A&P CHP.24 Smartbook Assignment

Explain the process of bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas.

1. CO2 and H2O combine under the influence of carbonic anhydrase to form H2CO3 2. carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3- 3. H+ exchanged for Na+ in the blood 4. HCO3- exchanged for Cl- in the intercalated ducts. Na+ and H2O follow the HCO3- 5. HCO3-, Na+ and H2O move into the interlobular ducts

Identify the steps in the production of hydrochloric acid by the stomach from beginning to secretion into the stomach.

1. CO2 diffuses into the parietal cell 2. CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3 3. H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3- and H+ 4. HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- with the bloodstream 5. H+ pump into the duct of the gastic gland 6. diffusion of Cl- into duct of gastic gland

Place the parts of the colon in order from proximal to most distal.

1. ascending colon 2. transverse colon 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. lleum

Rank the following molecules from the the one with the greatest concentration of protein to the least amount of protein.

1. high-density lipoprotein 2. low-density lipoprotein 3. very low-density lipoprotein

Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination.

1. lleocecal junction 2. cecum 3. colon 4. rectum 5. anal canal

Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase.

1. taste, smell, and thought of food 2. stimulation of medulla oblongata 3. parasympathetic impulses are carried by the vagus nerve to the neuron of the enteric plexus 4. postganglionic neurons stimulate of gastrin and histamine 5. gastric secretions are released

Place the following events of the activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in order.

1. trypsinogen, chmotrypsingen, and procarboxpeptidase are secreted into the duodenum 2. enterokinase activates trypsinogen 3. trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxpeptidase

The muscularis of the stomach consists of ______ layers.

3

The hepatic lobule is a _____ -sided structure with a(n) _____ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.

6, portal

What is bile?

A substance produced by hepatocytes from metabolic by-products

Which of the following are functions of the digestive tract? Select all that apply.

Absorb electrolytes Digest food Absorb water

Match each basic function of the digestive system with the correct description.

Absorption- Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system Digestion- Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Elimination- Process by which waste products are removed from the body Ingestion- The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach Secretion- Process by which substances are added to the digestive tract to lubricate, liquefy, buffer and digest the food

Correctly pair each basic function of the digestive system with the correct description.

Absorption- Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system Digestion- Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts Mastication- Process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area Ingestion- The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach Propulsion- Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other

Which of the following is an example of nutrient conversion?

Amino acids are converted to glycogen.

What is peritonitis?

An inflammation of the peritoneal membranes

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Select all that apply.

Anal canal Oropharynx Mouth Esophagus

Identify the substances within saliva. Select all that apply.

Bicarbonate ion Water Mucin Lysozymes Amylase

Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function.

Bicarbonate ion- To raise the pH of the small intestine Proteolytic enzymes- Chemical digestion of proteins Amylase- Chemical digestion of polysaccharides Lipase- Chemical digestion of fats Nuclease- Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA

Identify the substance necessary to emulsify lipids.

Bile salts

What are hepatic sinusoids?

Blood filled channels between hepatic cords

Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins. Select all that apply.

Carboxypeptidase Pepsin Trypsin Peptidases

Identify the mismatched pair of enzyme and substrate below.

Carboxypeptidase - lipids

Identify the region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine.

Cecum

Match the phases of gastric regulation with the correct description.

Cephalic phase- Sight, smell, taste or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions. Gastric phase.- Distension of the stomach stimulates gastric secretions. Intestinal phase.- Acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates secretion of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions.

______ digestion breaks covalent bonds in organic molecules through the action of digestive enzymes.

Chemical

Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.

Chemical signals Nervous mechanisms

Identify the functions of the gallbladder. Select all that apply.

Concentration of bile Storage of bile

Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.

Cystic duct

Select the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.

Decreases in the amount of mucus secreted Decline in the liver's ability to detoxify chemicals

Identify the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Select all that apply.

Destroys ingested bacteria Activates pepsin Inactivates salivary amylase

Why is emulsification of lipids important?

Emulsification increases surface area for digestive enzymes.

Identify what activates trypsinogen. Select all that apply.

Enterokinase Trypsin

True or false: Food regardless of type moves out of the stomach within 1.5 hours.

False

True or false: Sympathetic reflexes are responsible for most of the defecation reflex.

False

List blood proteins produced by the liver. Select all that apply.

Fibrinogen Heparin Albumin

Identify the hormone that promotes gastric secretions.

Gastrin

Select the steps in the process of bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas. Select all that apply.

HCO3-, Na+ and H2O move into the interlobular ducts. CO2 and H20 combine under the influence of carbonic anhydrase to form H2CO3. Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3-. HCO3- exchanged for Cl- in the intercalated ducts. Na+ and H20 follow the HCO3-

Identify the pouches of the large intestine that result from contraction of the teniae coli.

Haustra

Name the cells which play a major role in detoxification.

Hepatocytes

Identify the one-way valve between the small intestine and the large intestine.

Ileocecal

Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion. Select all that apply.

Laryngopharynx Oropharynx

Which is a membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm?

Lesser omentum

Describe how lipids are transported through the blood.

Lipids are combined with protein to form lipoproteins.

Identify the largest internal organ of the body.

Liver

Identify the types of reflexes that control the defecation reflex. Select all that apply.

Local reflexes Parasympathetic reflexes

Identify the functions of saliva. Select all that apply.

Moistens food and the oral cavity Neutralizes bacterial acids Digests starch

Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.

Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin

Identify the muscle that forms most of the lips.

Orbicularis oris

Identify the process by which water is absorbed in the small intestine.

Osmosis

Identify the organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue located within the curvature of the duodenum.

Pancreas

Match the digestive secretion with the correct function.

Pepsin- Digests proteins into smaller peptide chains Lipase- Digests lipids Bicarbonate ions- Provides appropriate pH for pancreatic enzymes Mucus- Protects the lining of the esophagus Peptidases- Splits amino acids from polypeptides Bile salts- Emulsifies lipids

Which of the following movements of the digestive tract will help to propel food from one end of the digestive tract to the other? Select all that apply.

Peristalsis Mass movements Deglutition

Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine. Select all that apply.

Peristaltic contractions Segmental contractions

What is the pyloric pump?

Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening

What are gallstones?

Precipitates of cholesterol that form in the gallbladder

Which are functions of the liver? Select all that apply.

Production of bile Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Detoxification of harmful substances Production of blood proteins including clotting factors Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells Nutrient storage

Identify the functions of the liver. Select all that apply.

Production of bile Synthesis of new molecules Phagocytosis Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals Interconversion of nutrients

Which region of the stomach connects to the small intestine?

Pyloric canal

What is the straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal?

Rectum

Which of the following functions to mix food with digestive secretions?

Segmental contractions

Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract. Select all that apply.

Serosa Adventitia

Which of the following is NOT one of the major digestive secretions?

Serous fluid

What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?

Smooth

Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.

Stomach

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Storage and mixing chamber

Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.

Submandibular Sublingual Parotid

What is the brush border?

The microvilli of the epithelium in the small intestine

Describe emulsification.

The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets

Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach.

The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.

What are feces?

The semi-solid waste products eliminated from the body

How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?

The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.

Name factors that influence stomach emptying. Select all that apply.

The type of food; a meal high in carbohydrates empties the fastest. The volume of food; the more food in the stomach the longer it takes to empty.

Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.

These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.

Identify the effects of aging on the digestive system. Select all that apply.

Thinning of tooth enamel Reduction in motility Decrease in mucus production

True or False: The masseter and temporalis are muscles that move the mandible during mastication.

True

Identify the small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum.

Vermiform appendix

Name the lipoprotein with the lowest concentration of protein and highest concentration of lipid.

Very low-density lipoprotein

The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are

accessory

The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the

accessory or associated

Besides organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the digestive system also contains ______.

accessory organs

The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of _____.

active transport

The function of intrinsic factor is to ______.

aid in the absorption of vitamin B12

The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

anterior

The four parts of the colon from proximal to distal are the

ascending transverse descending

The emulsification of lipids occurs primarily through the action of

bile salt

All of the microvilli on the epithelial surface of the small intestine are collectively called the ______.

brush border

The muscle in the cheeks is the ______.

buccinator

The muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the _____.

buccinator

Monosaccharides are the product of the chemical digestion of ______.

carbohydrates

The proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the

cecum

The region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine, is the

cecum

The vermiform appendix is attached to the ______.

cecum

A type of lipoprotein consisting of mostly triglycerides along with phospholipids, cholesterol and protein is a(n)

chylomicron

Stomach contents are called ______.

chyme

The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called

chyme

Mass movements occur in the _____.

colon

Teniae coli are bands of longitudinal muscle of the ______ that form haustra upon contraction.

colon

The submucosa consists of ______ tissue.

connective

Permanent teeth replace milk or

deciduous, primary, or baby

The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called ______.

defecation

Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of

defecation or elimination

The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or

deglutition

The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or

deglutition

Hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea which is more easily excreted from the body. This is an example of _____.

detoxification

The system specialized to ingest food, digest food and absorb water, electrolytes and nutrients is the

digestive or gastrointestinal

The hepatic portal triad consists of 3 vessels. The hepatic portal vein, the hepatic

duct artery

The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the

duodenum jejunum ileum

The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.

enteric nervous system

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the

esophagus

Food is ingested, digested and finally eliminated from the body as

feces

During stomach filling the rugae _______.

flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume

Peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening are called the ______.

flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume/ pyloric pump

The organ that stores and concentrates bile is the

gallbladder

The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the

gallbladder or cholecyst

Cholesterol in bile can precipitate out to produce _____ which may block the cystic duct.

gallstones

Mass movements in the colon are initiated by the ______ reflex when there is food in the stomach and by the ______ reflex when there is food in the small intestine.

gastrocolic, duodenocolic

The submucosal plexus controls ______ and the myenteric plexus controls ______.

glandular secretions, movement of the digestive tract

The pouches of the colon that result from contraction of the teniae coli are called

haustra or haustrum

The blood-filled channels found between the hepatic cords are called

hepatic sinusoids

The valve that allows intestinal contents to move from the ileum to the large intestine but not in the opposite direction is called the

ileocecal

Bile salts emulsify lipids and thus ______ the surface area for the digestive enzymes..

increase

Stretching the stomach wall leads to ______.

increased motility and secretion

Bile helps in ______ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes.

increasing

Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when it binds to

intrinsic factor

Lipids are chemically digested by the enzyme

lipase

The enzyme that chemically digests lipid molecules is _____.

lipase

A micelle is a ______ droplet surrounded by ______.

lipid, bile salts

A chylomicron is a ______ droplet surrounded by ______.

lipid, proteins

Fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of _____.

lipids

Lipids combine with protein to form Blank 1 of 1 that are transported in the blood.

lipoprotein or lipoproteins

The largest internal organ of the body is the

liver

The esophagus is in the ______.

mediastinum

"Connective tissue sheets composed of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue between them" best describes _______.

mesenteries

A lipid droplet surrounded by bile salts in the small intestine is called a _____.

micelle

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates results in the production of ______.

monosaccharides

The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the Blank 1 of 3 Blank 2 of 3 and the muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the Blank 3 of 3.

orbicularis oris buccinator

The majority of lipase is secreted by the _____.

pancreas

The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, located posterior to the stomach and within the curvature of the duodenum, is the

pancreas

is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.

pancreas

The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the ______.

parietal peritoneum

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the ______ cells of the ______.

parietal stomach

The 3 large paired salivary glands are the

parotid sublingual submandibular

The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called

peritonitis

Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.

permanent, deciduous

Heparin, globulins, clotting factors and albumin are ______.

produced in the liver

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of ______.

proteins

The structure indicated by the blue arrow is the Blank 1 of 1, a straight muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal.

rectum

Mixing contractions that occur in the small intestine are called _____.

segmental contractions

The abdominal cavity is lined by Blank 1 of 1 membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.

serous

Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the ______.

small intestine

Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominately in the _____.

small intestine

The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ______.

small intestine

The majority of ion absorption occurs in the ______.

small intestine

Amylase promotes the partial digestion of ______.

starch

Cholecystokinin, secretin and the vagus nerve all ______ the release of pancreatic juices.

stimulate

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the

stomach

Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the ______.

stomach

The organ that secretes intrinsic factor is the ______.

stomach

The layer of the digestive tract that consists of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands, and a network of nerve cells is the

submucosa

The layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands is the _____.

submucosa

The submucosal plexus is located within the ______ and the myenteric plexus is located within the _____ of the digestive tract.

submucosa, muscularis

The bands of longitudinal muscle of the colon that form the haustra when they contract are called

teniae or taenia coli

Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve _____.

to emulsify fats

The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the

tongue

The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.

vestibule, oral cavity proper

The macroscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption are called

villi

The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum.

visceral

What is a mesentery?

A connective tissue sheet composed of two layers of serous membranes

Describe a hepatic lobule.

A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner

Describe the cecum.

A rounded pouch located at the proximal end of the large intestine

Identify the secretions of the small intestine. Select all that apply.

Cholecystokinin Mucus Secretin Peptidases Disaccharidases

Identify the hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility. Select all that apply.

Cholecystokinin Secretin

Identify the components of bile. Select all that apply.

Cholesterol Mucus Bilirubin Bile salts Lecithin

Identify the process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus.

Deglutition

Match each movement of the digestive tract with the correct description.

Deglutition- Moves a mass of food or liquid from the oral cavity to the esophagus Mass Movements.- Forcible movements that move the contents of the large intestines Peristalsis- Muscular contractions consisting of a wave of relaxation of circular muscles followed by a wave of contraction of circular muscles Segmental contractions- Muscular contractions that move food back and forth within the digestive tract to mix it with digestive secretions

Describe the functions of hepatocytes. Select all that apply.

Detoxification Bile production Synthesis of blood components Phagocytosis

Identify the enzymes that aid in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. Select all that apply.

Disaccharidases Amylase

Identify the functions of bile. Select all that apply.

Emulsification of lipids Raises pH of small intestine

Identify the components of pancreatic juice. Select all that apply.

Enzymes to digest carbohydrates Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest proteins Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest lipids

Match each basic secretion of the digestive tract with the correct function.

Enzymes- Break down large food molecules into smaller food molecules to promote absorption Mucus- Lubricates food and protects lining of the digestive tract Water- Liquefies food

Identify the structures that are involved in deglutition. Select all that apply.

Esophagus Tongue Oropharynx

True or False: The majority of the muscularis externa consists of two layers of skeletal muscle.

False

True or false: Bile contains digestive enzymes.

False

True or false: Chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen and enterokinase are all protease precursors produced by the pancreas.

False

True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.

False

Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids. Select all that apply.

Fatty acids Monoglycerides

Which part of the stomach is superior to the cardiac opening of the stomach?

Fundus

Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs. Select all that apply.

Gall bladder Pancreas Liver Salivary glands

Identify the secretions of the stomach. Select all that apply.

Gastrin Intrinsic factor Mucus Pepsinogen Hydrochloric acid

Identify the structures that form the hepatic portal triad. Select all that apply.

Hepatic artery Hepatic portal vein Hepatic duct

Identify the vessels that empty into the hepatic sinusoids. Select all that apply.

Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery

Name the cells that produce bile, synthesize blood components, and perform interconversion of nutrients.

Hepatocytes

Match each gastric secretion with the correct function.

Hydrochloric acid- Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin Gastrin- Stimulates gastric secretions Intrinsic factor- Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12. Pepsinogen- Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains. Mucous- Protects lining of the stomach

Match the digestive secretions with the organ that produces the secretion.

Hydrochloric acid- Stomach Trypsinogen- Pancreas Peptidases- Small Intestine Bile- liver

What are the basic functions of the digestive system? Select all that apply.

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Mastication Defecation

Identify the phase of gastric regulation that inhibits gastric activity.

Intestinal phase

Correctly pair the digestive secretion with the correct function.

Intrinsic factor- Aids in absorption of vitamin B12 Trypsin- Digests proteins Amylase- Digests starch Hydrochloric acid- Activates pepsin Enterokinase- Activates trypsin Bile salts- Emulsifies lipids

Match the digestive secretions to the correct organ that produces the secretion.

Intrinsic factor- Stomach Bicarbonate ions- Pancreas Enterokinase- Small Intestine Bile- Liver Liver Salivary Amylase- Salivary glands

What is the function of HCO3- when it is secreted by the large intestine?

It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.

Identify the structures that secrete lipase. Select all that apply.

Lingual glands Pancreas

Identify the functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine. Select all that apply.

Lubricates colon wall Protects intestinal lining Helps fecal matter stick together

Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine.

Mass movements

Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.

Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid

Match the specific mesentery with its location within the digestive system.

Mesentery proper- Associated with the small intestine Lesser omentum- Membrane that connects the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver and the diaphragm Greater omentum- Membrane extending from the stomach to the transverse colon Transverse mesocolon- Attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption. Select all that apply.

Microvilli Villi Circular folds

Match the layer of the digestive tract with the correct description.

Mucosa- Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Muscularis- Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Serosa- Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Submucosa- Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands

Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.

Nasopharynx

Identify the organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen

Pancreas

Match the enzyme to its function.

Pancreatic amylase- Polysaccharide digestion Pancreatic lipase- Fat digestion Trypsin- Digests protein Ribonuclease- Digests RNA

Correctly pair the digestive enzyme with the structure that secretes the enzyme.

Pepsin- Stomach Peptidase- Small intestine Amylase- Salivary glands

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium. Select all that apply.

Stomach Large intestine Small intestine

Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs. Select all that apply.

Stomach Small intestine

True or False: Throughout the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of 2 layers of muscles, except the stomach, which has 3 layers.

True

True or False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.

True

True or False: Water absorption in the small intestine occurs as a result of osmosis.

True

True or false: Both nervous and chemical mechanisms play an important role in regulating the digestive system.

True

Identify the major proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas. Select all that apply.

Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase

Match the digestive enzyme with the structure that secretes the enzyme.

Trypsin- Pancreas Disaccharidases- Small intestine Bile salts- Liver

Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juices. Select all that apply.

Vagus nerve Secretin Cholecystokinin

Match the oral cavity region to its description.

Vestibule- Space between the lips and teeth Oral cavity proper- Space medial to the teeth

Identify the MACROscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for increased absorption.

Villi

Hepatocytes produce Blank 1 of 1 which consists primarily of metabolic by-products.

bile

The large intestine consists of the _____, and the anal canal.

cecum, colon, rectum

The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.

cephalic

The buccinator muscle, a buccal fat pad, an interior lining of moist stratified squamous epithelium, and an external covering of skin comprise the

cheeks or cheek

The process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets is called

emulsification

Bile salts are necessary to _____.

emulsify lipids

are formed mostly by the orbicularis oris and connective tissue covered by skin.

lips, labia, labium, or lip

Bile is continuously produced by the Blank 1 of 2; bile then flows to the Blank 2 of 2 where it is stored and concentrated.

liver or hepatocytes gallbladder

Bile is continuously produced by the ______ and stored in the gallbladder. The bile is then released into the ______, where it emulsifies fat and raises the pH.

liver, duodenum

The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called

mass movements

The process of chewing is called

mastication

Large food particles are physically broken down into smaller food particles by

mechanical

Mastication is the _____.

mechanical breakdown of food

The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.

mix, propel

Chemical digestion of starch due to secretion of enzymes occurs in the ______. Select all that apply.

mouth small intestine

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.

neurotransmitters, motility

In the liver excess amino acids can be re-metabolized to produce lipids, glucose or nucleic acids. This is known as _____.

nutrient interconversion

The adventitia or Blank 1 of 1 is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system.

serosa

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the ______.

small intestine

Stomach secretion and stomach motility are controlled by neural mechanisms that respond to ______.

stomach wall distension

The low pH of the the stomach is due to _____.

the action of the proton pump

The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.

three, two