by the blue arrow is the Blank 1 of 1, a straight muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal.
rectum
Mixing contractions that occur in the small intestine are called _____.
segmental contractions
The abdominal cavity is lined by Blank 1 of 1 membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.
serous
Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the ______.
small intestine
Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominately in the _____.
small intestine
The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ______.
small intestine
The majority of ion absorption occurs in the ______.
small intestine
Amylase promotes the partial digestion of ______.
starch
Cholecystokinin, secretin and the vagus nerve all ______ the release of pancreatic juices.
stimulate
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the
stomach
Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the ______.
stomach
The organ that secretes intrinsic factor is the ______.
stomach
The layer of the digestive tract that consists of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands, and a network of nerve cells is the
submucosa
The layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands is the _____.
submucosa
The submucosal plexus is located within the ______ and the myenteric plexus is located within the _____ of the digestive tract.
submucosa, muscularis
The bands of longitudinal muscle of the colon that form the haustra when they contract are called
teniae or taenia coli
Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve _____.
to emulsify fats
The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the
tongue
The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.
vestibule, oral cavity proper
The macroscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption are called
villi
The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum.
visceral
What is a mesentery?
A connective tissue sheet composed of two layers of serous membranes
Describe a hepatic lobule.
A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner
Describe the cecum.
A rounded pouch located at the proximal end of the large intestine
Identify the secretions of the small intestine. Select all that apply.
Cholecystokinin Mucus Secretin Peptidases Disaccharidases
Identify the hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility. Select all that apply.
Cholecystokinin Secretin
Identify the components of bile. Select all that apply.
Cholesterol Mucus Bilirubin Bile salts Lecithin
Identify the process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus.
Deglutition
Match each movement of the digestive tract with the correct description.
Deglutition- Moves a mass of food or liquid from the oral cavity to the esophagus Mass Movements.- Forcible movements that move the contents of the large intestines Peristalsis- Muscular contractions consisting of a wave of relaxation of circular muscles followed by a wave of contraction of circular muscles Segmental contractions- Muscular contractions that move food back and forth within the digestive tract to mix it with digestive secretions
Describe the functions of hepatocytes. Select all that apply.
Detoxification Bile production Synthesis of blood components Phagocytosis
Identify the enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. Select all that apply.
Disaccharidases Amylase
Identify the functions of bile. Select all that apply.
Emulsification of lipids Raises pH of small intestine
Identify the components of pancreatic juice. Select all that apply.
Enzymes to digest carbohydrates Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest proteins Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest lipids
Match each basic secretion of the digestive tract with the correct function.
Enzymes- Break down large food molecules into smaller food molecules to promote absorption Mucus- Lubricates food and protects lining of the digestive tract Water- Liquefies food
Identify the structures that are involved in deglutition. Select all that apply.
Esophagus Tongue Oropharynx
True or False: The majority of the muscularis externa consists of two layers of skeletal muscle.
False
True or false: Bile contains digestive enzymes.
False
True or false: Chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen and enterokinase are all protease precursors produced by the pancreas.
False
True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.
False
Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids. Select all that apply.
Fatty acids Monoglycerides
Which part of the stomach is superior to the cardiac opening of the stomach?
Fundus
Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs. Select all that apply.
Gall bladder Pancreas Liver Salivary glands
Identify the secretions of the stomach. Select all that apply.
Gastrin Intrinsic factor Mucus Pepsinogen Hydrochloric acid
Identify the structures that form the hepatic portal triad. Select all that apply.
Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein Hepatic duct
Identify the vessels that empty into the hepatic sinusoids. Select all that apply.
Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery
Name the cells that produce bile, synthesize blood components, and perform interconversion of nutrients.
Hepatocytes
Match each gastric secretion with the correct function.
Hydrochloric acid- Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin Gastrin- Stimulates gastric secretions Intrinsic factor- Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12. Pepsinogen- Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains. Mucous- Protects lining of the stomach
Match the digestive secretions with the organ that produces the secretion.
Hydrochloric acid- Stomach Trypsinogen- Pancreas Peptidases- Small Intestine Bile- liver
What are the basic functions of the digestive system? Select all that apply.
Ingestion Digestion Absorption Mastication Defecation
Identify the phase of gastric regulation that inhibits gastric activity.
Intestinal phase
Correctly pair the digestive secretion with the correct function.
Intrinsic factor- Aids in absorption of vitamin B12 Trypsin- Digests proteins Amylase- Digests starch Hydrochloric acid- Activates pepsin Enterokinase- Activates trypsin Bile salts- Emulsifies lipids
Match the digestive secretions to the correct organ that produces the secretion.
Intrinsic factor- Stomach Bicarbonate ions- Pancreas Enterokinase- Small Intestine Bile- Liver Liver Salivary Amylase- Salivary glands
What is the function of HCO3- when it is secreted by the large intestine?
It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.
Identify the structures that secrete lipase. Select all that apply.
Lingual glands Pancreas
Identify the functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine. Select all that apply.
Lubricates colon wall Protects intestinal lining Helps fecal matter stick together
Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine.
Mass movements
Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.
Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
Match the specific mesentery with its location within the digestive system.
Mesentery proper- Associated with the small intestine Lesser omentum- Membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm Greater omentum- Membrane extending from the stomach to the transverse colon Transverse mesocolon- Attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption. Select all that apply.
Microvilli Villi Circular folds
Match the layer of the digestive tract with the correct description.
Mucosa- Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Muscularis- Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Serosa- Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Submucosa- Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands
Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.
Nasopharynx
Identify the organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen
Pancreas
Match the enzyme to its function.
Pancreatic amylase- Polysaccharide digestion Pancreatic lipase- Fat digestion Trypsin- Digests protein Ribonuclease- Digests RNA
Correctly pair the digestive enzyme with the structure that secretes the enzyme.
Pepsin- Stomach Peptidase- Small intestine Amylase- Salivary glands
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium. Select all that apply.
Stomach Large intestine Small intestine
Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs. Select all that apply.
Stomach Small intestine
True or False: Throughout the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of 2 layers of muscles, except the stomach, which has 3 layers.
True
True or False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.
True
True or False: Water absorption in the small intestine occurs as a result of osmosis.
True
True or false: Both nervous and chemical mechanisms play an important role in regulating the digestive system.
True
Identify the major proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas. Select all that apply.
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase
Match the digestive enzyme with the structure that secretes the enzyme.
Trypsin- Pancreas Disaccharidases- Small intestine Bile salts- Liver
Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juices. Select all that apply.
Vagus nerve Secretin Cholecystokinin
Match the oral cavity region to its description.
Vestibule- Space between the lips and teeth Oral cavity proper- Space medial to the teeth
Identify the MACROscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for increased absorption.
Villi
Hepatocytes produce Blank 1 of 1 which consists primarily of metabolic by-products.
bile
The large intestine consists of the _____, and the anal canal.
cecum, colon, rectum
The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.
cephalic
The buccinator muscle, a buccal fat pad, an interior lining of moist stratified squamous epithelium, and an external covering of skin comprise the
cheeks or cheek
The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets is called
emulsification
Bile salts are necessary to _____.
emulsify lipids
are formed mostly by the orbicularis oris and connective tissue covered by skin.
lips, labia, labium, or lip
Bile is continuously produced by the Blank 1 of 2; bile then flows to the Blank 2 of 2 where it is stored and concentrated.
liver or hepatocytes gallbladder
Bile is continuously produced by the ______ and stored in the gallbladder. The bile is then released into the ______, where it emulsifies fat and raises the pH.
liver, duodenum
The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called
mass movements
The process of chewing is called
mastication
Large food particles are physically broken down into smaller food particles by
mechanical
Mastication is the _____.
mechanical breakdown of food
The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.
mix, propel
Chemical digestion of starch due to secretion of enzymes occurs in the ______. Select all that apply.
mouth small intestine
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.
neurotransmitters, motility
In the liver excess amino acids can be re-metabolized to produce lipids, glucose or nucleic acids. This is known as _____.
nutrient interconversion
The adventitia or Blank 1 of 1 is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system.
serosa
The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the ______.
small intestine
Stomach secretion and stomach motility are controlled by neural mechanisms that respond to ______.
stomach wall distension
The low pH of the the stomach is due to _____.
the action of the proton pump
The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.
three, two