comm 401 exam 3
Communication Predicament of Aging
- characteristics of old people can act as cues that trigger age stereotypes, patronizing speech is often produced to these stereotypes - reinforcement of age stereotypes / reduced opportunity for meaningful communication = negative changes for elderly recipient
Death and Dying advanced directives (presentations)
*Living will ⇒ patient provides instructions on their own healthcare in the event they become too ill to let their wishes be known (who gets money who gets house etc) *DNR (do not resuscitate) ⇒ legal document which states the patient has a terminal illness and does not wish to prolong life through resuscitation efforts Document must be present on patient and signed by the patient/ primary physician *POLST (Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment) Collaboration between patient, patient family and caregivers Designed to improve quality of care before end of life *DPAHC (Durable power of attorney for health care) Allows family member to make decision regarding health care of another person
Bates Training program findings
- Baltes and Wahl describe a training intervention to improve intergenerational communication. Training not only increased staff members ability to engage in independence - supportive communication but the researchers also showed that it increased in the number of independent behaviors by residents in the setting. In other words, the training program not only had the desired effects on the staff members' communication but also had desirable effects follow on the behaviors of fellow residents.
Communication Enhancement Model
- enhances communication/quality of life for older people (and their younger communication partners) - encounter (of older person) => recognition of cues (on an individual basis) => modified communication (to accommodate individual need) => individual assessment => empowerment (of client and provider) => optimized health well being and competence of elder => maximized communication (skills and opportunities)
intergroup contact theory
- having interpersonal contact with members of other groups makes us appreciate them more, and our negative attitudes towards those groups might improve - Allport suggested making contact friendly and cooperative would help - contact would be more helpful with institutional support - relatively infrequent especially for young people and especially outside the family
Nonverbal communication : differences in aging
- it is easier for us to assume people body language who are closer to our age - the greater the age gap between two people the greater the discrepancy in being able to read their body language - older faces are naturally more difficult to read, even for older adults. Wrinkles and spots do not help when trying to understand a facial expression or mood - older adults have weaker muscle tone so they might not be able to be as animated as younger people. This does not mean they are unanimated
Tips for effective intergenerational communication
- self disclosure - explaining - active listening - perspective taking - reframing - person centered communication
Williams et al Patronizing Speech reduction program
- talk does not need to be baby ish to be perceived as caring. - in a nursing home a degree of nurturing content in communication is important, but nurturing talk does not have to be condescending
Representation of older adults on television (how much they are represented/positive/negative)
- under represented (only 3% of all television population) Negative Negative: declining health Negative : rarely shown in major roles Negative : humor (humor in less flatering ways) Negative : messages about the aging procces (phrasing ⇒ "veteran athletes) (cosmetic companies that promote anti againg products so people can look younger) Positive Positive : exceptional characters (ex ⇒ running marathons or jumping out of planes) Postive : central characters (lead characters in shows) Positive : humorous characaters (violating or stereotypes using humor) Positive : political power Positive : advertising : (images of seniors in advertising is largely positive)
Uses and Gratifications Theory
-Media provides rewards to those who use them -Developed to understand the differerent rewards that come from using media (providing information, excitement, relaxing) -People pick and choose the shows that provide them with particular rewards
Computer and internet usage
-Older adults do lag the younger generation in terms of computer use -Older adults are much less likely to have a computer in their homes and have internet access
Age differences in media use (who uses tv/radio/book/and internet)
-Older people watch more television than younger people - Older adults listen to less radio than younger people(prefer AM radio younger people prefer to listen to radio at night) -Older people enjoy media for information/game shows/community programming purposes rather than entertainment -Reader ship of books increases across lifespan but decreases in older adulthood if significant vision problems occur -Older adults without vision problems read substantially more than those who experience such problems
Media Portrayal of LGBTQ individuals (presentation)
-Out of 857 characters on primetime programming 75 were identified as LGBTQ -75 LGBTQ regular characters on streaming services -Bisexual characters made up 27% of LGBTQ characters across all platforms -LGBT characters of color outnumbered white LGBT characters
The Nature of Physician Older Patient Interactions
-Physicians' talk to older patients is more condescending than to younger patients. -Physicians spend less time with older patients. -Physicians ask older patients fewer questions. -Physicians take a more authoritarian role with older patients (e.g., they do not engage in joint decision making as much of the time). -Physicians are less patient with older people. -Physicians and older patients tend to disagree about the goals of the medical encounter more often than physicians and younger patients. -Physicians often provide less information to older patients, particularly about medication. -The importance of physical exercise to health is discussed in a small minority of encounters between physicians and older patients (3.7% according to Greene & Adelman, 2001). -Physicians only talk about psychosocial issues (e.g., relationships, living situation, depression) when they are raised by the physician. When patients raise such issues, they are largely ignored. -Older patients fail to raise issues of concern to them in encounters with doctors 50% of the time, even when they said those issues were important immediately prior to the encounter.
Culture and Aging China and US : transportation differences
-Research shows that older adults in China are less likely to leave far from their home . They usually choose the market or stores around their homes -But for americans and in some european countries their activity will be wider than elders in china China: elders in china tend to use public transportation instead of having a car America : seniors age 65 and older represent 16% of all licensed drivers Reason Cost (public transportation in china is really cheap) High accessibility to public transportation (china has a very high quality of public transportation compared to America) Transport policy (older adults up to 70 wan to get driver's licenses have lots of requirements such as health test) Culture background (high tech public transportation in china vs car culture in america)
Age differencs in extreme TV watching (watching lots of tv, watching no tv)
-The proportion of adults 80 and older watching NO TV is higher than any other age group -And the proportion watching more than nine hours a day is also highert than any other age group -At both extremes, people 80 and older are the largest group
Grandparent/Grandchild Contact
-support & disclosure = positive -age salience = negative -contact should be positive and frequent -affects attitudes towards older people (especially when age salience is high) - shared family identity - positive comm - SFI - positive attitudes
Pettigrew's Model of Intergroup Contact
1. Decategorization - people relate to one another as individuals and not as group members - informal contact involving non age related topics and results in liking/reduced anxiety 2. Salient Categorization (once relationship has developed into mutual liking /trust/comfort it is important for group members to become salient) - age becomes salient resulting in generalization from target person to other group members - this has to come SECOND, if members start salient then they will cause anxiety and make it unlikely for pleasant/comfortable contact 2. Re-categorize - once individuals finally have a positive relationship and can see each other in terms of group members -the age distinction becomes replaced by another category in which both young and old person are members of the same group
Medical Technology- benefits of medical technology
1. Extending lifespan and longevity through modern medicine, surgical developments, technological implants 2. Improves quality of life for older adults in developments in mobility, pain management and sensory enhancement 3.Easing the burden on the healthcare system from more time efficient surgeries and procedures and reducing the amount of in person visits
Intergenerational commuication schemas in Taiwan
1. Mutually satisfying conversation. Young person is interested in conversing with the older person and respects the older person's life experience. Young person doesn't need to adapt conversation manners to show proper respect—there is not a large "generation gap." Young person learns from older person. 2. Helping conversation. Young person feels sympathetic toward the older person and feels that talking will make the older person happy. Young person picks topics carefully and is careful with his/her manners; believes that older person lives in the past. The generation gap is very large. Older person is mildly laodao. 3. Mixed feelings conversation. Older person loves young person's company. Young person doesn't enjoy conversation very much, is intimidated, and feels a need to be very polite. This older person has a tendency to complain or disclose unpleasant life experiences in the conversation. 4. Small talk/disinterested conversation. Young person is indifferent toward the conversation, is clearly not satisfied. The conversation is just small talk. The older person seems to enjoy the conversation and is not bitter. Young person is not very satisfied and has little to say about the experience. 5. Mutually unpleasant conversation. The older person is stubborn, meddling, and lao dao. She or he tends to correct younger person's behavior and extends negative comments to young people in general. The conversation is unpleasant and dissatisfying for both people. Young person tends to avoid such conversations; she or he feels restrained and intimidated in the conversation, and feels the need to be polite.
Results on Ryan's study on older adults responses to patronizing speech
1. Passive - reinforces stereotypes of dependence and incompetence 2. Aggressive - maintains perceptions of competence, but probably hurts perception of warmth 3 Assertive - Increases perception of competence, tone of voice crucial in determining perceptions of warmth 4. Humorous- increases perceptions of competence, should not hurt perception of warmth
Sexual Behavior and Older Adults- percentage of older adults (60+) who are sexually active
57%
3. I am a bit tired I'm not going to run a marathon or anything. I am 82 you know! Is an example of:
Accounting DCA
Lin's 2001 study on media and aging in East Asia (difference in Advertisement in China and the United States)
China ⇒ veneration of elderly value was significantly more in chinese commercials than in the US No difference in two cultures in terms of youth theme Western values may be infiltrating Chinese values
Elder Abuse: communication neglect
Communication neglect is a subset of neglect that tends to accompany emotional abuse. Family violence research has examined child neglect where caregivers use various ways to signal communication neglect, such as silent treatment and conflict withdrawal This can occur when the caregiver does meet the needs of the older person but choose to ignore or avoid engaging in conversation. This can result in older person feeling very isolated and depressed Communication neglect has yet to be formally recognized as a form of elder abuse but should be relevant as it is worth considering in the context of caregiving and elder abuse
Self Image(gender differences in self esteem and self image)
Gender differences - females -Women are more concerned with preserving good face or a good self image -Women more so than men fear face threatening situations -This is why women engage in more face enhancements than men do -The reason why women are more concerned with this is due to womens negative perception of aging as they begin to grow older themselves Gender differences - males -Older men are more likely than younger men to express less positive attitudes about their body (associated more with body functions than with appearance -Men are more likely to have a sense of decreased attractiveness than women Robins et al 2002 ⇒ found that self esteem rises gradually until the age of 65 years and then it declines sharply after 70 years of age It was also shown that men reported higher self esteem throughout adulthood until 70 years of age after which the gender difference was reversed
Media Portrayals (older adults and advertising) (presentation)
Gentz et al (1990)s surveyed 7 magazines (5.9% of ads in these magazines contained either one or more elderly citizen Ads targeted towards the older market, the elderly were portrayed as (happy 39.1%, sick 22.8% and active 16.3%) Ads targeted towards all ages the elderly were portrayed as (Happy 65%, Intelligent 12.5%)
Athletics and Senior Games (young vs old athletic ability)
Hollings 2011 ⇒ having success as a junior medalist/finalist leads to more success as a senior athlete at a global championship Not all competitors started at a young age with great athletic ability Senior olympics preach that it is never too late to start your athletic career Ex jordan wolle started swimming at 46 because he wanted to live a healthier lifestyle, now age 89 he is competing in the senior olympics and thanks swimming for keeping him alive/well for so long
Culture and Aging (caregiving for Native Americans)
Jervis LL Boland , ME, & Fickenscher A. (2010): American Indian Family Caregivers ' Experiences with helping elders Participants reported low levels of burden and high levels of reward, linked to cultural attitudes towards elders Burden felt when caring for cognitively impaired older adults as opposed to physically impaired Low levels of assistance needed for IADLS, not burdensome At least 3 caregivers, helping with IADLS American indian caregivers remain active contributors in terms of money/advice/ and or child care
Which types of television programs do older and younger adults watch?
Older adults: news, game shows, community programs Younger adults: sitcoms and dramas
Technology (older adults smartphones and tablets)
Over 9 in 10 own a computer or laptop, 7 in 10 adults 50+ own a smartphone, and over 4 in 10 own a tablet Top smartphone activities for older adults focus on staying connected and being on the go 9 in 10 smartphone users say they use their smartphone to send emails and ¾ say they use it to get directions or traffic information. Other top activities include purchasing apps, surfing the internet, getting news and accessing social media Among those who own all 3 devices, each device has a different uses, computers = practical tasks. Tablets = entertainment, smartphones = social/on the go activities 91% of those with devices say they use technology to stay in touch w friends/family
Healthcare- Medicare Part A, B, C, and D
PART A Impatient services Hospitals Nursing facility Hospice Fully covered by medicare 1.5%payroll tax that comes out of paycheck PART B Doctors outpatient services Doctors visits Lab tests Some surgeries Not fully covered by medicare and the price depends on your income PART C (medicare advantage plan) Includes part a and part b Less freedom Less control Limited financial exposure PART D Federal government program to help Medicare beneficiaries buy prescription drugs
Social Relationships and Activities (health conditions and social relationships)
Palmer Newson and Rock study (2016) More health conditions linked to stronger social interaction Mobilization of support Health changes cause relocation Health changes can push engagement in communities or support groups
All of the following contributed to people retiring earlier in the second half of the 20th century EXCEPT
People could start collecting social security benefits at 62 at the full amount
Which of the following statements is false about family caregivers?
The majority of caregivers spend 40 or more hours a week caregiving
Leroy boasts to all his younger friends how great retirement is and how healthy he is for an "old man" what response to threatened identities does Leroy ybest illustrate?
Social Creativity
Cultivation Theory
States that media particularly television shape our beleifs about the world particularly in areas where we either have no outside experience or we have experience that fits televisions version of reality
. Cuddy, Norton and Fiske (2005) provide evidence from Asia showing that:
Stereotypes in Asia are quite similar to those in the west
Aging and Higher Education (Truluck 1999 study)
Study done on learning preference style of older adults Studied 3 age ranges (55-65, 66-74, 75+) Used Kolb (1985) learning style inventory as a guide (divergers, convergers accommodators, assimilators) Findings 55-65 preferred the accommodator learning style 66-74 age group preferred the diverger learning style 75 and older adults preferred the converger learning style (thinking and doing while learning) Take away Not all older adults are hands on learners With age becomes a tendency to become more observant in a learning environment
Media literacy
The extdent to which we understand media at different levels including how they were created, how they try to influence us, and the hidden implications in media messages
5. Kite et al (2005) found that under what condition were age differences smaller?
When extensive information was provided
Which of the following statements is TRUE about timinng and caregiving relationships
Younger grandparents generally have more psoitive relationships with their grandchildren, unless they are very young (off time)
Top civic engagement activity for older adults (presentations)
attend Relig-spons comm Activity
Carla can feed and dress herself slowly, but this often frustrates people around her. Her daughter often does these tasks for her to keep things moving quickly. Her attempts to help leave Carla feeling discouraged and dependent. What sentence best describes Carla's situation?
environmental press is too low
Social Media: older adults and social media (how much do they use and what platform they use most)
how many older adults use social media? 65- 69 years old: 47% 70-74 years old: 41% 75-79 years old: 24% 80+ years old: 17% percentages of older adults 65+ using each platform..... facebook: 41% instagram: 10% linkedin: 9% twitter: 8%
