exam 2 soc review
Which statement is most accurate regarding the changes in income distribution in the United States since 1970?
The rich have grown richer and the poor have grown poorer.
Research methods
The scientific procedures that sociologists use to conduct research and develop knowledge about a particular topic.
Double consciousness
The sense that a person must keep a foot in two worlds, one in the majority group's world and one in the minority group's world.
W.E.B. Du Bois and Jane Addams would be most appropiately classified as applied sociologists, true or false?
True
Modularity Hypothesis
the idea that the human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning
The looking-glass self
the phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions
Which of the following is an example of cultural diffusion?
the presence of McDonald's restaurants in Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Japan
one perspective on prejudice is that it is _____, in that it creates in-group solidarity
functional
Functional prerequisites
tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive
A bureaucracy emphasizes personal attention and individualism
true/*false*
interrater reliability
The level of agreement there is in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior
The later older years begin at about age
75
cell differentiation
The process through which cells start to specialize in structure and function
Gestures
The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
Pragmatic cues
Aspects of the social context used for word learning
Sociological approaches to deviance:
Functionalism and Labeling Theory
folkway
informal type of norms
Society
largest form of a human group
Real Culture
The norms and values that people actually follow
Dependent variables
The response to the manipulated variable.
popular culture
Cultural patterns that are wide-spread in a society are referred to as
Symbolic Culture
Another term for nonmaterial culture
Theory
A general statement of how some parts of the world fit together and how they work
Random sampling
A group of subjects arbitrarily chosen from a defined population; Increases the chance that the sample represents the population.
ereos,thanatos
Freud called the life instinct __________ and the death instinct
rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do
Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that
15 thousand years ago
When did fishing cultures develop
independent variable
a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable
dependent variable
a factor that is change by an independent variable
rouge/mark test
a mirror task testing self recognition
in many third world nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and strarvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in third world nations are likely to suffer A. dialecticism B. anomie C. verstehen D. dramatury
anomie
based on the histories of lottery winners, sudden wealth brings
a threat
C. Wright Mills describes sociological imagination as
an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, a key element is ability to view one's society as an outsider would
Carol communicates periodically with people on the Internet who are avid Pittsburgh Steeler fans. She has just spent several hours talking to Joann, Judy, Rhiannon, and Scott about "Big Ben's" motorcycle accident. Together, Carol and her Internet contacts comprise ________.
an electronic community
The term new technology refers to
an emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life.
when a group is absorbed into the mainstream culture, this is known as
assimilation
Transgender
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex
Which of the following is considered a cultural universal?
athletic sports
Which of the following is an ascribed status?
being a daughter
Sociobiologists believe that
biology is a basic cause of human behavior.
According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop a self-concept:
by interpreting how others think about us
What type of society engages in large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or machines? a. Hunter gatherer b. industrial c. agrarian d. post industrial
c. agrarian
What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life? a. social structure b. social system c. culture d. society
c. culture
social capital
collective benefit of social networks
______ is the process by which one nation takes over another, usually in order to exploit its labor and natural resources
colonialism
going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future is called
deferred gratification
Sociology is considered a science because sociologists
engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding
An artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables and to introduce control variables is known as a (an)
experiment
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. Therefore, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective?
functionalist perspective
Julio had a string sense of ethnic identity. our ethnic identity is _______ by our group having smaller numbers in a society and being the object of discrimination.
heightened
In the "nature v. nurture" controversy, which of the following terms least applies to nurture?
heredity
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite are referred to as:
high culture
Nonmaterial culture
is more resistant to change than material culture.
According to Robert Merton, the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions that help a social system to be more efficient are ________.
manifest functions
in endogamy, one
marries within one's group
Physical creations of a society are known as:
material culture.
A profile of their personal qualities would reveal that most U.S. presidents come from a group of _______.
millionaire white men from old money families
in a class system, what is the main basis of social stratification?
money
income and wealth are
often confused
A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a (an)
operational definition.
individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests make up a
peer group
marx used the term class consciousness to refer to awareness of a common identity based on one's
position in the means of production
Observation research is the most common form of _____________ research, which relies on what is seen in the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data.
qualitative
Most Americans feel that the only proper basis for marriage is
romantic love.
Sociologist William Domhoff uses the term ________ to refer to what C. Wright Mills calls the power elite.
ruling class
The first of piaget's developmental stages is the
sensorimotor stage
Which of the social stratification systems is based off the ownership of people?
slavery
someone with an authoritarian personality tends to be
submissive to superiors
Coaching
teaching children group-oriented strategies for gaining entry into a group of peers, making suggestions about what to say when entering the group
A group's nonmaterial culture is primarily shaped by ________, because, as this aspect of society changes, so do the ways people think and relate to one another.
technology
Which of the following is the key concept in Gerhard and Jean Lenski's sociological approach?
technology
What serious threat to global divisions created by the Group of Eight has required military action and other forms of diplomacy?
the resurgence of ethnic conflicts worldwide
Technology can be equated with
tools
verstehen
understanding, insight
value conflict
when two or more values are at odds
it promotes 100% that society is stable
which of the following is not true about the social conflict approach
Role expectations
The anticipated behaviors for a particular role.
Lower paleolithic
The earliest artifacts are found in the
When someone is walking on the right side of the sidewalk, and you are walking faster and overtake them to their left, this is _____ in the United States.
a folkway
Cultural diffusion is a
a group of people adopting things they find desirable from another culture.
Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?
a mental hospital
Education, hard work, material comfort, and individualism can be said to be bound up in
a value cluster that surrounds success.
Prejudice describes ________ , while discrimination describes ________.
attitudes; actions
the united states government's relocation of native americans to reservations is an example of
direct population transfer
self
distinct identity that sets us apart from others. It is not a static phenomenon, but continues to develop and change throughout our lives.
usually negative, _____ is an attitude or prejudgment
prejudice
Interactionist
sociological perspective would maintain that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power and help those groups maintain their superior status?
In the U.S., professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of
subcultures.
Dual representation
the idea that a symbolic artifact must be represented mentally in two ways at the same time - As a real object - as a symbol (for something other than itself)
Bureaucratization
the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic
McDonaldization
the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world.
Fast Mapping
the process of rapidly learning a new word simply from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar and the unfamiliar word
triangulation
the process of using multiple approaches to study a phenomenon
What is the goal of environmental sociology?
to understand the interrelationship between societies and the environment
native americans today speak _____ different languages
169
philanthropist bill gates has given away
30 billion
Agricultural Societies
Allowed people to engage in more than farming, such as philosophy art, etc.
Theory of Mind (TOM)
An organized understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior
sensorimotor
A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of development, according to Jean Piaget?
Society
A group that shares similar cultures
Nonmaterial Culture / Symbolic Culture
A group's ways of thinking (and culture) and doing (it common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)
Society
A groups of people who share a culture and a territory
What is required for language?
- Critical or sensitive period - universal grammar - infant-directed speech
Telegraphic speech
- children's first sentences - generally two-word utterances - laconic and efficient ex: "drink juice"; "read me"
cultural relativism
A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of
Agents of socialization
The people and groups who shape our self-concept, beliefs, and behavior
Of the following, which is the primary factor affecting the growth rate of most countries today?
The rate of industrialization in a country.
A variety of influences
The research reported in Mary Pattillo-McCoy's book Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class demonstrates that children are socialized by
Ethnomethodology
The study of how people use background assumptions to make sense of life
Archaeology
The study of physical objects left behind by a now extinct culture is the study of
reverse socialization
A child grows up in a dysfunctional family, where he observes abuse, constant fighting, character assassination, and humiliation. This represents an informal process of
Clique
A cluster within a group
patterned evasion of the norms
A widely accepted cultural pattern eventhough there is a rule against it would exemplify
Industrial society
An efficient society with greater surplus and inequality
False
Argot is the French term sociologists use to refer to an underground or "sub" culture. True or False?
What conclusion did Georg Simmel reach with respect to the size of a group?
As groups grow smaller, they become less stable
What conclusion did Georg Simmel reach with respect to the size of a group?
As groups grow smaller, they become less stable.
language
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf formulated a hypothesis concerning the role of ______in shaping cultures.
_____ said that sociobiology will eventually absorb sociology.
Edward Wilson
Internalization
Effective discipline that leads to a permanent change in child's behavior
Role conflict
Elena is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session. Elena tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might create role
Micro-Level Analysis
Examining what people do when they are in one another's presence
formal operational stage
For Piaget, the mature stage of development is
Which theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?
Functional analysis
According to Freud, the ____ is the part of the personality that we are born with:
ID
Front stage of Dramaturgy
Impression management, embarrassment, and face-saving. Embarrassment comes from failure of impression management while face-saving is used to help you go back to the image you're trying to portray.
in the phallic stage
In Freudian theory, the super ego develops
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
In all provinces, parents can freely choose French or English education for their children.
the experimental group
In an experiment, the independent variable is experienced by
mother
In an individuals family of procreation, that individual might occupy the status of
when status differentials are pronounced.
In classroom settings, as in the workplace and other situations in which people interact, efforts at impression management are most intense when
being very well-off financially
In surveys of first-year college students over the last 40 years, which value was shown to be the strongest gain in popularity?
Bomber-Bomber
In the Albas's study of impression management, in which type of interaction did students often explain that they were not feeling well as a way of saving face?
True
Indigenous peoples' culture is often diminished as a result of land development plans. True or False?
Aggregate
Individuals who share the same physical space-on a temporary basis-but don't feel a connection
Hypothesis
Involves a suggestion about how variables relate.
Discovery
Involves making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality
According to functionalists, why is social placement or tracking of students beneficial to society?
It ensures that the more capable people fill positions requiring higher intellectual levels.
Which of the following conclusions would sociologists most likely agree upon when discussing the importance of the sociological perspective?
It opens a window to unfamiliar worlds and offers a fresh look at familiar worlds.
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures according to our own values and beliefs
how social experience is needed for though and human action
K. Davis's case of Anna, an isolated girl, shows
A writer
Maya Angelou is a writer, a daughter, and an African American woman. Which of these statuses is an achieved status?
Which of the following is NOT one of the arguments put forward by proponents of multiculturalism?
Multiculturalism encourages unity.
More
Nonmaterial culture is (more)/(less) resistant to change than material culture
Hawthorne Effect
Occurs when people behave differently because they know they are a part of an experiment.
Cultural Lag
Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations
people in leadership roles have skills, knowledge, or charismatic appeal.
Oligarchies emerge because
survey
Opinion polls most typically exemplify
What is the average net difference in the world population each hour?
The world population increases by over 9,000 people.
Electronic Community
People who meet online and discuss/coexist on there
Increased
Since Europeans first came to Brazil, Brazil's indigenous population has (declined)/(increased) in number.
Norms
The "do's and don'ts" of a culture, or the socially defined rules of behavior
The linguistic Relativism Thesis
The Sapir Whorf thesis is also called
A morpheme
A sound with meaning in a language is called
The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study is termed A) reliability. B) validity. C) sampling representativeness. D) predictability.
B) validity.
Superego
The conscience
Anthony is conducting experimental research on the effects of an educational therapy programand the conflict-resolution skills of inmates. He has established two groups. Group A will receive a special conflict-resolution therapy program. Group B will go about their routine without receiving the therapy or a therapy substitute. What is Group B in experimental research such as this?
The control group
Social Location
The corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society
Symbols
The customs and manners of a society
From a sociological perspective, which of the following statements best summarizes the meaning of race?
The definition of race varies, depending upon the society in which its meaning is constructed.
Primary Groups
The family, which gives basic orientations to life
Which perspective is most aligned with the belief in family-controlled economic production, socialization of children, care of the sick and aged, and reproduction?
The functionalist perspective
Which system of descent is followed in the United States?
Bilineal
Mitosis
Cell division resulting in two identical cells
In-Groups
Groups towards which we feel loyalty
______ is a technology based on using hand tools to raise crops.
Horticulture
Interactionist
In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective?
Replication
Repeating a study in order to compare a new study with the original findings
Instrumental Leader
Task oriented leader, tries to keep group moving towards a goal
Social statuses have built-in norms that guide our behavior, true or false?
True
prosocial behavior
Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another, such as helping, sharing, and comforting of others
Proletariat
Which of the following doesn't belong
theological stage
Which stage of society is said to have occured earliest
Which sociological perspective is most closely aligned with a theorist that sees the law as an instrument of repression and a tool designed to maintain the powerful in their privileged positions?
conflict perspective
The personal disorientation that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life is termed:
culture shock.
__________ factors influence our life course
individual
You have adopted the theoretical framework of the Lenskis. As a result, you believe that technological advance:
spurs population growth.
microsociology
stresses study of small groups, often through experimental means
Cisgender
term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
Reliable research
Able to be trusted; When you measure things the same way every time.
What term applies to the gap between childhood and adulthood that was first addressed during the Industrial Revolution?
Adolescence
W.E.B. Du Bois
African American, fought againt racisms, published a book on black white relations, founded National Association fro the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
_____ mortgage applicants are most frequently offered subprime loans, which charge the highest interest
African american
What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?
Aggregate
Sociologically, which of the following least qualifies as a group?
All African American women attending colleges and universities in the United States.
What term applies to a social movement that seeks only to change some specific behavior of individuals, such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union's effort to ban the consumption of alcoholic beverages?
Alterative social movement
His or her own efforts
An achieved status is a social position attained by a person largely through
New Technology
An emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life
attachment
An emotional bond with a special person that is enduring across space and time.
Survey
An investigation of the opinions or experiences of a group of people by asking them questions.
Horticultural societies
Ancestor worship and thinking of God as a creator is most common in
That the human body is ugly and that its natural tendency is to debility and disease and mans only hope is to avert these characteristics through use of influences of ritual and ceremony.
Anthropologist Horace Miner's description of the body ritual among the Nacirema is used to show
____ was the first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life and came to be known as the Father of Sociology.
Auguste Comte
most students were involved in a free-flowing network of relationships.
Bearman, Moody, and Stovel's study of romantic relationships and social networks of high school students showed
What conclusion can be drawn from Solomon Asch's experiment on group conformity?
Because of group pressure, most people are willing to say things they know are not true.
Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Based on Mead's theory on development, which concept applies most to the relationship between Bob and his coach?
Bob's coach is one of his significant others
The Supreme Court decision that established the foundation for the civil rights struggles of the 1950s through the 1970s was:
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
Bruce, a US Senator, owns about 3,000 acres of prime farmland, is one of the wealthiest men in the county, and enjoys a great deal of prestige in his community. In view of this, how would sociologists describe Bruce as it pertains to social class?
Bruce is status consistent because of his high ranking in the three dimensions.
Division of Labor
By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of
_________ is most closely associated with the concept of the sociological imagination A. Emile Durkheim B. Max Weber C. Karl Marx D. C. Wright Mills
C. Wright Mills
four
Child psychologist Jean Piaget identified ____ stages in the development of a child's thought processes?
Parents, siblings, the mass media, religion, and educational institutions
Children shape and form their attitudes, beliefs, and behavior based on cultural messages they receive from
Information based
Compared to an industrial society, a post-industrial economy is
Choose between functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interaction and explain how these would explain the rise in divorce?
Conflict theory states that groups of people are in competition for scarce natural resources. During war times, men often went off to battle leaving the women to have to provide for their families by assuming the role of the man and working. When the men returned from battle, the role of the man vs women was in conflict, women began to discover that they didn't need a man to be the provider if they were in bad relationships, or needs were being met.
Role Strain
Conflicts that someone feels within a role
B. conflict
Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy White males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the _______ perspective. A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. global
language does not determine reality
Critics of the Sapier Whorf Thesis" point out that:
Which sociological perspective emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability? A) conflict perspective B) interactionist perspective C) microsociology D) functionalist perspective
D) functionalist perspective
Functionalist perspective
Daniel Bell views postindustrial societies as consensual, because he believes that postindustrial societies are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment working for the common good. Bell's view represents which sociological perspective?
Qualitative data
Data that includes words, pictures, photos, or any other type of information that comes to the researcher in a non-numerical way.
The sociologist who conducted extensive research on varying rates of suicide within a specific country
Emile Durkheim
Social Learning Theory
Emphasizes observation and imitation, rather than reinforcement, as the primary mechanisms of development
What is the primary reason many employers rely on diplomas and degrees as sorting devices to choose employees?
Employers do not know potential employees.
the earliest known artifacts
Eoliths are
Because of the freedom of speech and ability to express individual views, culture wards are almost nonexistent in the United States, true or false?
False
Common sense is the most important aspect of designing sociological research, true or false?
False
Macrosociology focuses on social interaction, what people do when they come together face-to-face i and in small groups, true or false?
False
Pure, basic, and applied sociology are all terms that refer to the application of the scientific method to the social world, true or false?
False
Symbolic interactionism and structural functionalism are both theoretical perspectives that rely on macro-level analysis, true or false?
False
The changing statuses and roles of players and coaches on a college football team illustrate the theory that social behavior and attitude are a matter of biology and genetic factors and a "survival of the fittest" complese, true or false?
False
The motorcycle gang "Hells Angels" is a good example of a subculture because their values and norms blend in with mainstream society, true or false?
False
Within a culture values never change, true or false?
False
Secondary groups
Groups that are formal, superficial, and temporary. (Ex: relationship to classmates)
damaging affect on the monkeys
Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that social isolation had a
G. H. Mead
He is referred to as the father of Symbolic Interaction-ism
Which of the following is NOT a function of humour?
Humour limits racism and sexism.
What conclusion did Murray Strauss come to based on his research on battering in marital relationships?
Husbands and wives are about equally likely to attack one another.
REM sleep
Infants spend significantly more time in this type of sleep than the average adult
The social reformer who founded Hull House and later won a Nobel Prize was ________.
Jane Addams
___________ studied the natural process that children go through to develop their ability to reason
Jean Piaget
Which set of concepts best illustrates material culture?
Jewelry, art, and hairstyles
Of the following, which status least qualifies as a master status?
Licensed driver
secular trend
Marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations
How do members of a society acquire the ability to use and understand gestures?
Most gestures are learned through interaction with others
What term best describes the emerging technologies that have a significant impact on social life, such as the emergence of computers, satellites, and the electronic media?
New technology
Sanctions
Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as
The military
Prior to the 2003 overthrow of Saddam Hussein, sixth-grade textbooks in Iraqi schools concentrated almost entirely on
Visually based retrieval
Processing a words' meaning directly from the visual form
Primary Group
Provide intimate face to face interaction and give us an identity, or sense of who we are
Freud
Psychoanalyst _____ believed that people are in constant conflict between their natural impulsive instincts and societal constraints?
Norms
Rules developed for appropriate behavior based on specific values that are conditional; they can vary from place to place.
According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, what is an aspect of "hidden" corporate culture?
Self-fulfilling stereotypes lead managers to promote workers who are like themselves
When sociologists use the phrase, "the culture within us," what do they mean?
Shared and learned ways of believing and doing become taken-for-granted assumptions
What term refers to the social ties that link people together?
Social network
social interaction
The analysis of Isabelle and Genie is important because it emphasizes the relevance of
Ego
The balancing force between the id and the demands of society that suppress it
Role
The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
below the national average
The elderly population in the U.S has a poverty rate
Class Conflict
The engine of human history, the idea that society is made up of two classes and that they are natural enemies (Burgeoise v. Proletariat)
Norms
The expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop to reflect and enforce values
Genotype
The genetic material an individual inherits
Reference Group
The groups we use as standards for evaluating ourselves
Structural Functional Paradigm
The organic analogy is most closely related to the
In the opening passage, the author discusses how trying to be polite while purchasing a ticket didn't work, and how he had to resort to forceful and aggressive tactics in order to receive service. In this case, the author's behavior can best be described by which statement?
The situation illustrates the differences in nonmaterial culture by Americans and Moroccans.
Syntactic Bootstrapping
The strategy of using the grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out meaning
How do we know what is normal and what is deviant?
They are context dependent-- depend on the definition of the situation and the audience.
Leo, Matthews, Ryan, Liz, Isabelle, and Francis grew up together, attended the same schools, and share many of the same interests. Sociologically, which concept best describe their relationship?
They comprise a peer group
auditory cortex
This cortex is more developed at birth as a result of "eavesdropping"
How many subcultures does U.S. society contain?
Thousands
According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?
Through play and imitation
Culture is the broadest framework that determines the kind of people we become, true or false?
True
George Herbert Mead concluded that both the self and the human mind are social products, true or false?
True
United States society contains thousands of subcultures, true or false?
True
Value conflict
Two or more values are at odds.
Value cluster
Two or more values that support each other.
The first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University was ________.
W.E.B. DuBois
Job security
What does Marx and conflict theorists believe is weakened by restricting workers to very small tasks?
Corporate Culture
When bosses promote based on selff0fulfillin stereotypes
.What is the major difference between white-collar crime and street crime?
White-collar crime is an act committed in the course of a legitimate occupation, but street crime is not
C. Darwin
Who would challenge the ideas of nurture
Why are women classified as a minority group?
Women are discriminated against based on physical or cultural characteristics.
His marital status
You walk into a women's studies class, and you look at the person sitting to your left. He is the only male in the class; he is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a bag with a tennis racquet. Which of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the context of this class?
value
a part of a society's nonmaterial culture that represent cultural standards by which we determine what is good,bad, right,or wrong
the heritage of neocolonialism
affects people in the west today, in the wars fought and terrorism coming from the affected areas
sociology: A. is the scientific study of social behavior and human B. focuses primarily on how social relationships influence people's behavior C. focuses on how societies develop and change D. all of these
all of these
gender-typed behavior
behaviors associated with a given person's gender
what is the difference between bonded labor and slavery?
bonded labor is entered into voluntarily (or arranged by parents)
an example of a total institution is a
boot camp prison concentration camp convent & some military schools
Surveys and interviews that focus on macrosociological analyses would be likely to follow which theoretical perspective?
both functionalist and conflict perspectives
What term do sociologists use to refer to a place that people identify as their residence and that also conveys a sense of belonging and that others care what happens to them?
community
to ____ is to separate acts from feelings or attitudes
compartmentalize
bureaucracy
component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.
In general, an important foundation of humor is:
contradiction or ambiguity found in differing definitions of the same situation.
______ is wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests
contradictory class locations
to maintain their power, elites attempt to _____ information.
control
The harlows took baby monkeys away from their mothers to live alone, frightened them and observed that the babies clung to terrycloth fake mothers rather then wire fake mothers. the experiment intended to prove what might already have been obvious--that infants need to be...
cuddled
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy brokered options on how to address the problem with selected national leaders. After this group reached a consensus, the President made the final decision for a naval quarantine of Cuba. This scenario is an example of ________ leadership.
democratic
What term do we use to describe the experience of being Black in White America; a division of an individual's identity into two or more social realities
double consciousness
in mexico, Javier was a physicians. Javier emigrated to the united states and ended up working as a carpenter ( which had been his hobby in mexico). Javier experienced _____ mobility.
downward social
The study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as:
dramaturgical analysis.
ages 30 to 49 in the life course are known as the ___________ years
early middle
Which of the following is an aspect of culture?
eating in fast-food restaurants using American Sign Language watching the Super Bowl game
Which of the following is the least important variable in determining one's place in the social stratification system?
education
the research of david and moore (1945-1953) found that stratification of society is inevitable because
for society to function, its positions must be filled
Little Jo got Dolls & jewelry for presents. her brother Joe got action figures and toy guns. such a division in toys and play give children ___________ lessons
gender
Learning the gender map is known as
gender socialization
The majority of students graduating with a degree in library science are women. Research has shown that this sex-typing of majors is primarily due to ________.
gender socialization
Shaking one's head left and right to mean "no" and up and down to mean "yes" are examples of ________.
gesture
the divine right of kings asserts that the king's or queen's authority comes from
god
The Aborigines of Australia are an example of which societal type?
hunting and gathering
The ______ society uses simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation.
hunting and gathering
in Qatar, a poet who criticized the ruling family in a poem was
imprisoned for life
______ is person-to-person or face-to-face discrimination
individual discrimination
The ______ society uses large machinery powered by advanced sources of energy to produce material goods.
industrial
most of the countries of the former soviet union and its former satellites in eastern Europe fall into the category of the
industrialized nations
______ exploits minority groups for economic gain
internal colonialism
Ethnocentrism is:
judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.
unintended consequences of schools, or ________ functions, help the social system
latent
there is ______ prejudice and discrimination in race-ethnic relations today than there was in the past
less
most of the poor
live on welfare
Levels of norms
local/group, subcultural, societal
Jennie is studying how the President's new economic policies are affecting employment and unemployment rates, homelessness, and the amount of money people save. In view of this, Jennie is primarily utilizing which sociological approach?
macrosociology
is the level of analysis that sociologists use to focus on the broad features of society
macrosociology
When there is culture change, a group's _____ usually changes first.
material culture
Paul loved to party at Mardi Gras, even if he was not involved in making a float or anything else. The atmosphere on the street was just so different, so easy. He had a great time. At such a(n) _____, the rules were loosened. a. culture-free event
moral holiday
in the United States religion is important to
morality
When people break norms, they receive
negative sanctions
which if the following statements about new technology and the elite is true?
new technology makes it harder for the elite to control information
cultural capital
noneconomic good reflected in knowledge of language and arts
Religion is an example of:
nonmaterial culture.
A term for rules of behavior is
norms
Expressive Leader
not recognized as leader but is, controls by handling emotional situations
1.When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called
participant observation.
A society made up of many different groups is called
pluralistic society.
Which of the following conditions would conflict theorists suggest as being the result of a declining standard of living in a given society?
political instability
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as:
popular culture.
______ is respect or regard
prestige
status consistency refers to
ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class
The fact that almost 22% of married men and 14% of married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of the ______ culture, while the fact that most adults acknowledge the importance of sexual fidelity, is an example of the ______ culture.
real; ideal
production
refers to speaking (or signing or writing)
variables
research factors that vary or change from one person or situation to another, a measurabel trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different characteristics
in conflict theory, a _____ is exploited by owners in order to weaken the bargaining power of workers
reserve labor force
What is the term for behaviour expected of someone who holds a particular status?
role
Difficulty managing the demands of being a parent and being a student illustrates
role conflict
a person or group unfairly blamed for someone's troubles is a
scapegoat
dominant ideology
set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
______, according to weber, is a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige
social class
there is a disagreement among sociologists on whether_____ or race is more important in determining the life chances of African American
social class
Which of the following variables has the strongest influence on the variations found in American family life?
social class and culture
What is the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction?
social construction of reality
What is considered to be the major theme of analysis in sociology today
social inequality
adolescence is a
social invention
Ethnicities are socially constructed which means that they can also be:
socially deconstructed
Cordell Walker is a Texas Ranger, a husband, a father, a good friend to many, and a martial artist. Together, these titles comprise what sociologists would call Walker's ________.
status set
natural science
study of physical features of nature and the ways they interact and change
What is the term for cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population?
subculture
According to sociologist William Julius Wilson, what is the single most influential event in the transformation of inner cities into ghettos?
suburbanization
George Herbert Mead was a
symbolic interactionist
Mead stressed that we cannot think without _______, and that ________ gives us our symbols
symbols society
Symbols
systems of representing our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge, and for communicating them to other people
Reference group
term used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.
Describe the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis holds that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language.
Eurocentrism refers to:
the dominance of European cultural patterns.
reliability
the extent to which a measure produces consistent results
structural functional paradigm
the theoretical paradigm in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the
One thing that can be said about material culture is that
there is nothing "natural" about it.
homeless people are part of the
underclass
Culturally defined standards that people use to assess desirability, goodness, and beauty are referred to as:
values.
Plato and Spencer
which two likened society to the human body
multifactorial traits
This refers to a trait which is affected by a host of environmental factors as well as genetic ones
Operationalizing
Turning abstract ideas into something measurable. (Ex: "playing an instrument" --> "hours spent playing the instrument" or "a better grade" --> "grade of an A")
Coalition
When some members of a group align themselves against others
Physical Anthropology
Which of the following is not a social science
macrosociology
concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilization
which of the following is most effective in maintaining society's stratification?
controlling people's ideas
and Manhattan are examples of ________.
cultural leveling
Describe how cultural norms are promoted and maintained in society.
cultural norms are promoted and maintained in society by
To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called
cultural relativism
Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality in scientific study that Max Weber saw as being so important?
cultural relativism
the difference between ethnicity and race is that ethnicity refers to ____ characteristics, and race to _____ characteristics, distinguishing one group of people from another
cultural; inherited physical
Language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects combine together to make up ________.
culture
What is the term for the beliefs, values, behaviour, and material objects that, together, form a people's way of life?
culture
A research design is a (an)
detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.
The ____, as viewed by freud, is the balancing force in our personality
ego
An airline flight attendant that offers passengers a beverage and a smile illustrates
emotion management.
psychoanalysis was developed by
freud
Which sociological perspective would view society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability
functionalist perspective
major theoretical perspectives
functionalist perspective, conflict perspective, interactionist perspective
the annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity is known as
genocide
France
in which of the following countries did sociology develop first
Socialization
in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
_______ create self-fulfilling stereotypes
labels
which of the following is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another?
language
which category of nations has the most land?
least industrialized
in his modification of marx's model social classes, wright added
managers
the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth make up the
means of production
what proportion of all African American adults works at white collar jobs today?
more than one-half
The enactment of a role, or ______, varies according to an individual's unique personality.
role performance
At any given time, you occupy a number of statuses. These are your:
status set.
A horticultural society is one
that uses hand tools to raise crops.
mechanical
Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more
The major difference between white collar crime and street crime is that: 1. white collar crime is an act committed in the course of a legitimate occupation 2. street crime is synonymous with victimless crime 3. white collar crime and street crime and mutually exclusive meaning no one ever commits both 4. white collar crime is always a corporate act and street crime an individual act
1. white collar crime is an act committed in the course of a legitimate occupation 2. street crime is synonymous with victimless crime 3. white collar crime and street crime and mutually exclusive meaning no one ever commits both $
pierre bourdieu
1930-2002 capital sustains individuals and families from one generation to the next,
Which of the following theories are NOT micro level? 1.Control Theory 2.Functional analysis 3.Symbolic interactionism 4.Differential Association Theory$
2.Functional analysis 3.Symbolic interactionism 4.Differential Association Theory$
in 2013, the highest paid U.S. CEO received
77 million
what percentage of the nation's wealth is owned by the wealthiest 10% of Americans?
77%
the ____ richest people in the world own as much of the world's wealth as the bottom half of the whole world' population
85
formal positive sanction
A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of
Material
A basketball arena, an airliner, a slice of pizza, and a television set would all be considered examples of ________ culture
What is the major characteristic of the class system?
A class system has fluid boundaries that permit movement up and down the class ladder.
Naïve psychology
A commonsense level of understanding of other people and oneself based on 3 key concepts
Out-group
A group from which we are disconnected. We often hold negative biases towards them and may even feel very competitive. (Ex: sports rivalries)
Social networking
A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers. They give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further assistance. This group is an example of
In-group
A group to which we feel an affinity or closeness.
Taboos
A norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion. Those who break taboos are at risk of being judged as unfit to live in the same society as others. FOR EXAMPLE: cannibalism
Taboo
A norm thought essential for society's welfare, one so strong that it brings revulsion if violated
False
A primitive tribe that cultivates the soil by hand as much more culture than a modern, computerized society. True or False?
Symbolic interactionism
A theoretical framework that focuses on how individual interactions between people influence them and how these interactions can impact society. The use of "symbols", such as words, gestures, body language, and facial expressions, influence how people communicate.
an institution
A unit or agency of society that fulfills a vital function is called
Goal displacement
A woman and her two children walk into a homeless shelter. They are obviously starving, dirty, and the children are crying. The shelter attendant refuses them admittance, although there is ample room in the shelter, because the mother does not have the proper identification card. This is an example of
Which of the following terms is used to refer to subjects of observational research who deviate from their typical behavior because they realize that they are under observation? A) Hawthorne effect B) causal logic C) secondary analysis D) value neutrality
A) Hawthorne effect
In the 1990s, the workings of juries became a subject of public scrutiny. A sociologist would be most likely to use which perspective to gain a better understanding of the small-group setting of a jury deliberation room? A) interactionist perspective B) conflict perspective C) functionalist perspective D) macrosociology
A) interactionist perspective
Groups
People who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another
Concrete operational
What is the third stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development?
Viewing society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources is the underlying premise in ________.
conflict theory
Which of the following groups is MOST likely to be considered a subculture?
high school dropouts
Leo is a college graduate, cello teacher, and a member of Who's Who Among Students in American Colleges and Universities. This would be an example of ________.
his achieved statuses
Sociologist Robert Park used the term ________ to describe the ways in which people adapt to the environment.
human ecology
As a part of human culture, religion would be an example of: a. material culture. b. nonmaterial culture. c. culture shock. d. human nature
b. nonmaterial culture.
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as: a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. subculture. d. counterculture.
b. popular culture.
Quantitative data
Data based on numbers.
C. the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality
Discovery is A. the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. B. the process of introducing new elements into a culture. C. the process of making know or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality D. the process by which cultural items spread to different groups
Play stage
During which of Mead's stages of the self does a child begin to "become" a doctor, a parent, a superhero, or a ship captain?
Mechanical Solidarity
Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks
Describe and compare ethnocentrism and cultural relativism.
Ethnocentrism: the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture. Cultural relativism: the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
Who is ethnocentric?
Everyone
Most gestures are universal and serve as an international method of communication, true or false?
False
Sapir-Whorf
In some parts of the U.S., horse breeding and/or racing is commonplace. People involved in these activities have developed different words to distinguish between breeds, sizes, and sexes of horses, and these words are unfamiliar to people outside the "horse world." This is an example of
developing a meaningful philosophy of life
In surveys of first-year college students, which value was shown to have the most decline over the past 40 years?
It is the interaction between environmental factors and biological inheritance that is important in human development.
In the nature versus nurture debate, which position do most social scientists take?
nurture
In the nature-nurture debate, behaviorism would favor
the dependent variable
In the statement, TV violence causes aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be
degradation ceremony
In total institutions, people are subjected to humiliating rituals known as
Germany
In which country did Wal-Mart have to pull out in 2006 due in part to the company's failure to adjust to the national culture?
C. Germany
In which country did Wal-Mart have to pull out in 2006 due in part to the company's failure to adjust to the national culture? A. Canada B. Brazil C. Germany D. France
Wayne always wears a lapel pin on his suit signifying that he was the recipient of the Medal of Honor when he was in the service. Usually, only veterans recognize what the pin actually means. In view of this, which of the following terms best describes Wayne's lapel pin?
It is a symbol to which people attach meaning
Which statement is least true of role-taking behavior as developed by George Herbert Mead?
Mead used the term "significant other" to indicate the self as subject.
Society
People who share a culture and a territory
Dramaturgy
A theory of interaction developed by Erving Goffman in which all life is like acting. Not to say that people are "faking it", but rather that people are concerned about what the rest of the world will think of them, and they adjust their social interactions accordingly.
Latent Dysfunctions
Usually unintended human actions that hurt a system
The __________ perspective generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole. A) conflict B) functionalist C) interactionist D) feminist
C) interactionist
Which of the following media least qualifies as being a form of mass media?
academic journals
What is the term for a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort?
achieved status
The status of "drug dealer" is a/an:
achieved status.
The advent of cities, greater specialization and money as the standard of exchange appear in the ______ stage of sociocultural evolution, according to the Lenskis.
agrarian
In kohlberg's theory, children in the ________ stage focus on personal needs to be satisfied and recognize no right and wrong
amoral
A basketball arena, an airliner, a slice of pizza, and a television set would all be considered examples of
material culture.
You have violated norms that have great moral significance. You have, therefore, violated a set of society's:
mores.
Cultural change is caused in three general ways, which are:
invention, discovery, and diffusion.
Which of the following is included in the code of ethics for sociology?
maintaining confidentiality; objectivity and integrity in research; protection of research subjects from personal harm
which statement is true about people toward the bottom of the class structure?
they are less likely to be politically active
Deciding to "leave the job at work" before heading home to the family can be an effective strategy for minimizing:
role conflict.
functionalism
society is like an organism of inter related parts
A. culture shock
A man goes to a urologist who has been recommended by his family physician. When the urologist greets him in the examining room, the man discovers that the urologist is a female, and he is startled that a woman will examine him. He is experiencing A. culture shock B. cultural relativism C. cultural universals D. cultural integration.
C. culture shock
A member of a rural Indian tribe in Central America who is suddenly taken to a large city, such as Mexico City, will probably experience A. cultural relativity. B. cultural diffusion. C. culture shock. D. cultural integration
Value
A part of a society's nonmaterial culture that represents cultural standards by which we determine what is good, bad, right, or wrong.
Transitional Adulthood
A period of extended youth to the life course, also known as adultolescence
False consciousness
A person's lack of understanding of his or her position in society.
total institutions
Any activities within the institution are conducted in the company of others in the same circumstances
of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals
According to the German sociologist Robert Michels, the "iron law of oligarchy" is
200
According to the United States Census, about how many different languages are spoken in the United States?
instrumental socialization
Acquiring the skills of reading and writing is primarily part of
George Ritzer's concept "The McDonaldization of society" refers to
the domination of numerous sectors of societies throughout the world by principles initially used by fast-food restaurants.
reliability
the extent to which research produces consistent results
Sometimes people become even more deviant in response to being labeled as deviant. This occurs because:
the label becomes a part of the person's self-concept
Two men and two women, all of equal size, are sitting on a park bench. Personal space patterns in Canada would typically show:
the two men use more space than the two women.
Conflict Theory
A conclusion by Marx that the key to human history in class conflict
Sociometric status
A measurement that reflects the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peers as a group
Agrarian society
In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society, members are engaged primarily in food production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow. According to Lenski, this type of society is called
How a country's dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage is referred to as ________.
Internal colonization
Meagan always paints her fingernails purple and always wears a pin representing the Minnesota Vikings. What term describes what Meagan's purple fingernails and pin represent?
It is Meagan's personal identity kit
Groups
People who regularly interact with each other and share some common trait
Xenocentrism
Perceiving other groups or societies as superior to your own.
Gametes
Reproductive cells, egg and sperm, that contain only half the genetic material of all the other cell in the body
Field research
Research conducted in a natural setting. 1. Participant observation 2. Case studies 3. Ethnography
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would argue that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media?
A. functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests that these political organizations satisfy certain basic social needs? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. Global perspective
anomie refers to: A. a model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated B. a loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective C. a classification scheme containg two or more categories D a type of suicide that is based on depression
a loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
Which of the following is an example of a society?
a small tribe on a remote South Pacific island
During cultural lag, what is the most likely course of events?
Technology will change first but nonmaterial culture will lag behind the technology.
Word Segmentation
The process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech.
Resocialization
The process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
Role Taking
The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another, thereby enabling one to respond from that imagined viewpoint, is known as
Ethnocentrism
The use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of the other societies' values, norms, and behaviors
cohort
What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?
Social Role
What term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status?
Sociologists define a symbol as:
anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
A symbol is:
anything that carries a particular meaning which is recognized by people who share a culture.
a life long process
E.Erikson described socialization as
Group Dynamics
How groups influence us and how we affect groups
______ distinguish between right and wrong; ______ distinguish between polite and rude.
Mores; folkways
Ascribed Statuses
Positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
In democracies, what are the two methods that are used by the ruling elite to control information?
Technology and the selective release of information
Social Structure
The framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationship of people and groups to one another, which give direction to and set limits on behavior
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that "we" and "they" feelings promote in-group solidarity and a sense of belonging?
the idea of racial superiority is
a myth
A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as
a survey.
functional analysis
a theoretical framework in society is viewed as composed of various, each with a function that, when fulfilled contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism
The text states that cultural change is set in motion in three general ways: a. invention, discovery, and diffusion. b. invasion, invention, and experiment. c. immigration, imagination, and innovation. d. adaptation, integration, and immigration.
a. invention, discovery, and diffusion.
Wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violating cultural: a. mores. b. symbols. c. folkways. d. beliefs.
a. mores.
In many Third World nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in Third World nations are likely to suffer
anomie
Someone who feels alienated from society and has lost a purpose for living is experiencing ______.
anomie
The type of leadership style that will most likely result in a high degree of internal solidarity among employees is the ________ style.
authoritarian
Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis? a. Language involves attaching labels to the real world. b. People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language. c. Most ideas "feel" the same even if they are expressed in different languages. d. Each word in English has its counterpart in all other languages.
b. People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.
The practice of judging any other culture using its own standards is called: a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration.
b. cultural relativism.
An advantage of knowing a culture's gestures is
being able to communicate with simplicity.
Nonverbal communication refers to:
body movements, gestures, and facial expressions.
In the three world model, First World nations usually have a ________ economy while Second World nations have a ________ economy.
capitalist; socialist
the bourgeoisie are
capitalists
A theorist who sees the law as an instrument of repression and a tool designed to maintain the powerful in their privileged positions would be considered a[n] ________ theorist.
conflict theorist
The two sociological perspectives that focus on the broader picture, or the macrosociological approach, are ________.
conflict theory and functionalism
Disruption in a cultural system can result from the unequal rates at which different cultural elements change. William Ogburn referred to this as:
cultural lag.
If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to
define the problem
Émile Durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he
developed conclusions based on systematic examination of data
______ is an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group
discrimination
forcible expulsion and genocide are types of
ethnic cleansing
Race is to biology as _____ is to cultural heritage.
ethnicity
Saying that Great Britain's drive on the "wrong side" of the road, would be an example of?
ethnocentrism
Which of the following are the three major goals of science?
explanation, generalization and prediction
which of the following statements about video games is true?
females are more underrepresented in video games then on television
Mild penalties follow the violation of which of the following?
folkways
Given that cultural diffusion could upset the stability of a society, which perspective is most likely to argue that most cultures resist new cultural components that do not fit comfortably into their social system?
functionalist perspective
apparently, having a reasonable level of __________ depends on early, close relations with other people
high intelligence
Sociobiology
how biology affects human social behavior and stresses the universal aspects of culture
in tracking income in the united states from 1935 to 2013,
income inequality has decreased since 1970
Resocialization
is the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
self-esteem
one's overall feeling of adequacy and worth and the feelings that he/she has about that evaluation
The term generalized other refers to
our perception of how people in general think of us
respondents
people who respond to a survey, either in interviews of by self administered questionaires
A research measure that provides consistent results is considered
reliable
"In God We Trust" appears on American money. This reflects the core value of
religiosity
symbol
represents, suggests, or stands for something else
field research
research conducted in a natural setting
sociology
scientific study of social behavior in human groups
______ is a policy of keeping racial-ethnic groups apart
segregation
seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others, is
selective perception
The human potential movement reflects the emerging _____ value.
self-fulfillment
the region of the united states that has the most poverty is the
south
Although there is a market for a variety of products including explosives, strong pesticides, and poisons, they cannot be sold to the general public. Such restrictions on what can be manufactured and sold is a feature of ________ capitalism.
state
What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation?
the Hawthorne effect
positivism
the application of the scientifc world to the social world; the use of scientific method to test & create scientific theory, created by August Compte
Internal working model
the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers
What condition is created by the burning of fossil fuels, allowing sunlight to enter the earth's atmosphere freely, but also inhibiting the release of heat?
the greenhouse effect
Discuss the issue of multiculturalism, describe the arguments for each side of this debate, and relate the issue to the three major sociological theories.
the idea with multiculturalism is that
culture
the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are important enough to pass on to future generations of a society
Every human group develops a system of formal and informal social controls to enforce norms and discourage deviance. They do so because deviance ________.
undermines predictability, a necessity for social life
The significance of "getting" the humour in any joke is a matter of which of the following?
understanding the two realities involved well enough to appreciate their difference
phonemes
units of sound in speech ex. /p/ /d/ /t/ /b/
The type of leadership that style that will most likely result in a high degree of internal solidarity among employees is the authoritarian style
*true*/false
Emile Durkheim
-social integration -studied the suicide rates in catholics -key principle human behavior cannot be simply on individual terms, we must examine the social forces that affect people
Fred has applied for the position of head football coach at a local middle school, a role he has not fulfilled in the past. Although the Board of Education hasn't announced its decision on who will receive the position, Fred is already developing plays, looking at methods to motivate his players, and ways to get the student body behind the team. Based on this, what condition is Fred experiences?
Anticipatory socialization
Researchers conducting an experiment assign the subjects to one of two groups. These groups are called the dependent and independent groups. A) True B) False
B) False Researchers conducting an experiment assign the subjects to one of two groups. These groups are called the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group is exposed to an independent variable; the control group is not.
Classless Society
Concept that Karl Marx believed in would be a result of a revolution due to class conflict
Which of the following statements is least accurate when addressing feminist theory?
Conflict between men and women is a relatively new phenomenon brought about by equal rights legislation.
Sociology
"The study of society"; the purpose is not only to discover social principles, but also to apply them to social reform
The foundation of sociology that helps to explain the science and the ways in which concepts are defined, taught and learned are: Class struggle Social problems Social theories
$
Why does language learning get harder with age?
1. Plasticity decreases 2. Less neural efficiency
the wealthiest 1% of adults worldwide own _______ of the earth's wealth.
46%
In the documentary, The 13th, it states that the United States is home to ____ percent of the world's population and _____ percent of the world's prison population.
5% ; 25%
Voluntary Associations
A group made up of volunteers who organize on the basis of some mutual interest
What term describes the use of sociology to solve social problems in business, the workplace, and other aspects of society?
Applied sociology
subcultural and countercultural
Armed militia groups, such as the one that was involved in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, are an example of a
Thinking of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival is a reflection of which theoretical perspective? A) interactionist perspective B) functionalist perspective C) conflict perspective D) feminist perspective
B) functionalist perspective
the concept of anomie was introduced into sociology by: A. Auguste Comte B. Emile Durkheim C. Max Weber D. C Wright Mills
Emile Durkheim
Spanish
Except for English the most widely spoken language in the United States is
Laws
In American society, we often formalize norms into
Jocko is a drug dealer who makes well over a million dollars a year. He lives in a magnificent home and has a "squad" of other dealers and gang members who support and protect him. In view of this, which of the following is the best description of Jocko based on middle class standards?
Jocko is status inconsistent because his prestige score as a drug dealer is not consistent with his rank in property and power.
In a capitalist economy, who or what determines the price of a commodity?
Market competition
Maximillian is disenchanted with the American political system. He feels the "one man one vote" philosophy is a facade and that his vote means virtually nothing and will just bring "more of the same." Based on this information, diagnose Maximillian's condition.
Maximillian is suffering from voter apathy.
Groups of people who are singled out of unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination were referred to as ______ by sociologist Louis Wirth.
Minority Groups
Nativism (Chomsky)
Nature matters more! *Modularity Hypothesis and Universal Grammar* Evidence: - species-specific and species-universal - Case of sign language invention among isolated deaf children (Nicaragua; e.g. Senghas, et al., 2004)
What are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values?
Norms
Empiricism (Skinner)
Nurture matters more! Evidence: - social isolation cases (e.g. Genie) - Child attentiveness to social cues, environment in language acquisition
Socialization
Process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their culture
Take The Role Of Other
Putting oneself in someone's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act
hospitalism
R. Spitz study identified the condition of
Social Network
Refers to a set of social ties that link people together
Social capital
Refers to the individual and collective resources available to a person. Includes the institutions, relationships, attitudes, and values that influence interactions among people and contribute to economic and social development. (Ex: family, friends, professors, acquaintances, co-workers, employers, classmates)
Mechanical solidarity
Refers to the state of community bonding in traditional societies in which people share beliefs and values and perform common activities. (Ex: Amish society)
National character
Representative personality is also called
Symbol
Represents, suggests, or stands for something else.
D. all of these
Researchers found which of the following to be true of cell phone users compared to landline users? A. more likely to screen incoming calls B. more likely to break off a call mid-survey C. higher proportion of non-adults on cell phones D. all of these
Conventional level
Second stage of moral development that arises before puberty and uses the lens of norms and rules to determine what is right and wrong. What's "right" is obedience to the rules.
social development
Social scientists now recognize that it is not enough to care for an infant's physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with
What conclusion can be drawn from Milgram's experiment involving the "small world Phenomenon"?
Society is unconsciously linked together by mutual acquaintances.
Consider yourself as a typical sociologist. Which of the following claims would you be most likely to embrace?
Sociobiology explains why some cultural patterns seem easier to learn.
D. all of these
Sociologists conduct a "review of the literature" to A. refine the problem under study. B. clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data. C. eliminate or reduce the number of avoidable mistakes they make. D. all of these.
What was the conclusion reached by Stanley Milgram in his "teacher-learner" experiment?
Some people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority
More
Some researchers contend that African-American adolescents have indicated that they are (more/less) peer-oriented than their White counterparts.
Nurture theory
States that our environment influences the way we think, feel, and behave.
Nature theory
States that the genes we get from our parents at conception are the primary causes of human behaviors.
Connie is an 82-year-old retired full professor taking undergraduate courses in deviance, criminology, and juvenile delinquency. Which sociological term most applies to Connie being 82 and an undergraduate student?
Status inconsistency
What is the difference between status and status set?
Status: recognized social position that an individual occupies. Status set: consists of all the statuses a person holds at a given time.
A(n) ______ designates social position while a(n) _______ designates socially expected behavior
Status; role
What term refers to how our language determines our consciousness and perceptions of objects and events?
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Foster has developed an "excess of definitions" that support his rationalization for setting up an illegal "chop shop" to process stolen cars for their parts. He has weighed all the reasons why he shouldn't open the shop, as well as the reasons he should. Foster's decision to enter a life of crime can best be explained by which theory of deviance?
The Theory of Differential Association
Post-Industrial
The U.S is now in which of the following stages of technological development?
Division of Labor
The splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties
Cultural Diffusion
The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another
Life Course
The stage in our life as we go from birth to death
Social Darwinism
The stages of savagery,barbarism, and civilization were described by
Values
The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
Robert K Merton
What U.S sociologist made a distinction between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns?
Based on control theory, when are inner controls more effective?
When people have strong attachments, commitments, and involvements with society
group
any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact.
who is at the top of wright's modification of marx's model of social classes?
capitalists
still face paradigm
caregiver alternates between engaging in face-to-face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive
Safe Haven
caregiver soothes and protects child when there's threat/fear (e.g fear test in Harlow's monkey experiment)
In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between
classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests
in the estate stratification system of medieval Europe, which was one of the three groups or "estates"?
clergy
Which group of theorists believe the purpose of the welfare system is to maintain an army of reserve workers?
conflict
Bill heard, as part of the _______ curriculum in his school that certain races were not as good as others, and that coolness was the key to everything
corridor
General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called
cultural universals.
The English language often treats as ______ whatever has greater value, force, or significance.
masculine
The dilemma presented to women by ________ is that a model is thrust before them that is almost impossible to replicate in real life
mass media (television, movies and cartoons)
What is the term for a status that has special importance for social identify, often shaping a person's entire life?
master status
bullying
negative interactions among peers initiated by an individual
_______ is material possessions
property
value clusters
two or more values that support each other
Alvin Gouldner has suggested that sociologists continue to use objectivity as a sacred justification for remaining uncritical of existing institutions and centers of power. This point of view emphasizes which perspective(s)?
conflict and feminist perspectives
Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy White males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would maintain that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power and help those groups maintain their superior status?
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that the social order is based on coercion and exploitation
conflict perspective
Gatekeeping
controlling where they go, with whom they interact, and how much time they spend with peers
Sociologists call values that are shared by most of the groups in a society
core values.
The adoption of Western dress and culture in Japan, the presence of McDonald's restaurants in Moscow and Hong Kong, and Chinese restaurants in Chicago and Manhattan are examples of ________.
cultural leveling
The slaughtering of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda in 1994 and the massacre of Muslims at the hands of the Serbs in Bosnia are examples of ________.
ethnic cleansing
Microsociology concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations. A) True B) False
false, Macrosociology concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations. Microsociology stresses the study of small groups.
Émile Durkheim developed a highly original theory about the relationship between homicide and social factors. A) True B) False
false, suicide
You have opened the supermarket door for an elderly gentleman. Your behavior illustrates:
folkways.
Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that education is necessary for people to earn more money and advance in society for the purpose of social stability?
functionalist perspective
B. define the problem
if you were interested in studying the relationship between date and aquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to A. review the literature on date and acquaintance rap B. define the problem C. create a hypothesis D. choose a research design
Societal surplus:
increases the division of labour.
When a ruling power makes life so unbearable for a minority group that they choose to leave "voluntarily" is known as _____________.
indirect population transfer
People who are African American and Hispanic are often turned down for loans, even though their credit histories are similar to white applicants with similar credit histories. Sociologists refer to this as an example of ________.
institutional discrimination
built into society's institutions, ______ is negative treatment of a minority group
institutional discrimination
According to functionalists, social __________ exist to fulfill the basic needs of a society and ensures its survival.
institutions
which of the following statements about slavery is true?
it has been common throughout history
as you go down the social ladder, what happens to your mental health?
it worsens
Which of the following is an example of a counterculture?
members of al-Qaeda
in the former soviet union, the main basis for ranking higher in the stratification system was
membership in the communist party
The sworn virgins of Albania are treated by people in their society as
men
In hunting and gathering societies:
men hunt animals while women gather vegetation.
A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of
microsociology
in__________, the focus is on social interaction
microsociology
people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination make up an
minority group
What do sociologists call the sweeping changes in society ushered in by the Industrial Revolution, including the rise of capitalism, the accumulation of large surpluses, and the development of distinct social classes?
modernization
which statement about poverty is true?
more children than adults are poor
What was the key factor in the development of cities, beginning in approximately 3500 BC?
more efficient agricultural practices
when it comes to religion, the lower classes tend to be attracted to
more expressive worship services and louder music
If you kill another person, you have violated a society's
mores
when is the development of self concept finished
never
Students are expected to attend classes and complete assignments. These activities make up a student's:
role.
The passage of "three strikes and you're out" laws has, in some cases, resulted in mandatory life imprisonment sentences for relatively minor offenses. Such outcomes illustrate what functional theorists describe as ________.
unintended consequences
A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on
the interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties
What are sociologists referring to when they address the culture within us?
the learned and shared ways of believing and doing that are a part of our behavior
The term real culture refers to
the norms and values that people actually follow.
overextension
the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate. Children were shown pairs of anomals that they generally labeled the same ("dog"). BUT when asked to point to the sheep, they chose correctly. - >not a lack of knowledge, but a lack of vocabulary.
the upper end of the capitalists class is occupied by those
with old money
Jamaican women prefer portly men with rounded mid-sections while American women prefer men who have triangular physiques, big shoulders, and thin waistlines. This difference in what is socially desirable or undesirable is an example of differences in ________.
values
A sociologist interviews high-salaried corporate chief executive officers (CEOs) to discover whether they feel stress in their everyday lives as a result of the pressure to produce at an unrealistic level. This sociologist is employing
verstehen
A social class stratification system is "fluid" this means?
you can move up and down the classes
theory
A statement of how and why specific facts are related is called a
Preoperational Stage
According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, the stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas is called the
family, social class, peers, government, social media, religion
agents of socialization
Some of the values and norms of a _____ place it at odds with the dominant culture.
counterculture
Mass Media
Forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, movies, and television that are directed to mass audiences
Auguste Comte
Functionalist, "Father of Sociology"
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, why do women in poor nations bear a large number of children?
Large families are rewarded socially and economically.
Secondary Groups
Larger,more anonymous, more formal, and more impersonal
Pragmatic Development
Learning how language is used. Using language to express desires, commands, thoughts, etc. The more contextual information given to a child, the wider usage of pragmatic language.
Micro
Means "small-scale"; Focuses our attention on the individual.
Group Dynamics
Refers to the influence groups have on us and how we affect groups
Solidarity
Refers to the level of connectedness and integration a person feels to others in the environment.
Culture
The meanings and ways of life that are shared by a collection of people. These include beliefs, values, norms, sanctions, symbols, behaviors, language
experience-expectant plasticity
The process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have
Based on the theories formulated by Karl Marx, what was the ultimate goal of the proletariat?
The proletariat sought to develop a classless society free of exploitation.
Latin
The protolanguage for Spanish would be
Ethnocentrism
Using our own culture as the standard for judging other societies, generally resulting in a negative evaluation. FOR EXAMPLE: eating dog is not acceptable according to US norms, but is more normal in other parts of the world. FOR EXAMPLE: KFC commercial in Australia that appeared to have racist undertones, but because we are looking at it from a US perspective, we see it as racist. Australia does not have the racial tension that the US does.
social analysis
believe that we study and analyze but do not impose our will on it; Weber, Spenser
sociological research has found that children from poor neighborhoods are _______ to get in difficulty with the law, & that parenting is ________ in the poor neighborhoods
more likely harder
in the least industrialized nations, _____ people are poor
most
C. ethnocentrism.
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called A. culture shock. B. cultural relativism C. ethnocentrism D. value stability.
A. an argot.
The use of the term "g-man," "honey boat," and "airmail" by sanitation workers in New York is an example of A. an argot. B. a taboo C. linguistics D. nonverbal language
rites of passage
a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status
When a person introduces themselves by stating their occupation along with their name, it is an indication that their occupation functions as a/n:
master status.
What term refers to the process by which people creatively shape their world as they interact?
social construction of reality
Social compensation hypothesis
social media is particularly helping socially anxious youth because they do not need to struggle with face-to-face interactions
The major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance is that ________.
sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, and psychological explanations address conditions within the individual
Teratogens
An external agent that can cause damage or death during prenatal development
degradation ceremony
An inmate enters prison and is stripped of his/her clothing and advised that from this point on he/she will be referred to only by number. This is an example of
culture shock
An unpleasant and frightening experience encountering a strange unfamiliar way of life would exemplify
Microsociology
Analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; an approach usually used by symbolic interactionists
Technology
In its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
Longitudinal study
Include data from observations over time using a specific group of people called a cohort. Allow the researcher to provide measures of the same group over a period of time.
B. Ethnocentric
A member of a new fundamentalist church believes that she has found the one true way to achieve salvation and members of other religions are pagans and will go directly to hell when they die. This individual is A. xenocentric B. ethnocentric C. culturally relative D. monophobic
culture shock
A member of a rural Indian tribe in Central America who is suddenly taken to a large city, such as Mexico City, will probably experience
which of the following groups in the united states has the highest median family income?
Asian americans
What is smart clothing?
Clothing incorporating invisible computing items
Clique
Clusters within a group
Jane Addams
Co founded NAACP and fought for social reform
the family performs more vital functions
In a rural, agricultural society, as compared to an urban industrial society
Aggregate
People who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging ogether
Impression Management
People's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them
face-work
People's efforts to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public, is defined by Erving Goffman as
Of the following characteristics, which one least applies to bureaucracies?
Personal attention and individualism
To what sociological perspective is Mead's theory of human development most aligned?
Symbolic interactionist
validity
the extent to which an operational definition measures what is was intended to measure
Émile Durkheim's study of suicide related suicide rates to
the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society.
Functionalism:
Argues that deviance contributes to social order in three ways! 1) clarification of moral boundaries, affirmation of the norms 2) deviance encourages social unity (HOW) 3) deviance promotes social change
Emile Durkheim
He was among the earliest to use statistical analysis to study society
Technology
In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of
infants from one hospital were delayed in every aspect of development
In R spitz hospital study
Which sociologist coined the term, the iron law of oligarchy?
Robert Michels
What is the primary criticism leveled against socialism?
The system does not respect individual rights.
Essentialism
The view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are
a person's status is a lifelong condition determined by birth in
a caste system
through sensory play
learning the physical self and the boundaries of ones own body occurs
sixty percent of the world's population lives in the
least industrialized nations
An economic system designed to eliminate competition by selling goods at predetermined prices, regardless of the demand for the product or the cost to make it, is called _________.
socialism
Helping another person to "save face," or avoid embarrassment, is called:
tact.
People's _____ are their ideas of what is desirable in life.
values
Incipient adapters
which of the following led to agriculture
Historian Gerda Lerner notes that generally, the first people enslaved were ____
women
permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.
Positive Sanction
A reward or positive reaction for following norms
polygenic traits
A trait which is governed by more than one gene
Norms
Must be widely shared and understood to become significant
In the documentary, The 13th, the "13" is in reference to?
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States
Ethnocentrism
Occurs when a person uses his or her own culture to judge another culture.
Jane is getting married in the spring and is worried that her chances of getting divorced are extremely likely, given the high divorce rate in the U.S. On the other hand, what reason can Jane use to discount the statistics related to divorce?
Overall statistics on divorce have nothing to do with any one individual marriage.
Determinents of becoming friends
Proximity Similarities Reciprocity
Leadership style
Refers to a behavioral mode that leaders use to influence group members.
Social Networks
Refers to people who are linked to one another
preliminary analysis
Studies of identical twins have been based on extremely small samples and should be viewed
Define, compare, and give examples of subcultures, countercultures, and high culture.
Subculture: cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population. Hutterites Counterculture: cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society. Neo-Nazi High culture: cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite. Royality
positivism
The belief in science to secure knowledge and information is part of the perspective of
Teamwork
The collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly
Groupthink
The collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop
"I" Self
The part of us that is an active subject, our subjective sense of who we are. It seeks self-fulfillment, asking, "What do I want?"
Material culture
The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives are called
Which statement is least true of children in poverty?
There are more African American children in poverty than white children.
Triad
Three people, unstable, two can form a stronger bond and third feels left out
people over 30
What is the fastest growing age group online?
Personality
What term is used to refer to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior?
Social structure
What term refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?
Coalitions
When group members align themselves against others
Promotes change
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of ethnocentrism?
B. conflict
Which sociological perspective argues that subcultures often emerge because the dominant society has unsuccessfully attempted to suppress a practice regarded as improper, such as the use of illegal drugs? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist
Interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff members in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities affects their relationships with one another?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must accomplish certain major tasks if it is to survive?
describe how culture evolved and how it functions as an evolutionary strategy for survival.
culture evolved
_______ is the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others
power
weber believed that
property could bring prestige, and prestige could bring property
Harry Harlow's attachment theory
proposed attachment/bond with the mother/caregiver develops due to the sense of security provided by mother/caregiver (An infant's need for warmth, affection, and attachment are deeper than the need for food --> Used wire monkey and cloth monkey to demonstrate)
Which of the following is NOT an example of body language?
saying "I like you" to someone
medieval Europe provides an excellent example of elites maintaining stratification with
soft control
What is a "demeanour"?
the way we act and carry ourselves
All left handed people, no matter where they live, sociologically comprise a catagory
*true*/false
It is impossible to have a coalition in a dyad
*true*/false
A significant sociological point about the life course is that it
1. as you pass through a stage it affects your behavior and orientations 2. it differs by social location
concerning the effects of daycare researchers have found that
1. children are smart but mean 2. there are differing personalities for children
According to Merton, the most common means used to achieve cultural goals is ________ 1.innovator 2.rebels 3.conformist 4.ritualist $
1.innovator 3.conformist 4.ritualist $
Bureaucracy
A large organizational structure designed to solve problems-such as uncertainty, authority and coordination of activities
C. the Hawthorne effect
A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college's computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become she and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of A. replication. B. secondary analysis C. the Hawthorne effect. D. value neutrality.
Category
A statistic (women that have long hair etc)
Master Status
A status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies
Dual Representation
A symbolic artifact must be represented mentally in two ways at the same time: As a real object As a symbol for something other than itself
Cultural Diffusion
English-speaking people in the U.S. commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of
B. cultural diffusion
English-speaking people in the U.S. commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of A. nonmaterial culture B. cultural diffusion C. culture shock D. cultural relativity
symbols
Gestures and words that form the basis of human communication are known as
_____ would be part of material culture.
Hairstyles
Mickey takes great pride in being Irish. He wears a button that says "Kiss Me...Im Irish," flies the Irish flag outside his home, dresses in green quite often, and participates in the St. Patrick's Day parade every year. What is Mickey doing that is related to race and ethnicity?
Mickey is involved in ethnic work.
Which statement most accurately describes how parents of different social classes rear their children?
Middle class parents think their children need significant nurturing.
When Judith Kleinfeld replicated Milgram's experiment on small group phenomenon, what did she discover?
Milgram's experiment was not representative of average people.
Define a societies abilities
One of the most crucial aspects of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the ability of the dominant group to
What conclusion can be drawn from the case study of Oskar and Jack, the identical twins who were born in 1932 and raised in very different cultures?
One's orientation to life is largely the result of environment
What conclusion can be drawn from a case study of Oskar and Jack, the two identical twins who were raised separately?
One's orientation to life is largely the result of environment.
the effect social institutions had on them
Sociologist Mitchell Duneier studied the social behavior of women working as word processors as a method of researching social networks and
8 hours per day
Studies indicate that the average American household has at least one TV set turned on for at least
After studying the use of personal space in several cultures, what conclusion did Edward Hall reach regarding the amount of space people prefer?
The amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another
Which best describes "the iron law of oligarchy?"
The domination of organizations by a small, self-perpetuating elite
Secondary socialization
The dynamic whereby socialization continues throughout our lives.
Asia
The earliest cultures in North America came from
What event led to an uprooting of what had been traditional social arrangements?
The industrial revolution
Triangulation
The process of using multiple approaches to study a phenomenon.
Self
The uniquely human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the picture we gain of how others see us
Social Construction of Reality
The use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real
Which of the following is TRUE about staring, smiling, and touching?
Women sustain more eye contact than men.
psychologist Eugene Hartley (1946) made up the names of three ethnic groups- wallonians, pireneans, and danireans- and found that people who were prejudiced against jews and blacks
also hated the nonexistent wallonians, pireneans, and danireans
____ believes that stratification exists because it is functional for society
functionalists
social sciences
science; body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation
Sample of convenience
A nonrandom sample available to the researcher.
Role conflict
A phenomenon occurring when one is forced to choose between the competing demands of multiple roles.
Total Institution
A place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by teh officials who run the palce
Ascribed status
A position in society that is given or assigned. (Ex: Paris Hilton being born into a wealthy and famous family)
cross-sectional design
A research method in which participants of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time
Normal behavior
Behavior that is in line with norms
Humanities
Philosophy and Literature are part of
Categorical Perception
Phonemes detected as belonging to discrete categories
What term do sociologists use to describe the norms and values that people actually follow, as opposed to those that they would follow if they lived in a perfect world?
Real culture
Feral Children
Children raised apart from human society
Preconventional level
First stage of moral development that lasts through the elementary school years; at this level, children make their moral judgments with a framework of hedonistic principles (seeking pleasure over pain).
among americans of European descent, the largest group comes from
Germany
contact comfort
H. Harlows study identified the need for
postmodern society
In the U.S., we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese foods, and watch movies produced in Italy. These are all features of
population is small; people are nomadic
In the hunting and gathering societies
How do you acquire language?
Language is acquired by listen and speaking (or watching and signing). Language Comprehension --> Language Production
Which statement about the origin of values is true?
Values are related to conditions of society.
in a meritocracy, all positions are awarded on the basis of
merit
authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
conflict theorists say that capitalists use the _____ to expand production during economic booms, and then lay off people during economic contractions
reserve labor force
Even just the thought of the violation of a _____ fills us with revulsion.
taboo
marx's model of the social classes included
workers
Laws
"governmental social control" meaning that laws are formal norms enforced by the state.
emile durkheim
1858-1917 behavior must be understodd within larger social context
Status Inconsistency
A contradiction or mismatch between statuses; a condition in which a person ranks high on some dimensions of social class and loow on others
C. contains several different cultures
A society A. is a group that owes allegiance to a larger group B. is the largest form of human group. C. contains several different cultures. D. contains one subculture and many cultures.
Language
A system of symbols that can be combines in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
Interactionist
According to the ______ perspective suggests that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to feel cohesive and maintain its identity.
Inventions
According to the discussion in Chapter Three, cultural phenomena such as communism, the Episcopal religion, and the microwave oven are examples of
gender self-socialization
Active process during development whereby children's cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs
total institutions
All aspects of life are conducted in the same place under the control of a single authority
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy gathered opinions on how to address the problem from selected national leaders. After this group reached a consensus, the President made the final decision for a Naval quarantine of Cuba. This scenario is an example of which type of leadership
Democratic
Marxism and communism are indentical political ideologies with both leading to a classless society, true or false?
False
According to reports of ______ children, they walked on all fours, growled, and showed no sensitivity to cold
Feral
In freud's psychoanalysis the _________ causes us to seek self gratification
ID
Which of the following statements summarizes the Thomas theorem?
If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
class conflict
Karl Max's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers
manifest function
Keeping young people off the streets would a _____ of sports
Which three variables does the author recognize as being especially significant in determining one's social class?
Occupational prestige, income, and education
Culture shock
Occurs when a person encounters a culture foreign to his or her own and has an emotional response to the differences between the cultures.
Virtual world
Participants assume an avatar. Politicized and consumer-oriented. Preserve real-world networks.
altruistic
Suicide resulting from high integration would be classified as
Gender Role
The behaviors and attitudes that a group considers proper for males and females; masculinity and femininity
Role performance
The degree to which a personal plays the role in a manner we expect.
The diffusion of responsibility can best be defined by which of the following?
The more bystanders there are, the less likely people are to help.
argot
The use of the terms "g-man," "honey boat," and "airmail" by sanitation workers in New York is an example of an
A society's material culture usually experiences a change first, and the nonmaterial culture catches up to the change later, true or false?
True
C. interactionist
Which sociological perspective suggests that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to feel cohesive and maintain its identity? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist
individuals and groups that influence our orientations to life are called
agents of socialization
parental sensitivity
an important factor contributing to the security of an infant's attachment. It can be exhibited in a variety of ways, including responsive caregiving when an infant is distressed or upset and engaging in coordinated play with the infant
the oil-rich, nonindustrializied nations, like Kuwait,
are part of the least industrialized nations
A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society
as an outsider
a key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society: A. from the perspective of personal experience B. from the perspective of cultural biases C. as an outsider D. as an insider
as an outsider
Which of the following is NOT a "cultural universal" identified in your text?
belief in the heavenly after life
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of ethnocentrism.
can promote closer attachment to their own way of life but can generate misunderstanding and sometimes even leads to conflict
The practice of persons from one culture judging any another culture by its own standards is called:
cultural relativism.
Traits that are part of every known culture of the world are referred to as:
cultural universals.
While traveling in Japan, it is not uncommon for Canadians to experience personal disorientation called
culture shock
survey
data collection of data by having people answer a series of questions, must contain a representative sample, & care taken with the wording of the questions
Which of the following characterizes the hunting and gathering society?
few formal leaders, equality between males and females, simple organization
Mark and Sally went walking in the park. Both of them were wearing nothing on the upper half of their bodies. Mark would be violating a ________, Sally would be violating a ________.
folkway; more
Which of the following have little moral significance and are applied with individual discretion?
folkways
According to Durkheim, ________ refers to a shared consciousness that people experience as a result of performing the same or similar tasks.
mechanical solidarity
According to Durkheim, the shared consciousness that people experience as a result of performing the same or similar tasks is called ________.
mechanical solidarity
What is the term for an educational program that recognizes the cultural diversity in Canadian society, and promotes the equality of all cultural traditions?
multiculturalism
self-complexity
number of different and distinct aspects of self varies among individuals
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, when children have learned the rules and follow them in order to stay out of trouble children are in the ______ stage
preconventional
A social scientist would be likely to study the
reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the U.S
correlation
relationship between 2 variables in which a change in one coincides with change in another
rejecting-neglecting parenting
relationship is rejecting or neglecting; uninvolved
What did Marx believe was the primary factor that distinguished between the different classes under industrial capitalism?
relationship to the means of production
sociological theory
set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behaviors
According to dramaturgical analysis, a ______ is like a part in a play.
status
june was the president of her neighborhood association, which in that group afforded her a high
status consistency
A world within the larger world of the dominant culture is a
subculture
When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society, the group would be considered a[n] ________.
subculture
Armed militia groups, such as the one that was involved in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, are an example of a
subculture and counterculture.
in some instances, slavery was
temporary
According to the text, which f the following is "natural" to the human species?
the capacity to create culture
Which of the following was the main concern of Kelsey Timmerman in his book Where Am I Wearing
the people who make our clothing
Culture lag
the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.
holophrastic period
the period when children begin using the words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time.
conflict theory
the theorectical framework in which society is viewed as composed groups competing for scarce resources
Someone who is a citizen of South Africa, ancestors are from Norway, was born in Great Britain and currently lives in the United States would be ______ in terms of nationality?
South Africa
High income nations
The US falls within which of the following categories
a lack of norms
The term anomie means
The theoretical approach that highlights the way any cultural pattern helps meet human needs is the: a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach.
a. structural-functional approach.
Adler and Adler's work on self-injury reflects which of the three major sociological approaches
interactionist, functionalist, conflict
______ refers to the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
intergeneration mobility
Studies of isolated and institutionalized children point out the importance of ________ in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted.
intimiate social interaction
symbolic interactionists focus on the role of _______ in affecting perception and creating prejudice
labels
cultural transmission
process of culture passing from one generation to the next through language
Anticipatory Socialization
Because one anticipates a future role, one learns parts of it now
Macro-Level Analysis
Examining large scale patterns of society
Status Symbol
Items used to identify a status
Babbling
Producing syllables made up of a consonant followed by a vowel ("pa," "ba," "ma") that are represented in strings ("mamama"). Produced as sounds (or hand movements - sign language) during early phases of language development (begins around 6-8 weeks old).
A. a required number of data sources
Which of the following is not incorporated into the basic principles of the code of ethics for sociology? A. a required number of data sources B. respect for subjects' privacy C. acknowledgment of research collaboration D. disclosure of sources of financial support
Re socialization
__________ refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment.
Sam had an unpleasant and frightening experience encountering a strange way of life when he visited another country over spring break. His experience is called: a. culture shock. b. cultural diffusion. c. acculturation. d. value conflict.
a. culture shock.
Norms for routine or casual interaction are called: a. etiquette b. formal norms c. folkways d. good manners
c. folkways
Which sociological perspective sees the social world as being in continual struggle
conflict perspective
The term "subculture" refers to:
cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.
Categories of Norms
folkways, mores, taboos
______ permits-or encourages - ethnic differences
multiculturalism
What is the term for a social position that a person holds?
status
All of the following are theories of Socialization, except: 1.Looking glass self 2. dramaturgy 3.Mead's stages theory 4. labeling theory
1.Looking glass self 3.Mead's stages theory 4. labeling theory $
Which sociologist used "dramaturgical analysis" in his approach to sociology?
Erving Goffman
Goal Displacement
Even after and organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continues, it still continues
Which set of characteristics is most applicable to secondary groups?
Formal, intimate, face-to-face interaction
Generalized other
George Herbert Mead used the term _________ to refer to the child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole?.
The self begins at a privileged, central position in a person's world.
How did George Herbert Mead define the self?
What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?
It explains how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others.
What is the primary criticism leveled against capitalism?
It leads to severe social inequalities.
It is weakly enforced, it conflicts with another, there's an exception, or they're subject to change
Norms are often violated when
Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?
A mental hospital
Material culture
Consists of the items within a culture that you can taste, touch, and feel. Influenced by the natural resources available to a culture. (Ex: jewelry, art, music, clothing, architecture, and crafts)
Dyad
Consists of two people, very unstable
D. all of these
Contemporary conflict theorists are concerned with the conflict between A. women and men B. cities and suburbs C. Blacks and Whites D. all of these
Groupthink results in multiple ways to accomplish objectives and greater, true or false?input from group members
False
Small Group
Few enough members that each one can interact directly with all the other members
Agents of Socialization
People or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life
Category
People who have similar traits, but they don't share a connection or sense of belonging with each other
Leaders
People who influence the behaviors, opinions, or attitudes of others
All cultures have at least four components in common. Which of the following contains three of those four?
Symbols, values, norms.
True
The median value of this dataset [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14] is seven. True or False?
Semantics
The system for expressing meaning through words, signs, symbols, and phrases.
dramaturgical
The view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers is known as the ______ approach
D. the presence of McDonald's restaurants in Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Japan
Which of the following is an example of cultural diffusion? A. McDonald's serving samurai pork burgers in Thailand B. McDonald's maintaining separate sections for female and male customers in Saudi Arabia C. McDonald's serving chicken tatsuta sandwiches (fried chicken spiced with soy sausce and ginger and served with cabbage and mustard mayonnaise) in Japan D. the presence of McDonald's restaurants is Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Japan
Survival of the fittest, Biological Specialization, Physical Anthropology
Which of the following is associated with Charles Darwin?
D. all of these
Which of the following is true regarding feminist researchers? A. tend to involve and consult subjects more B. more oriented towards seeking change C. want to raise public consciousness D. all of these
Karl Marx
Which of the following people had an important influence on the development of the social conflict paradigm
__________ intrigue sociological researchers, particularly those separated at birth
identical twins
A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada, England, the U.S., and France is an example of
macrosociology
What is the term for the tension among roles connected to a single status?
role strain
The relativity of deviance is best explained by the ________ perspective.
symbolic interactionist
dramaturgy
theory of interaction in which all life is like acting, dramatic composition
Both statuses and roles
vary from one culture to another.
Sanctions
The reactions people receive for following or breaking norms
Auguste Comte
He was the first to use the term sociology to refer to the science of society
Morality of justice
Morality based on the rule of law.
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called
William F. Ogburn
Which researcher made the distinction between the elements of material and nonmaterial culture?
most members of the working poor class
are high school dropouts
A. set of cultural beliefs that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
A dominant ideology is a A. set of cultural beliefs that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. B. subculture that rejects societal norms and values and seeks an alternative lifestyle. C. specialized language used by members of a group or subculture D. none of these
crowd
Adolescents with similar stereotyped reputations
Impression management
Alfred is on his first date with Shelly, whom he really likes. He tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too, and to want to go out with him again. According to sociologist Erving Goffman, Alfred's behavior is an example of
According to Functional Analyst's society is analogous to the human body and the goal of society is to maintain a state of: -Harmony -All of the above -Equilibrium -Homeostasis
All of the above
A relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is referred to as causality. A) True B) False
B) False A relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is referred to as a correlation.
Sociologists use the term reliability to refer to the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects. A) True B) False
B) False Sociologists use the term Hawthorne effect to refer to the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects.
Values
Beliefs about what is good or desirable in life and the way the world ought to be
Which set of concepts best illustrates nomaterial culture?
Beliefs, values, norms
Which theoretical perspective would examine sports on the microlevel by focusing on how day-to-day social behavior is shaped by the distinctive norms, values, and demands of the world of sports? A) functionalist perspective B) conflict perspective C) interactionist perspective D) both A and B
C) interactionist perspective
All are correct
Culture is (unique to man,Universal to man,variable from society to society,all are correct)
_____ refers to one part of a culture changing while other parts remain behind.
Culture lag
Material
Culture lag occurs because people are more likely to change their (material)/(nonmaterial) culture.
True
Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are more likely to change their material culture. True or false?
Out-Groups
Groups towards which we feel antagonism
Max Weber
He was influenced by the works of K. Marx and described how changes in religious values set the stage for capitalism
C. overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies
In The Communist Manifest, Marx argued that the working class must A. ally with capitalists to build a better world B. try to work toward a return to feudalism. C. overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies. D. ignore all aspects of class divisions.
Statuses
Juan, Jessica, and Dillon are science majors. When they graduate from college, they find jobs as a nurse, a midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples of
Social structure
Patterns of relationships that endure from one generation to the next. They are the arrangement of systems, such as marriage, education, and work, by which people in a society interact and are able to live together.
out-group vices
Proper behavior for the in-group is often viewed as unacceptable behavior for the out-group. Sociologist Robert Merton describes this process as the conversion of "in-group virtues" into
value neutrality
The concept, cultural relativism, employs the kind of ________in scientific study that Max Weber saw as being so important.
What did the research of Kohn and Schooler reveal as being the reason for the difference in the goals of working class parents and middle class parents in rearing their children?
The degree of individual freedom the parents had on their jobs was the primary factor.
Social Integration
The degree to which people are tied to their social group
Reference group
The group that you use to evaluate yourself; Using others to assess our behavior.
Cultural diffusion
The increased market for tobacco resulting from Columbus bringing it back to Europe is and example of
D. both gender and race of the interviewer
The results of an interview may be influenced by A. the gender of the interview B. the race of the interviewer C. neither gender nor race D. both gender and race of the interviewer
Frank is examining the broad stream of events that have occurred over the past 50 years and the specific experiences of his own life. By doing so, what sociological process has Frank undertaken?
The sociological imagination
Subculture
The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world withint a world
B. Philadelphia
W.E.B. Du Bois conducted important social research on the lives of African Americans in which of the following cities? A. New York B. Philadelphia C. Baltimore D. Albany
Traditionally, what were the three factors on which slavery was based?
War, debt, and crime
The main way people communicate is through
language
A fundamental shift in thinking--from the time since our birth to the time we have left to live--occurs in the
later middle years
anomie
loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior becomes ineffective
the marx's theory, those who were exploited because they do not own the means of production were called the
proletariat
A group's customary social arrangements that provide stability to life are referred to as ________.
social order
the typical patterns of a group of students and teachers, or men and women, was laid out before they were born. this pattern is known as__________
social structure
The theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture is known as:
sociobiology.
Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study?
ethic background, marital status, age
Selene is a member of an environmentalist group that wants to clean up the land and rivers and improve air quality. Selene would be considered a member of a[n] ________ social movement.
reformative
macrosociology
the study of large scale phenomena for the entire civilization
personal fable
A story that adolescents tell about themselves that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts
G.P Murdock
A study of cultural universals was conducted by
McDonaldization
1. Efficiency: Consumers do the employees' work (carry the food, fill the drink yourself, etc.) 2. Calculability: Quantity is valued, and quality is less relevant. 3. Predictability: Product is the same no matter where you get it. 4. Technology: Businesses gain more control over their products when they use technology to limit human error. Businesses are able to hire fewer people.
All of the following are social research methods except: 1.experiments 2.secondary analysis 3.survey research 4.observational research
1.experiments 3.survey research 4.observational research $
auguste comte
1798-1857 systematic investigation of behavior needed to improve society
transitional adulthood covers ages
18-29
jane addams
1860-1935 combined intellectual inquiry, social service work, and political activism
charles horton cooley
1864-1929 used sociological perspective toe xamine face-to-face groups
What term describes people who share similar characteristics but little else, such as all women attending college, all left-handed people, or all men over seven feet tall?
A category
False
A magazine asks its readers to complete a survey that questions them about their sexual practices. Based on the responses that it receives, the magazine publishes an article entitled "The Sexual Practices of Men and Women in the U.S." THis magazine has conducted a valid random sample to support its article. True or False?
culture shock
A man goes to a urologist who has been recommended by his family physician. When the urologist greets him in the examining room, the man discovers that the urologist is a female, and he is startled that a woman will examine him. He is experiencing
In India, about 95 percent of the marriages are arranged by the parents; in the United States, most marriages are based on individual choice. Which statement best explains these differences in marriage practices?
A society's marriage practices match societal values and patterns of stratification.
heritability
A statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals
Which of the following is LEAST true about symbolic culture?
A symbolic culture is another name for nonmaterial culture A symbol is something to which people attach meaning and communicate The central component of symbolic culture is the symbols that people use *Symbolic culture is universal and understood by most members of all societies*
Content analysis
A type of research in which the sociologist looks for common words or themes in newspapers, books, or structured interviews.
Gemeinschaft
A type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
Resocialization
A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, and she finds that she must enter the paid labor force in order to support herself and her two children. The process whereby she changes her role of homemaker to that of a paid worker in the labor force is Resocialization
cultural universals
According to George Murdock, general customs and practices that are found in every culture are called
Social Class
According to Weber, a large number of people who rank close to one another in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
For any solution to be effective in reducing violence against women in the United States, what is the first hurdle that must be overcome?
Any connections between violence and masculinity must be broken.
Functionalist perspective
As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely reflects the view of which sociological perspective?
What is the relationship between the level of industrialization and the level of traditional authority?
As the level of industrialization increases, the level of traditional authority decreases.
Why is tact a common response in potentially embarrassing situation?
Because embarrassment provokes discomfort for everyone.
Which sociologist introduced the concept of anomie to the discipline? A) Max Weber B) Herbert Spencer C) Émile Durkheim D) Wright Mills
C) Émile Durkheim
What term do sociologists use to describe the language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, and material objects shared by members of society that are also passed from one generation to the next?
Culture
Cultural transmission
Culture passing from one generation to the next through language; Used to obtain information others have learned in order to improve your own life and helps spread technology.
What is the single best reason why children of more affluent neighborhoods are supervised more by neighbors and other community members than children from poor neighborhoods?
More affluent neighborhoods have less transition and know the children better.
Psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis observed the interactions of mothers and children to determine if the children were socialized differently, depending on the child's sex. What was the conclusion they reached following their research?
Mothers unconsciously rewarded daughters for being dependent.
Vicarious reinforcement
Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
The Iron Law of Oligarchy
Refers to how organizations come to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite
Social control
Refers to the social mechanisms that regulate a person's actions.
The Sociological Imagination
Rhonda is a sociology student who babysits several children from her neighborhood. While one child is doing very well at school, the other is doing poorly. Rhonda looks beyond each individual child to explain their success and failure. She believes that the various opportunities offered by society explain the differences in their academic performance. Rhonda's thought process illustrates: Functionalism Social Control Solidarity The Sociological Imagination
What is the difference between role and status?
Role: consists of behaviours expected of someone who holds a particular status. Example would be Rosa parks defied her role to give up her seat to a white male in 1955. Status: recognized social position that an individual occupies. For example, merchant.
Sociological imagination
The ability to look beyond the individual as the cause for success and failure and see how one's society influences the outcome; Helps one understand their place in a complex world.
Gender
The attitudes and behaviors that are expected of us because we are a male or a female
B. material culture
The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives are called A. norms. B. material culture. C. nonmaterial culture. D. values.
Generalized Other
The norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self
The peter principle
The notion that every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence is referred to as
providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
The patriotic behavior of U.S. citizens on January 21, 2013 to witness the Inauguration of President Barack Obama is a testament to the functional prerequisite of
critical period
The period of time during which a particular development needs to happen, and effects of external factor can prevent this development from ever happening
Which statement is least true of divorce?
The person who initiates the divorce is more likely to suffer from guilt and anxiety over it.
Tony is five years of age. He loves to dress up like the Lone Ranger and pretend to help people in need. According to Mead's theory, what stage best describes Tony's behavior?
The play stage
B. cultural diffusion
The popularity in Japan of the U.S.-born sport of baseball is an example of A. cultural relativity. B. cultural diffusion. C. culture shock. D. cultural integration
Cultural Relativism
The practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms.
Diffusion
The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.
Cultural Leveling
The process by which cultures become similar to one another especially refers to the process by which U.S. culture is being imported and diffused into other nations
Oversampling
The process of taking a bigger sample if the group you wish to study makes up a small percentage of the whole population.
Socialization
The process that teaches the norms, values, and other aspects of a culture to new group members; A lifelong process of creating and maintaining group membership.
Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life as the protestant ethic, true or false?
True
Comparative study
Uses data from different sources in order to evaluate them against each other.
C. Genocide
We refer to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation- as has occurred to Rwandans, Armenians, and Jewish people-as A. Cultural genocide B. Ostracization C. Genocide D. Expulsion
C. reviewing the literature
What is commonly the second step in the scientific method? A. defining the problem B. selecting the research design C. reviewing the literature D. collecting and analyzing data
During the preparatory stage, children merely imitate the people around them, especially family members with whom they continually interact.
What is the first part of Charles Horton Cooley's "looking-glass self?"
C. Developing nations lose their traditional values and begin to identify with the culture of core nations
Which of the following statements about globalization is correct? A. Globalization is universally welcomed in all nations. B. Most multinational corporations are uncooperative with the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and The World Bank. C. Developing nations lose their traditional values and begin to identify with the culture of core nations. D. all of these
Conflict
Which sociological perspective argues that subcultures often emerge because the dominant society has unsuccessfully attempted to suppress a practice regarded as improper, such as the use of illegal drugs?
A. functionalist
Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that education is necessary for people to earn more money and advance in society for the purpose of social stability? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist
durkheim called it _______ when people become detached from the usual norms that guide their behaviors
anomie
A person who becomes a senior citizen acquires a/an:
ascribed status.
W.E.B. Bois
black sociologist assisted struggle for racially egalitarian society, knowledge essential in combating prejudice, in depth studies of urban life focused on religion at community level
The core value of education has
changed over the years, until today a college education is considered an appropriate goal for most Americans.
primary group
characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
John Bowlby's Attachment Theory
children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival
The basic premise of Piaget's model of development, which has remained unchanged, is that:
children begin with the concrete and move to the abstract.
What are "adultescents"?
children who stay or return home with their parents after finishing high school for a prolonged amount of time
The concept "cultural lag" refers to the fact that: a. the rate of cultural change has been slowing. b. some societies advance faster than others do. c. some people are more cultured than others. d. some cultural elements change more quickly than others.
d. some cultural elements change more quickly than others.
Anthony and Cathy Jones have been married for twenty-nine years. They have always had a joint bank account, discussed big expenditures before making them, and shared household duties. This Jones family is an example of a[n] ________ family.
egalitarian
a sociology instructor asks students to make lists of the characteristics of the best and worst possible instructors. These list which would be used to evaluate all instructors, are an example of A. typology B. ideal type C. verstehen D. hypothesis
ideal type
Smiling and making polite remarks to people we do not like is an example of:
idealization.
Which sociological perspective holds the view that people create their social worlds through interaction and manipulation of symbols
interactionist
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that nonverbal communication, such as the frequency of individuals touching each other during a conversation, varies from one culture to another?
interactionist perspective
what is the sociological sinificance of social structure?
it guides our behavior
development of sociology
philosophers/religious authorities of ancient and medieval societies made observations of human behavior, European theorist in 19th centrury made pioneering contributions to development of the science of human behavior
Harold got up early and cleaned and polished his motorcycle, while Fabienne packed a picnic lunch. Their destination was a park on a lake about 50 miles away, where they would meet some friends who also liked to ride motorcycles on weekends. They soon got underway, driving safely on the highway at the speed limit, enjoying the trip, while they listened to National Public Radio. About halfway to their destination, Harold and Fabienne were overtaken by a speeding clump of about 10 motorcycles ridden by people with swastikas on the back of their jackets. Several of the group appeared to be completely nude under their jackets, which was legal in their state due to an anachronistic law that said you could not disrobe outdoors, but that did not address the situation where you were already disrobed when you arrived outdoors. In all likelihood, Harold and Fabienne could be termed members of a motorcycle enthusiast _____ and the cyclists who passed them could be termed members of a motorcycle enthusiast _____.
subculture; counterculture
the awareness that allowx people to comprehend the link between their immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world is called: A. the socialogical imagination B.anthropology C. a theory D. verstehen
the sociological imagination
Social Anthropology
the study of representative personality primarily developed in
microsociology
the study of small groups or our everyday experiences
Herbert Spencer believed that societies evolved from lower to higher forms because as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent members of society prosper while the less capable die out. Spencer referred to this process as ________.
the survival of the fittest
a sociologist interviews high-salaried corporate chief executive officers(CEOs) to discover whether they feeln stres in their everyday lives as a result of the pressure to produce at an unrealistic level. This sociologist is employing: A. alienation B. anomie C. verstehen D. globalization techniques
verstehen
culture shock
when a person encounters a culture foreign to his or her own and has an emotional response to the differences between the cultures
WASP stands for
white anglo-saxon protestant
immigrants to the united states from Poland, Ireland, Italy, and Germany are example of
white ethnics
Formal organizations
Special-purpose groups designed and structured in the interests of maximum efficiency are known as
Alienation
The estrangement of workers from the larger society is called
Gesellschaft relationships
Today, Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger bagged his groceries. Then he went to Wendy's and purchased a hamburger from another stranger, and on his way home he stopped at an intersection, where an unknown police officer raised her hand. According to Ferdinand Tönnies, these experiences are all characteristic of
social institution
organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
Social interaction
the mutual influence of two or more people on one another's behavior that brings about a relationship. This relations form the basis of the social structure in a community.
postmodern society
A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is
Gemeinschaft.
Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a
social structure in society
Ferdinand Tönnies, Émile Durkheim, and Gerhard Lenski provided three visions of
the role of people, communication, and participation among the company executives.
Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on
Master Status
When Malcolm X was in the eighth grade, one of his teachers dismissed Malcolm's desire to be a lawyer and instead suggested he become a carpenter, the teacher viewed Malcolm's race as a(an)
A man goes to a urologist who has been recommended by his family physician. When the urologist greets him in the examining room, the man discovers that the urologist is a female, and he is startled that a woman will examine him. He is experiencing
culture shock.
social reform
believe that we study sociology to learn and improve society; Compte, Durkheim and Marx
postmodern society
A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called
Looking-Glass Self
A term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our sense of self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
Degradation Ceremony
A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the shelf by stripping away an individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place
What is the defining quality of hate crimes?
They are crimes motivated by bias against someone's ascribed status.
According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter, what purpose does an organization's "hidden values" serve?
They are self-fulfilling prophecies that affect people's corporate careers.
Thomas Theorem
William I. and Doroty S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
Functionalism
A theoretical framework that defines society as a system of interrelated parts. This paradigm is a macro approach to sociological study because it focuses on larger social structures rather than individuals.
Conflict theory
A theoretical framework that views society as being in a constant struggle over scare resources. This constant struggle inevitably results in an unequal system. (Ex: inequality of wealth and power)
What is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work?
A theory
A dramaturgical analysis of a typical physician's office would show which of the following messages?
"I will help you, but you must allow me to take charge."
What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources?
agrarian
_____ refers to when a group has distinct values and norms from those of the majority group in a society. 1.Multiculturalism 2.Assimilation 3.Cultural Diversity 4.Subculture
2.Assimilation 3.Cultural Diversity 4.Subculture $
What two presidents touted themselves as being "Law and Order" presidents? 1.Trump and Nixon 2.Clinton and Obama 3.Trump and Truman 4.Nixon and Reagan$
1.Trump and Nixon 2.Clinton and Obama 3.Trump and Truman $
if we use the analogy that some U.S. families have an income that could be represented by the height of mount Everest, then the average American family has an income that is about _____ feet off the ground.
15
harriet martineau
1802-1876 studied social behavior in britain and us, emphasized impact of economy, law, trade, health, and population on social problems
microgentic design
A method of study in which the same participants are studied repeatedly over a short period of time
punishment
A negative stimulus or event that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again
lower social integration
According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has
Status Set
All the statuses or positions that an individual occupies
Language
An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture is called
Positivism
Applying the scientific method to the social world, suggested by Auguste Comte
April spends more than 40hrs/week in day care because both her parents work full-time. Hope spends about 15 hrs/week in day care because her mother only works part-time. Based upon the studies, what can one expect of the relationship April will have with her mother by the time she starts school?
April will have a weaker bond with her mother than Hope
the family
As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of
division of labor
As explained in the text, the public attention given the failure of various government intelligence-gathering organizations to detect the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 illustrates which poorly functioning aspect of government bureaucracy?
After submitting her completed research dissertation to her comittee, Becky was accused of plagiarism by the chair of the department. What did the chair believe Becky did?
Becky copied major parts of her dissertation from someone else's work
What are the two major myths of race?
Certain races are superior to others, and pure races exist.
competition throught built-in systems of reward and punishment
Conflict theorists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis suggest that schools in the U.S. foster ____________ that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful.
Nonmaterial culture
Consists of nonphysical products of society, including our symbols, values, rules, and sanctions.
Which of the following statements is least accurate regarding the Democrats and Republicans?
Deeply committed Republicans favor legislation to control wages, working conditions, and competition.
What occurs when members of a larger group believe that giving help is no more their responsibility than anyone else's?
Diffusion of responsibility
antisocial behavior
Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behaviors that violate social norms or rules and that harm or take advantage of others
In a horticultural society some members engage in art, metal working, carpentry, and occupations other than those related to food production. What term describes this specialization fo work?
Division of labor
The slaughtering of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rawanda in 1994 and the massacre of Muslims at the hands of the Serbs in Bosnia are examples of _____.
Ethnic cleansing
What is the tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging the behavior, values, and beliefs of others?
Ethnocentrism
Functionalist Perspective
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. Therefore, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective?
Describe the principle characteristics of Lenski's four general types of societies - huntergathering, horticultural/pastoral, agrarian, and industrial societies
Hunter-gathering: a basic way of living that has the simple use of tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food. What any society starts off as. Horticultural/pastoral: horticultural allowed the use of hand tools to raise crops. What allows cultures to live off the land without mass movement. This led to pastoralism, the domestication of animals. Agrarian: or agriculture, its large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources Industrial: the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
Means of production
Instruments or tools by which goods are produced are referred to as
Guy is a NASA engineer who is working on proposals for the first manned mission to Mars. Sociologically, what is NASA in relationship to Guy's life?
It is a secondary group because NASA serves as Guy's employer, and space travel is his vocational interest.
True
Karl Marx saw the factory as the center of conflict between society's exploiters and its exploited masses. True or False?
Prosody
Language rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonation pattern. Example: Even before words or sentence structure/meaning is understood, infants can detect and mimic patterns of speech
Alienation
Making workers feel more like objects for the function rather than individual people
Folkways
Norms that are not strictly enforces
Total institution
Places in which the most effective forms of resocialization can occur because they isolate people from outside influences so they can be reformed and controlled. (Ex: military boot camps, prison, mental institutions)
Connie is six years of age. She can count to 100, but she is not sure what the numbers actually mean. According to Piaget, in what stage is Connie functioning?
Preoperational
Benevolence
Psychologist Shalom Schwartz researched values in more than 60 countries and found which values to be the most widely shared?
C. Harriet Martineau
Which sociologist translated the works of Auguste Comte into English and emphasized the impact that the economy, laws, trade, and population could have on contemporary social problems? A. Emile Durkheim B. Jane Addams C. Harriet Martineau D. Talcott Parsons
True
Selection of a research design will influence both the cost of a research project and the amount of time needed to collect the results of the research. True or False?
Sociological Perspective
Stresses the social contexts in which people live;examines how contexts influence people's lives
Gestures
Symbols that we make using our bodies, such as facial expressions, hand movements, eye contact, and other types of body language. Can vary widely between cultures.
A system of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract though is called
Technology Raw Material *Language* Ethnocentrism
The Rationalization of Society
That bureaucracies with their rules and emphasis on results, would increasingly dominate our lives
Functionalist Perspective
The USA formerly demanding conformity to a single language reflects which sociological perspective?
Displacement
The ability by which language can refer to another time and place is called
G. Lenski
The classification of technological development is most associated with
some cultural elements change more rapidly than others
The concept of cultural lag refers to the fact that
William G. Sumner
The concept of ethnocentrism was originally formulated by
Norms
The expectations for 'right' behavior that develop out of a group's values. Norms can vary in intensity
In Piaget's model, in which stage do children become "young philosophers" who are capable of abstract thinking?
The formal operational stage
What are the stages that people pass through from birth to death that include childhood, adolescence, transitional adulthood, the middle years, and the older years?
The life course
What are the stages we pass through from birth to death that include childhood, adolescence, transitional childhood, the middle years, and the older years?
The life course
Phenotype
The observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior
E. Durkheim
The term anomie was used by
Symbolic interactionism
This approach is more microlevel than macrolevel
identical twins
Twins that result from the splitting in half of the zygote, resulting in each of the two zygotes having exactly the same set of genes
Applied Sociology
Using sociology to solve problems
What classification best describes groups that organize on the basis of some mutual interest, such as the Girl Scouts, Knights of Columbus, and labor unions?
Voluntary Associations
D. the systematic destruction of a people's culture
We use the term cultural genocide to refer to A. the systematic killing of an entire people. B. the corporatization of indigenous culture C. the natural decay of culture over time. D. the systematic destruction of a people's culture.
A class system of social hierarchy is based off of:
Wealth, occupation, income and education
social network
Weight gain in one person is often related to weight gain of that person's
D. protection of the respondent's anonymity AND defining the potential audience
What is a potential problem when sending out Internet-based surveys? A. protection of the respondent's anonymity B. defining the potential audience C. the high costs of money and time D. protection of the respondent's anonymity AND defining the potential audience
B. Starbucks in Asia
Which example does Schaefer use to illustrate the rapid globalization of culture? A. Coca-Cola factories B. Starbucks in Asia C. military forces D. discovery of DNA
dramatic play
Which involves "significant other" interaction
What is the term for a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life?
ascribed status
functionalist perspective
emphasizes the way parts of a society are structured to maintain its stablility
The plow is to the second social revolution as the _____is to the third social revolution.
invention of the steam engine
A system of symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought is ________.
language
While the intended consequence of attending college is to obtain an education to prepare for entry into the job market, college also provides a "mate selection market" wherein students may meet prospective marriage partners. This market represents what Merton would describe as a ________.
latent function
compared to the working class, the lower middle class generally has
less prestige
Max Weber stressed the notion that sociological research should be "value free." This means that sociologists should not:
let personal values affect their research.
What is the primary reason for the differences people have in behavior and attitude?
location in the social structure
The term _____ was coined by charles cooley
looking glass self
What is the term for communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech?
nonverbal communication
What is Goffman's term for individuals' efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others?
presentation of self
broadly speaking, the highest percentage of the dominant group in the united states is found in the
south
Based on the model of Kahl and Gilbert, which social class is most shaped by education?
upper middle class
ethnocentrism
when a person uses his or her own culture to judge another culture
over a century ago, mosca said that
leadership requires inequalities of power
hierarchy of authority
A college is run by a board of trustees, which hires a president, who in turn selects vice presidents, deans, and other administrators. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of
Virtual world
A three-dimensional model, two-dimensional icon, or constructed personality provided by an Internet site is referred to as a(an)
economic rewards
According to the classical theory of formal organizations, workers are motivated almost entirely by
the person's unique talents or characteristics.
An ascribed status is a social position "assigned" to a person by society without regard to
Gemeinschaft.
In a small town in the Midwest, all of the children attend the same school and most of the community members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else, and they have shared numerous experiences with one another. This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies as
role exit
In her study of ex-convicts, divorced men and women, recovering alcoholics, ex-nuns, former doctors, retirees, and transsexuals, Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh used the concept of ________ to define the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity and the reestablishment of an identity in a new role.
his inability to move his legs
Rick is a professional sports reporter. He has worked at a local TV station for 12 years. Every year he hosts a telethon for the local trauma center that saved his life after a car accident which left him unable to move his legs. According to your text, what is Rick's master status?
From Puerto Rica
Roberto Clemente Walker was a baseball player from Puerto Rica, who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was also involved in relief work in Latin America and died in an aviation accident on December 31, 1972, while en route to deliver aid to earthquake victims in Nicaragua. Which of Robert Clemente's statuses mentioned here is an ascribed status?
the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
The conflict perspective holds that social institutions maintain
Conflict perspectives
The destructive consequences of tensions between in-groups and out-groups would probably be stressed by which sociological perspective?
Role strain
The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is known as
nature vs. nurture
The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over
size, specificity of goals, and degree of efficiency.
ways in which formal organizations can vary
information that is verified by the senses
sociologists use the idea of empirical evidence to refer to
Studies that involve identical twins demonstrate that both heredity and environment influence human development, true or false?
True
Socialization
The process by which people learn the characteristics of their group (the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropiate for them
Replacing personnel
What functional prerequisite was not fulfilled by the religious sect known as the Shakers?
Social Interaction
What people do when they are in one another's presence
A sanction is: a. A reward or punishment b. Always a punishment c. Always a reward d. Always applied fairly
a. A reward of punishment
bourgeosie
control class of capitalist (factory owners)
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called
ethnocentrism
the scientific study of social behavior and human groups is know as A.psychology B. political science C. anthropology D. sociology
sociology
Sociobiologist
somebody that studies Altruistic acts that ensure the survival of the next generation
It would be fair to say that in the cultural leveling process taking place today
something vital is lost forever.
Socialization
The process by which people learn the characteristics of their group, the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate for them
Scale Model Task
-In a test of young children's ability to use a symbol as a source of information, a 3-year-old child watches as the experimenter (Judy DeLoache) hides a miniature troll doll under a pillow in a scale model of an adjacent room. -The child searches successfully for a larger troll doll hidden in the corresponding place in the actual room, indicating that she appreciates the relation between the model and room. -The child also successfully retrieves the small toy she originally observed being hidden in the model.
Max Weber
-Protestant Ethic, religion is the central force for social change
Auguste Compte
-early founder of sociology -was the first to use positivism -social reformer
Herbert Spenser
-social darwinism -believed that we should not interfere with natural evolution of society ie the strong will survive, and that society would naturally evolve from lower to higher form. By helping the poor we affect the natural evolution of society
Karl Marx
-social reformer -Communism sharing of the nation's wealth, Govt owned everything vs capitalism and private ownership -society was composed of 2 groups fighting for natural resoucres; battle between the have and have nots
Society
. a group that lives in the same territory
In the documentary The 13th, it states what percentage of African American men will be detained or incarcerated in their lifetime?
1 out of 3
Cooley's Looking-Class Self
1. Imagine how we appear to others 2. Imagine how others are judging us 3. Adjust our behavior
The later older years
1. are marked by growing frailty and illness 2. is ended by death
Vocabulary Spurt due to...
1.adult influences on word learning-joint attention and pointing 2.amount and quality of speech 3.consistency between visual environment and spoken words
Another term for Freud's concept of the superego is ________. internalized culture personality all of the above reality principle
1.internalized culture 2.personality 3.reality principle $
karl marx 1
1818-1883 society divided between two classes that clash in pursuit of interests, worked with engels, emphasized group identification and associations that influence one's place in society
herbert spencer
1820-1903 stydied evolutionary change in society
talcott parsons
1902-1972 viewed society as vast network of connected parts, each helps maintain the system as a whole
rober merton
1910-2003 combined theory and research, developed explanation of deviant behavior,
Drawing and Writing Timeline
2.5 yrs - kiddos draw scribbles 3-4 yrs - drawing pictures starts -> reflect emerging understanding of writing and dual representation Children love to draw people!
what percentage of the nation's wealth is owned by the wealthiest 1% of americans?
35%
C. cultural relativism
A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of A. xenocentrism B. ethnocentrism C. cultural relativism D. cultural deconstruction
Reference group
A college law enforcement major watches the behavior of television police detectives with great admiration. These detectives could be considered
To be classified as a society, what are the two key qualitites a group of people must share?
A common culture and a territory
ideal type
A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called
A counterculture
A criminal gang would exemplify
What sociological concept explains why natives in remote South American jungles can be found using metal cooking pots, and American can be found eating Chinese food in Chicago?
Cultural diffusion
myelin sheath
A fatty coating that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission
An expressive artifact
A flag would be an example of
experimental design
A group of design approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn
Peer Group
A group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
Counterculture
A group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture
Stigma
A mark of disgrace associated with a particular status, quality, or person. (Ex: De-stigmatizing mental illness)
Ethnocentrism
A member of a new fundamentalist church believes that she has found the one true way to achieve salvation and members of other religions are pagans and will go directly to hell when they die. This individual is
longitudinal study
A method of study in which the same participants are studied twice or more over a substantial length of time
sequential design
A method of study which combines the best features of cross-sectional and longitudinal research by assessing multiple cohorts over time.
Postindustrial (or information) Society
A new type of society based on information, services, and the latest technology rather than on raw material and manufacturing
face-work
A person leaves a singles' bar alone and later tells a friend, "There wasn't anyone interesting in the entire crowd." According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of
What term describes a society which is made up of many different religions, races, and ethnic groups?
A pluralistic society
B. reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the U.S.
A social scientist would be likely to study the A. composition of a meteorite discovered in a remote area of Siberia. B. reasons for the decreasing divorce rate in the U.S. C. newest procedure in heart transplant surgery. D. possibility of life on Mars.
B. a fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside of it, and participate in a common culture.
A society is A. the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior B. a fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside of it, and participate in a common culture. C. the norms, values, and beliefs of a large group of people. D. all of these
Pluralistic Society
A society made up of many different groups
postindustrial society
A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called
Language
A system of speech and/or written symbols used to convey meaning and communicate; Affects how we see things.
Dramaturgical approach
A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of
Achieved status
A type of position that you earn or do something to attain. (Ex: promotion at work)
Gesellschaft
A type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest
role conflict
A woman in her mid-30s has enrolled in a local community college to earn a degree in horticulture. The night before her first major course examination, she is asked by her boss to work several additional hours because they have just received a major order that needs to be processed immediately. This student is experiencing
negative formal sanction
A worker is frequently late, takes extended "coffee breaks," and makes numerous mistakes while working on important tasks. As a result of poor performance, the worker is fired. This is an example of
The scientific method requires that research results be both valid and reliable. Reliability refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results. A) True B) False
A) True Reliability refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results. Validity refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.
Which sociological perspective assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between competing groups? A) conflict perspective B) interactionist perspective C) microsociology D) functionalist perspective
A) conflict perspective
Within sociology, a (an) ____________ is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior. A) theory B) hypothesis C) operational definition D) correlation
A) theory
According to the text, which of the major theoretical perspectives views sports as an "opiate" that encourages people to seek a temporary fix rather than focus on personal problems? A) functionalist perspective B) conflict perspective C) interactionist perspective D) feminist perspective
B) conflict perspective
a negative self identity
According to Charles Horton Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to
to radically alter a persons personality or behavior
According to Erving goffman, the goal of a total institution is
children imitate the people around them
According to George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, the preparatory stage occurs when
Game stage
According to George Herbert Mead, during which stage of development does a child respond to numerous members of the social environment and grasp his or her distinctive social position?
hunting-and-gathering society
According to Gerhard Lenski's typology of societies, a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called
Sociocultural evolution
According to Gerhard Lenski, what is the long-term trend in societies that results from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection?
6 months
According to Harlow's study isolation of infants caused irreversible emotional and behavioral damage after
the reality of humans is shaped by our perceptions and evaluations. Humans respond to behavior based on the meaning we attach to the actions of others. Humans interpret or define each other's actions.
According to Herbert Blumer, the distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that
D. all of these
According to Max Weber, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to A. their own personal views. B. theoretically based explanations. C. widely accepted beliefs. D. all of these.
overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy
According to Robert Merton, goal displacement is
in-group
According to William Graham Sumner, any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a
out-group
According to William Graham Sumner, any group to which people feel they do not belong is called a
Interactionist perspective
According to a report by the American Association of University Women, girls face some important challenges resulting from differential treatment based on sexism in U.S. schools. This analysis most likely reflects the view of which sociological perspective?
Most husbands do not call their wife by their name.
According to the textbook, what is true regarding marriage in Japan?
the scientific management approach
Activists in a large city join forces to create a new organization with the goal of preserving landmark buildings that have historical importance. At first, the organization functions democratically, but over time it is taken over by three people. These leaders establish a bureaucratic structure that helps them to maintain control of the organization. These developments can be best explained by
the l
Behavior that is spontaneous,unconventional and individualistic would be most attributed to
What two variables does a population pyramid usually display?
Age and sex of the population
A. theorizing and gathering information.
Although some of the early sociologist saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the twentieth century, the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to A. theorizing and gathering information. B. a de-emphasis on the scientific method C. applied sociology. D. the advocacy of civil rights for minorities.
A. functionalist
An argot is a specialized language used by members of a subculture. Doctors and nurses, for example, have developed a language system that is not easily understood by patients, but enables medical professionals to communicate more easily, rapidly, and precisely with one another. Which sociological perspective is likely to emphasize the value of this specialized medial language? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist
Functionalist
An argot is a specialized language used by members of a subculture. Doctors and nurses, for example, have developed a language system that is not easily understood by patients, but enables medical professionals to communicate more easily, rapidly, and precisely with one another. Which sociological perspective is likely to emphasize the value of this specialized medical language?
Project Head Start
An early intervention program developed by the U.S. government in response to focusing on improving success of children in poverty.
Negative Sanction
An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such a a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution
Negative sanctions
An expression of disapproval for breaking norm, ranging from mild, informal reaction such as a frown, to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence.
Resocialization
An individual participates in personal therapy sessions for one year, and there are dramatic changes in the individual's personality during that period of time. This individual has undergone
Significant Other
An individual who significantly influences someone's life
Class consciousness
An understanding of one's position in the class system.
Macrosociology
Analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of social structure, such as social class an the relationships of groups to one another; an approach usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists
Sociologist Nicholas Stinnett (1992) used interviews and questionnaires to study 660 families from all regions of the United States and parts of South America. Of the following, which factor was not found among happy families:
Are not religious
Labeling Theory:
Argues that reactions to a norm violation are a critical element in deviance. - Only after an act is discovered and labeled "deviant" is the act recognized as such - If the same act is not discovered and labeled, it is not deviant - Labeling is triggered by a behavior, but it results in a redefinition or typing of the actor. (People perceive us differently because of what we do--> which can channel a person toward deviance or conformity)
What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course?
Ascribed status
What is the difference between ascribed status and achieved status?
Ascribed status: a social position that someone receives at birth or involuntary assumes later in life. Achieved status: social position that someone assumes voluntarily and that reflects personal ability and effort.
What is the primary difference between an ascribed status and an achieved status?
Ascribed statuses are involuntary while achieved statuses are voluntary.
which of the following statements about race is true?
Ashley montagu, physical anthropologist, classified people into forty racial groups
Which sociologist introduced the concept of the sociological imagination? A) Max Weber B) Auguste Comte C) Harriet Martineau D) Wright Mills
B) Auguste Comte
The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another is called the dependent variable. A) True B) False
B) False The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another is called the independent variable. The action of the dependent variable "depends" on the influence of the independent variable.
Deviance/ Deviant behavior
Behavior that violates norms or the expectations of others.
Émile Durkheim's research suggested that A) Catholics had much higher suicide rates than Protestants. B) there seemed to be higher rates of suicide in times of peace than in times of war and revolution. C) civilians were more likely than soldiers to take their own lives. D) suicide is a solitary act, unrelated to group life.
B) there seemed to be higher rates of suicide in times of peace than in times of war and revolution.
the importance of gender in moral development
C. Gilligan's study of development shows
Horticultural Societies
Based on the cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools
A correlation exists when A) one variable causes something to occur in another variable. B) two or more variables are causally related. C) a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable. D) a negative relationship exists between two variables.
C) a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable.
The term anomie refers to A) a construct, or a made-up model, that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. B) the study of small groups. C) the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. D) a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior.
C) the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
True
Content analysis of recent films has been used to demonstrate an increase in the amount of smoking shown in motion pictures. True or False?
False
Correlations are an indication that causality is always present. True or False?
Game stage
Christina is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Jessica, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Christina's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team. According to George Herbert Mead, she is in which stage of development?
values
Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper, as well bad, undesirable, and improper, are known as
Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?
Conflict theory
Role Conflict
Conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectation attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role
the superego
Conscience and ego ideal are part of
When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of what?
Cultural diffusion
Technology
Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires.
Marshall is examining the culture of the Lenape Indians. He is exploring how the various aspects of the Lenape culture fit together including their religion, family values, agricultural efforts, and customs. By doing so, Marshall is practicing ________.
Cultural relativism
Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is true? .
Cultural relativism has come under attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating.
What is one important trend that is associated with the "information revolution"?
Cultural symbols that frame our lives will be intentionally created.
passing cultural patters from one generation to the next
Cultural transmission refers to the process of
_____ refer(s) to values, norms, or other cultural traits found everywhere.
Cultural universals
Are part of every known culture
Cultural universals are cultural traits that
What is the term used to describe a group's language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and gestures?
Culture
Mark is a foreign exchange student living with a Chinese family. The first night he was with them his hosts served a delicious entree of meat and vegetables. Although tasty, Mark could not identify the meat. When his host told him it was roast dog Mark became upset and decided to become a vegetarian for the course of his stay. In view of this, which sociological concept did Mark just experience?
Culture shock
Define and give examples of culture shock.
Culture shock: personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. Ex. Refugee coming into Canada for the first time.
Define culture and its 5 components;
Culture: the beliefs, values, behaviour, and material objects that, together, form a people's way of life Symbols: anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture. Language: a system of symbols that allows people to communicate one another. Values: culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness and beauty and that serve as broad guide lines Beliefs: statements that people hold to be true. Norms: rules and expectations by which society guides the behaviour of its members.
______ refers to a shared way of life or social heritage, while ______ refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share a way of life.
Culture; society
The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another is called the A) dependent variable. B) hypothetical variable. C) correlation variable. D) independent variable.
D) independent variable.
A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, is known as a (an) A) observation. B) ethnography. C) experiment. D) survey.
D) survey.
A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions is referred to as a (an) A) operational definition. B) theory. C) hypothesis. D) variable.
D) variable.
Impression management
Early in life, a person learns to slant his or her presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. Erving Goffman called this process
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Edward Sapir's and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
What is the "rationalization of society"?
The process of bureaucracies dominating social life
Peter Principles
Each employee of a bureaucracy is promoted to his or her level of incompetence
Word segmentation
The process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech
Play stage
Debbie attends her first day of school, and when she returns home, she "plays school" with her younger brother. As part of this play activity, Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors that were performed by her teacher during the day. According to George Herbert Mead, Debbie is in which stage of development?
True
Despite their differences, functionalists, conflict theorists, and interactionists would all agree that there is much more to sports than exercise or recreation. True or false?
A society that believes that by punishing one person who commits a crime will prevent others' from committing a similar crime are practicing the approach of:
Deterrence
Which of the following statements about globalization is correct?
Developing nations lose their traditional values and begin to identify with the culture of core nations.
Related readings:
Deviance and Labeling: The Saints and the Roughnecks (p.229), On Being Sane in Insane Places (p.322), Deviance and Social Control the pathology of imprisonment (p.315), If Hitler asked you to electrocute a stranger (p.269)
Which of the following statements regarding deviance is least true?
Deviance is a universal term when applied within the same society.
When missionaries introduced steel axes to the Aborigines of Australia, it upset their entire society. What do sociologists call the spreading of an invention, such as the ax, from one society to another?
Diffusion
A. settlement houses.
Early female sociologists such as Jane Addams were often active in poor urban areas as leaders of community centers known as A. settlement houses. B. communes. C. collective homes. D. utopian communities
Early in the 20th century, most of those who immigrated to Canada came from which continents?
Europe and the United Kingdom
Sanctions
Expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms
the anal stage of development
Expulsion and retention are associated with
Gesellschaft
Ferdinand Tönnies used the term __________ to refer to communities that are large, impersonal, and often urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.
What impact did the introduction of the potato have on the demography of Europe?
Fertility increased and the death rate dropped
Emile Durkheim
Found the trends underlying suicide, less social integration=the higher the rate, proestant, male, and unmarried have higher rates
What is the core value that pervades U.S. life and is underscored by the American revolution?
Freedom
The event that most inspired Auguste Comte to pose the question, "What holds society together?" and begin developing sociology as a science was the ________.
French Revolution
Merton's manifest functions
Functions that lead to an expected consequence or outcome.
Merton's latent functions
Functions that lead to unforseen or unexpected consequences.
social experience
G. H. mead believed that the origin and development of the self is largely a product of
the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities
Gender roles are expectations regarding ______ of males and females.
As children, boys usually receive trucks, sporting equipment, and action toys. Girls receive dolls and gifts that are most passive. Overall, what do sociologists call this sex-based criteria for the gifts children receive?
Gender socialization
Informal Norms
Generally understood but not precisely recorded.
_____ places an emphasis on the influence of genes on human behavior.
Genetics-informed sociology
C. the existence of fast-food franchise in countries throughout the world
George Ritzer's concept "The McDonaldization of society" refers to A. the placement of a McDonald's franchise in every community with more than 5,000 inhabitants by the year 2010 B. the domination of numerous sectors of societies throughout the world by principles initially used by fast-food restaurants. C. the existence of a fast-food franchise in countries throughout the world. D. the placement of a McDonald's franchise in every community with more than 5,000 inhabitants AND the domination of numerous sectors of societies throughout the world by principles initially used by fast-food restaurants
A. functionalist
Given that cultural diffusion could upset the stability of a society, which perspective is most likely to argue that most cultures resist new cultural components that do not fit comfortably into their social system? A. functionalist B. conflict C. interactionist D. feminist
Functionalist
Given that cultural diffusion could upset the stability of a society, which theoretical perspective is likely to argue that most cultures resist new cultural components that do not fit comfortably into their social system?
Social Inequality
Giving privileges and obligations to one group of people while denying them to another
anticipatory socialization
Going to computer school to become a computer programmer would be an example of
What conclusion can be drawn from Solomon Asch's experiment on group conformity?
Group pressure will cause most people to say things they don't believe
Primary groups
Groups that are small, intimate, and enduring. (Ex: family and close friends)
Public Sociology
Harnessing the sociological perspective for the benefit of the public, a middle ground between research and reform
Which sociologist translated the works of Auguste Comte into English and emphasized the impact that the economy, laws, trade, and population could have on contemporary social problems
Harriet Martineau
False
Harriet Martineau and Ida B. Wells prevented the implementation of a racial segregation policy in the Chicago public school system in the early 1900s and helped to establish settlement houses in that city. True or False?
C. Darwin
He stimulated an interest in modern Physical Anthropology
Auguste Comte
He was a positivist and described three stages in the development of society
Secondary data analysis
The process of using and analyzing data that others have collected.
cell migration
The process through which newly formed cells move away from point of origin
Define, compare and give examples of norms, mores and folkways.
Norms: rules and expectations by which society guides the behaviour of its members. "common sense" Mores: norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. Being polite to people Folkways: norms for routine or casual interactions. Saying hello.
which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change, or evolve, over time: A Wmile Durkheim B. Charles Darwin C. Hariet Martineau D. Herbert Spencer
Herbert spencer
Based on Emile Durkheim's research on suicide, which individual would be the greatest suicide risk?
Herbert, a single Protestant man living in the city
Alfonzo was in sixth grade. some of the stories that his teacher told when teaching English, history and math included lessons in patriotism and honesty which were part of the schools
Hidden curriculum
highlight self-expression
High income nations tend to have cultural values that
Which of the following qualities least qualifies as a part of one's social environment?
His/her intellectual capability
Symbolic Interactionism
Idea that symbols (things to which we attach meaning) are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another
echolalia
Imitating the sounds that other make would
Self-locomotion
Important factor in spatial coding
Alice if getting ready for an interview with a potential employer. She had picked out a blazer and skirt and has had her hair done at the salon. Alice is relying on her manner and her appearance to communicated to the employer that she would be an excellent employee. What term would Goffman use to describe Alice's behavior?
Impression management
C. laws
In American society, we often formalize norms into A. folkways. B. mores. C. laws. D. values.
the ego
In Freud's theory, the element of personality that represents an individuals efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives and the demands of society is
Cultural Relativism
Not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms (cultural empathy)
Alienation
In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels charged that the capitalist system reduces workers to a mere "appendage of the machine," which leads to extreme
C. funeral ceremonies
In his research, George Murdock determined which of the following to be a cultural universal? A. war B. astronomy C. funeral ceremonies D. all of these
increased over time
In historical perspective, the power of the mass media in the socialization process has
B. anomie.
In many Third World nations, the pace of social chang eis very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in Third World nations are likely to suffer A. dialecticism. B. anomie C. verstehen D. dramaturgy
Subculture
In the U.S., professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of
C. subcultures
In the U.S., professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of A. cultures. B. countercultures. C. subcultures D. contracultures
endophenotypes
Intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous system, that do not involve overt behavior
Feminist perspective
In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations?
Id
Inborn drives that cause us to seek self-gratification
True
Inequality, capitalism, and stratification are key concepts of the conflict perspective. True or False
Folkways
Informal types of norms, not severe consequences.
What were the basic components of the fourth social revolution?
Information and services
Rich-get-richer hypothesis
Internet is benefitcial to those who already are proficient using social skills.
A> the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist
Invention is A. the combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist B. the process of introducing new elements into a culture C. the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality D. the process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society
Describe the different ways in which cultural change takes place.
Invention: the process of creating new cultural elements Discovery: recognizing and better understanding something already in existence Diffusion: the spread of objects or ideas from one society to another.
Why do functionalists argue that the incest taboo is a norm necessary for proper family development?
It facilitates the socialization of children, and it avoids role confusion.
When Frank was only a year old, he was "unofficially" adopted by another family on the block when his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Frank lived with this family until he enlisted in the military at age 19. How would sociologists classify the adopting family that Frank lived with for 18 years?
It was Frank's family of orientation.
What term do sociologists use to describe the norms and values that people actually follow as opposed to those the would follow if they lives in "a perfect world"?
Real culture
Which theorist created Conflict Theory?
Karl Marx
moral development
L. Kohlberg's focus in socialization is on
______ is/are the thread that connects members of a society in the symbolic web we call culture.
Language
Explain the various ways that language is used in everyday life and how it shapes our reality.
Language and power:language can help men establish control over their surroundings. Female pronouns are use on certain objects (like boats) thus establishing ownership. Can be shaped by social context. Language and Value: the language treated as masculine is usually given greater value, force, or significance. Humour: language can be use to create jokes that plays with words or ideas in contrast with the reality of society, for example "Police begin campaign to run down jaywalkers".
What term did Robert Merton use to describe human actions that hurt a system (society) that are usually unintended?
Latent dysfunctions
Autocratic leaders
Leaders who determine the group policies and assign tasks.
Laissez-faire leaders
Leaders who lead by absence and may not in fact want to be leaders at all.
Democratic leaders
Leaders who strive to set group policy by discussion and agreement.
continues through all stages of the life course.
Life-course theorists suggest socialization
Cross sectional study
Looks at one event at a single point in time, used for tracking trends in society. May not always include data gathered from the same people. The majority of available data in sociology are a result of this.
Operationalizing
Lorenzo's hypothesis suggests that the more religious a teenager is, the less likely he/she is to have sexual intercourse before marriage. Lorenzo measures religiosity by the number of times a week a person prays and he measures sexual experience by the number of sexual partners that a person has had. By turning the abstract concepts into something measurable, Lorenzo is involved in: Operationalizing Theorizing Oversampling Triangulation
Manifest/Latent Functions
Manifest is an action that is intended to help the system and latent is a function that unintendedly helps the system adjust
How did Karl Marx and Max Weber differ in their theoretical assumptions?
Marx believed economics was the central force driving social change, and Weber claimed it was religion
How did Karl Marx and Max Weber differ in their theoretical assumptions?
Marx believed economics was the central force of social change and Weber claimed it was religion.
What is master status and give an example?
Master status: a status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life. An example of this would be having a handicap.
Gestures, language, values and social norms are examples of
Material Culture *Non-Material culture* Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism
Give examples of material and non-material culture.
Material culture: convenience items such as T.V's Non-material culture: The names of the days of the week, Monday.
the concept of verstehen was introduced into sociology by: A. Auguste Comte B. Emile Durkheim C. Max Weber D. C Wright Mills
Max Weber
Imitation Stage
Mead's first stage of development, which is the period from birth to about age 2, and is the stage at which children merely copy the behaviors of those around them.
Play Stage
Mead's second stage of development, which occurs around the ages of 2-4 years, during which children play roles and begin to take on the characteristics of important people in their world.
Game Stage
Mead's third stage of development that never truly ends, and is the stage in which we begin to understand that others have expectations and demands placed upon them.
Macro
Means "large-scale"; Seeing social issues by understanding how history and social structure affect the individual.
What is the basis for referring to the society in which members are interdependent upon one another as being in a state of "organic solidarity"?
Members of the society are like organs of the body, each performing different tasks
What does the case of Harold and Sybil show?
Men and women often have disagreements because they fail to understand their different points of view.
Interactionist perspective
Mitchell Duneier's work regarding social networks operates from which sociological perspective?
Morality of care
Morality decided by a standard of how best to help those who are in need.
________ Nations contain 16 percent of the world's population, 31 percent of the world's land, and are concentrated in the northern hemisphere.
Most Industrialized
promoting equality of all cultural traditions
Multiculturalism would most advocate
How has the introduction of new technologies affected global domination and stratification?
New technologies benefit the Industrializing and Least Industrialized Nations at a far greater degree than the Most Industrialized Nations.
Which statement about incest is true?
No society permits generalized incest for its members.
A. is more resistant to change than material culture.
Nonmaterial culture A. is more resistant to change than material culture. B. is less resistant to change than material culture. C. changes at the same pace as material culture D. does not change once it has been created
D. all of these
Norms are A. rules governing specific behavior B. rules deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society C. rules commonly made by a government for the welfare of a society, D. all of these
D. all of these
Norms are often violated when A. they are weakly enforced B. a subculture's norms vary from the norms of the dominant culture. C. they conflict with one another. D. all of these
Folkways
Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as
Folkways
Norms that are not strictly enforce. FOR EXAMPLE: walking on the right side of the sidewalk, not picking your nose, oversharing information
Mores
Norms that are strictly enforce because they are thought essential to core values
Mores
Norms that represent a community's most important values, severe consequences.
Mores
Norms thought to be essential to core values which require conformity. FOR EXAMPLE: theft, rape, public nudity
Mores
Norms with a moral basis-and they have more severe sanctions
C. ethnographic
Observation research is the most common form of _______ research, which relies on what is seen in the field and in naturalistic settings more than it does on statistical data. A. quantitative B. qualitative C. ethnographic D. experimental
Organic solidarity
Occurs when people live in a society with a diverse division of labor.
Role strain
Occurs when the demands and expectations of one role are impossible for us to satisfy.
Spurious correlation
Occurs when two variables appear to be related, but actually have a different cause.
ben hemmed in on the reservations the government confined to them
One implication of land development for Brazil's indigenous people is that their ability to fish and hunt has
Struggling to remain
One implication of land development for Brazil's indigenous people is that their culture is
Anomic
One of Durkheim's four types of suicide. Examples: Anyone who cannot deal with chaos, such as the Stock Market Crash of 1929 Motivation: Insecurity
Fatalistic
One of Durkheim's four types of suicide. Examples: Inmates, elderly, terminally ill Motivation: Hopelessness
Altruistic
One of Durkheim's four types of suicide. Examples: Kamikaze pilots, suicide bombers, cult members Motivation: Obligation to the group
Egoistic
One of Durkheim's four types of suicide. Examples: Mentally ill, lonely, social outcasts Motivation: Depression
True
One of Robert Merton;s most significant contributions to sociology was the attempt to merge the microlevel and macrolevel approaches to the study of society. True or False?
social
Online networks which indicate how many "friends" a profile has, can help build _____ capital for an individual?
According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept?
Our self concept develops from interaction with others
According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self-concept?
Our self-concept develops from interaction with others.
Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic towards the Bloods and the Slaves. For Cody, what type of group do these two rival gangs represent?
Out-Groups
Which of the following is a statement based on the Sapir-Whorf thesis?
People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.
When Judith Kleinfeld replicated Milgram's experiment on small world phenomenon, what did she conclude?
People who don't know one another are dramatically separated by social barriers
Group
People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is important; alsoc called a social group
can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards demonstrated that a social structure can
In bureaucracies, what term refers to illogical rules and procedures?
Red tape
Achieved Statuses
Positions that are earned or accomplished, or that involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part
What term describes hugs, smiles, and "high fives" that are freely given between two individuals as a sign of expressing approval for following a norm?
Positive Sanctions
______ societies are characterized by technology that supports an information-based economy.
Post-industrial
Operational Definition
Precise ways to measure the variables
What conclusion did the Sherifs reach following their experiment in which boys at a summer camp were assigned different cabins that competed against each other in sports and for status?
Prejudice is functional, as it creates in-group solidarity.
What is the purpose of propaganda, as the term is applied to social movements, political campaigns, and by governments today?
Propaganda is one-sided and distorts reality in favor of who controls it.
Enrolled at a four-year university
Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Four statuses are mentioned in that sentence. Which of the statuses is an achieved status?
Society
Relatively independent of people outside their area
Religion has often been used to justify denying homosexuals certain rights in the United States. What would conflict theorists argue that this illustrates about religion?
Religion is used to legitimate social inequality.
What is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors called?
Resocialization
Sanctions
Rewards and punishments that keep nonconformity at a minimum are called
Positive sanctions
Rewards for following norms (may be material or immaterial)
Play stage
Roberto comes home from his third-grade class and insists that his younger siblings "play school." Roberto assumes the role of the teacher, and he makes his siblings be the students. According to George Herbert Mead, Roberto is in which stage of development?
Equal opportunity, achievement and success, practicality and efficiency, activity and work
Robin Williams created a list of basic values to help define the national character of people living in the USA. List four of these basic values:
What is the difference between role conflict and role strain?
Role conflict: conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses Role strain: tension among the roles connected to a single status
Syntax
Rules in a language about how words can combine to construct sentences. (i.e. grammar, subject verb agreement, independent-dependent clauses, etc.)
What was the last nation to be accepted into the Group of 7, which transformed it into the Group of 8?
Russia
Starbucks
Schaefer uses _______ to illustrate the rapid globalization of culture?
C. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another.
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use A. questionnaires and interviews B. participant observation C. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another D. control groups
Shaking one's head left and right to mean "no" and up and down to mean "yes" are examples of
Selectivity Impression Management Sanctions *Gestures*
Which country guarantees its citizens a high level of access to health care, education, child and elderly care and unemployment benefits?
Sweden
Which sociological perspective analyzes how social life depends on the ways we define ourselves and other?
Symbolic interactionism
total institutions
The authorities devise rules and schedule activities without consulting the participants
Explain culture using the three major sociological theories.
Social conflict: Social functionalism: social interaction:
As societies become more industrialized, how do their social institutions change?
Social institutions become the standard ways that a society meets its basic needs
Sociologist Mayer Zald suggests that during some periods of time there are very few social movements in a society and that, at other times, a wave of social movements will emerge. What did Zald suggest is the reason for the fluctuating number of social movements?
Social movements increase when the society experiences a cultural crisis.
useful
Social network connections that are weak may be
Social Compensation
Social network users who try to increase their popularity online to compensate for inadequate popularity offline is referred to by which hypothesis?
Status
Social ranking; the position that someone occupies in society or a social group
Interactionists Perspective
Socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity but also marriage and parenthood begins in childhood as a part of family life. Children observe their parents as they express affection, deal with finances, quarrel, complain about in-laws, and so forth. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying this?
Primary socialization
Socialization that occurs during childhood.
What is the largest and most complex type of group?
Society
What term describes people who share a culture and territory?
Society
Why do sociologists generally object to the Freudian view of personality?
Sociologists reject the view that inborn or subconscious motivations are primary reasons for our behavior
How does the manner in which sociologists apply the term deviant differ from the manner in which members of the general public apply the term?
Sociologists use the term deviance nonjudgmentally; members of the general public respond to it negatively.
how society actually operates
Sociology differs from earlier philosophy by focusing on
False
Sociology is the systematic study of social behavior and the study of individual personality differences. True or False?
Organic Solidarity
Solidarity based on the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people needing others to fulfill their jobs
Invention
Something that results with existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before
Symbol
Something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others
______ defines who and what we are in relation to others.
Status
As Dr. Crabtree lectures her American Lit class just before lunch, her stomach begins to rumble at a volume that can be heard by most of the students. She ignores it and continues and her students ignore it too. This is an example of which face-saving behavior?
Studied non observance
correlation design
Studies intended to indicate how two variables are related to each other
Symbols such as the crucifix, the Star of David, or the crescent moon and star provide a number of functions for the members of the respective religions they represent. Which of the following statements is least significant regarding these symbols?
Symbols are universally understood messages in all cultures.
Face-Saving Behavior
Techniques people use to salvage a performance that is going sour
a dysfunction
That cell phones cause automobile accidents would be an example of
sensitive period
The period of time during which a developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors
What was the major difference between the half-million Cubans who fled Castro's rise to power in 1959 and the 100,000 boat people who fled Cuba in 1980?
The 1980 group was less educated and lower-class.
What does "the McDonaldization" of society refer to?
The predictability and standardization of everyday life
In Nebraska, a man arranged for the marriage of his 13- and 14-year-old daughters to two 34- and 28-year-old Iraqi men who were also immigrants. Based upon this traditional and time-honored Islamic practice, what were the reactions of the citizens of Nebraska and Muslims in the Middle East?
The Muslims were unphased by the event while the Nebraska citizens considered it as rape.
What term refers to how language determines ones consciousness and perceptions of objects and events?
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Culture Industry
The Schaefer text indicates that Theodor Adorno as being associated with
hunting-and-gathering society
The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food and tending small gardens. Their primary tool is a stone ax, which they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(an)
W.E.B Du Bois
The U.S sociologist studies the African American community and served as a founder of the NAACP
S. Fraiberg
The book "Every child's birthright, in defense of mothering" was written by
Game stage
The child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the
D. the American Sociological Association
The code of ethics for the discipline of sociology was developed by A. Max Weber B. the U.S. Department of Education. C. the American Association of University Professors. D. the American Sociological Association.
Social Integration
The degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds
Social Integration
The degree to which people are tied to their social groups
Conformity
The degree to which we will alter our behavior, attitudes, and points of view to fit into our perceived expectation of what is appropriate.
B. Auguste Comte
The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French theorist A. Emile Durkheim B. Auguste Comte C. Harriet Martineau D. Marcel Marceau
Culture Shock
The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
Norms
The established standards of behavior maintained by a society
culture shock
The feeling of surprise that is experienced when people witness cultural practices different from their own is known as
Apoptosis
The genetically programmed death of cells
Africa
The global map on economic development shows the economically poorest region of the world is
Perceptual organization
The grouping together of objects that have similar appearances
Reference Groups
The groups we refer to when we evaluate ourselves
The looking glass self
The idea that actions conform to how we think others see us is part of
Ideal Culture
The ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them
1760-1850
The industrial revolution, pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization first appeared in what period of history?
Culture
The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
Culture
The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are important enough to pass on to future generations of society.
middle income nations
The largest number of nations in the world(about 75 of a total of 192) falls into which of the following categories
How is our nine-month school year a living example of a culture lag?
The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s.
Folkway
The line at the grocery store is very long. When Mrs. Jefferson finally makes her way to the front of the line, the cashier's cell phone rings. The cashier answers the call and talks on the phone for 3 minutes before ringing up Mrs. Jefferson's order. By making her customers wait to be served, the cashier has violated a: More Taboo Folkway Sanction
Material Culture
The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
the experiment
The method of sociological research best suited to identifying cause and effect relationships is
False
The mores, folkways, and values of a subculture are the only elements similar to the dominant majority. True or False?
synaptic pruning
The normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated
"Me" Self
The objective part of the self; the part of our self-concept that questions how others might interpret our actions. Understands the symbols that others give us and seeks to find favorable reactions.
Social Institution
The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs
Role Performance
The particular emphasis or interpretation that we give to a role
Piaget and the Development of Reasoning
The sensorimotor stage (birth-age 2; sucking, touching), preoperational stage (age 2-7; ability to use symbols), concrete operational stage (age 7-12; concrete reasoning abilities), formal operational stage (age 12+; capable of abstract thinking)
Functional Analysis / Structural Functionalism
The society is a whole unit, made up of iterrelated parts that work together, like organs working together in a body
Frank is examining the broad stream of events that have occurred over the past 50 years, along with the specific experiences of his own life. By doing so, what sociological process has Frank undertaken?
The sociological imagination
What sociological phrase is used to describe "opening a window onto unfamiliar worlds and offering a fresh look at familiar worlds?"
The sociological perspective
Which of the following descriptions is LEAST applicable to material culture?
The space shuttle A lead pencil An advertisement in People Magazine *Religious doctrine that allows a man to have several wives*
Values
The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly.
Conflict Perspective
The statement "African-American parents have learned that children as young as two years can absorb negative messages about Blacks in children's books, toys, and television shows" most likely supports the views of which sociological perspective?
B. a hypothesis
The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of A. an operational definition. B. a hypothesis C. a research design D. casual logic
Master status
The status toward which we gravitate because it is the most important to us. (Ex: status as a parent, one's race, economic standing, etc.)
Which invention from the Industrial Revolution was responsible for the mass population shift into cities and the subsequent rise of cities' influence on society?
The steam engine
gerontology
The study of aging and the elderly is called
trained incapacity
The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems was defined by Thorstein Veblen as
Thinking Person
The term "homo sapiens" comes from the Latin meaning
are most important in the development of the self.
The term "significant others" is George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who
Groupthink
The term for group decisions that are made without objective thought. When a group is in this mode, people conform to what they believe is the consensus of the rest of the group.
Industrial Revolution
The third social revolution occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power
Postconventional level
The third stage of moral development that refers to a morality based on abstract principles. (Ex: political beliefs, religious beliefs, or combination of both)
Culture
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as
According to the text, there is no energy shortage now nor will there ever be as fossil fuels are not the only source of energy available. How would a conflict theorist explain the fact that these abundant alternative energy sources are not used?
The use of these alternative fuels presents a threat to the multinational oil companies.
Gender Socialization
The ways in which society sets children onto different courses in life because they are male or female
Body Language
The ways people use their bodies to give messages to others
Social networks
The web of ties you have with others.
Which of the following positions would an Anti-Malthusian most likely embrace?
The world's population is undergoing a three-stage growth cycle.
When a member of society is tried, judged, and convicted of an act that results in their being expelled from that society for life, which of the following descriptions most likely applies to that act?
Their behavior can be classified as taboo.
Based on the research of Darley and Latene, what conclusion did they reach after observing the influence of group size on attitudes and behavior?
There is a diffusion of responsibility as groups increase in size.
Based on the author's account of the relationship between physical health and social class, which of the following statements would be most accurate?
There is a positive relationship between social class and physical health.
Which of the following scenarios provides the best potential for a "well-told" joke?
There is a very sharp contrast between the conventional and unconventional definitions of reality.
Which of the following phrases is least descriptive of or related to the concept of culture?
There is one basic culture that acts as a standard to determine the appropriateness of values, norms, and behaviors.
What do the concepts of judge, professor, mother, student, soldier, and mechanic haev in common?
They are all achieved statuses
In her research on abused women, Ann Goetting found common qualities among the women who were able to make the break from an abusive mate. Of the following, which factor was not one of the four Goetting found these women shared?
They were traditionalists, holding on to traditional middle class values.
Early interaction with other humans in necessary to establish intelligence and the ability to experience close bonds with others, true or false?
True
Individuals becoming homeless because of welfare reform legislation that cuts all payments to non-working Americans after two years would be classified as a latent dysfunction of the legislation, true or false?
True
test-retest reliability
This is attained when performance on the same test administered under the same conditions are similar on two or more occasions
According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?
Through play and social interaction
C. a survey
To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women betwenn the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as A. a secondary analysis B. participant observation C. a survey D. a content analysis
Without language there can be no culture and culture is the key to what people become, true or false?
True
Value Contradiction
Values that contradict one another to follow the one means to come into conflict with the otehr
Independent variables
Variables that are deliberately manipulated in an experiment.
True
Viewing people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture is known as cultural relativism. True or False?
D. all of these
We have little reliable data on human sexuality because A. it is difficult for researchers to obtain accurate information about this sensitive subject. B. until the AIDS crisis, there was little scientific demand for data on sexual behavior C. government funding for studies of sexual behavior is controversial D. all of these
When used by sociologists, what is meant by the term wealth?
Wealth is the value of someone's property minus that person's debt.
Which statement is not an example of Karl Marx's predictions and beliefs about social class?
When workers revolt, they will be supported by the police and military who are also in the working class.
Participant Observation
Where the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting
the language of gestures
Which comes earliest in development
it began in the middle east and spread both east and west
Which correctly describes the origin of large scale agriculture
Social enhancement
Which hypothesis states that those who are popular offline further increase their popularity through online networking sites?
C. 7
Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5? A. 10 B. 8 C. 7 D. 5
D. They prepare students for post-college careers.
Which of the following could be a manifest function of college? A. They are a place to meet future husbands or wives. B. They sometimes fail to teach students how to read or write effectively. C. They help to maintain the economic status quo in the U.S. D. They prepare students for post-college careers.
Cognates
Which of the following does not belong (Features,Artifacts,Eco-facts,Cognates)
two airplane passenger getting to know one another
Which of the following illustrates a micro-level focus
D. all of these
Which of the following is an aspect of culture? A. using American Sign Language B. watching the Super Bowl game C. eating in fast-food restaurants D. all of these
B. the state of Alaska
Which of the following is an example of a society? A. an Amish community in Pennsylvania B. the state of Alaska C. a British rugby team D. a small tribe on a remote South Pacific island
personality
Which of the following refers to an persons fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking and feeling
H.Harlow
Which of the following studied monkey
While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and grossly picks his nose. He is violating
informal norms.
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society's stability by enabling members to anticipate the behavior of others and to pattern their own actions accordingly?
Conflict Perspective
Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses, because they often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group?
interactionist
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that nonverbal communication, such as the frequency of individuals touching each other during a conversation, varies from one culture to another?
Functionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief?
Max Weber
Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the otherwise dissimilar enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?
D. Talcott Parsons
Which sociologist saw "society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which contributes to the maintenance of the system as a while?" A. Karl Marx B. Erving Goffman C. Max Weber D. Talcott Parsons
Status
Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society?
Secondary group
Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding?
Primary groups
Which type of group plays a pivotal role in the socialization process and the development of roles and statuses?
A. for preserving the confidentiality of his research
Why was Rik Scarce, a doctoral student at Washington State University, placed in jail in 1993? A. for preserving the confidentiality of his research. B. for raiding a university laboratory C. for "snitching" on university administrators D. for forging transcripts
True
William F. Ogburn made the distinction between the elements of material and nonmaterial culture. True or False?
Interactionist
William I. Thomas notes that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation but also to the meaning that the person or situation has for them. He called this concept the "definition of the situation". This view represents which sociological perspective?
Folkways
Within the traditional Buddhist areas of Southeast Asia, in the sleeping cars of trains, women do not sleep in the upper berths above men, hospitals that house men on the first floor do not place women patients on the second floor, and on clotheslines, women's attire is hung lower than that of men. These are examples of
D. all of these
Within the traditional Buddhist areas of Southeast Asia, which of the following is a foldway that reinforces patters of male dominance? A. In the sleeping cars of trains, women do not sleep in the upper berths above men B. Hospitals that house men on the first floor do not place women patients on the second floor C. On clotheslines, women's attire is hung lower than that of men. D. all of these
Which of the following is the best example of gender stratification?
Women are not permitted to vote, own property, or testify in court in some societies.
Valid research
You're actually measuring the thing you set out to measure in the first place.
demonstrating role taking
Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively
Mores,Folkways
______ distinguishes between right and wrong _________ distinguishes between polite and rude
D. C. Wright Mills
_______ is most closely associated with the concept of the sociological imagination.
Social Statics,Social Dynamics
_________ accounts for the forces for stability in a society, while ________ accounts for forces for change.
a ideal type is A. a body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic B. a construct or model that serves as a mesuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated C. a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically D. an initator of people's attitides or behavior
a construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual saces can be evaluated.
The statement "Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies" is an example of
a hypothesis.
gang
a loosely organized group of adolescents or young adults who identify as a group and often engage in illegal activities
Emoticons are an example of
a new language of symbols
A "role set" refers to:
a number of roles attached to a single status.
conduct disorder
a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless
Which of the following is not incorporated into the basic principles of the code of ethics for sociology?
a required number of data sources
A worker is frequently late, takes extended "coffee breaks," and makes numerous mistakes while working on important tasks. As a result of poor performance, the worker is fired. This is an example of
a sanction.
Subculture
a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society.
social network
a series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them, indirectly to still more people
Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination
a study that concentrates on the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to those listening to a rock concert
Norms are often violated when
a subculture's norms vary from the norms of the dominant culture. they conflict with one another. they are weakly enforced
symbolic interaction
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people used to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another; how we define ourseles, how others define us and we define others
Explain the relationship between the Protestant Ethic and the rise of capitalism?
a. Protestants believed in the concept of predetermination, the belief that your fate regarding heaven/hell is predetermined before you are born b. Protestantism began to undermine the people's emotional security because they wanted to know their outcome c. They began to look for signs that they were favored by God, and would go to heaven d. They postulated that God would not want the favored to suffer on earth, and began to equate financial success w/ the sign that they were the chosen ones e. working harder would bring wealth, would be a sign that they were favored thus chosen and would go to heaven begat capitalism.
Sociologists define a symbol as: a. anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture. b. any element of material culture. c. any gesture that conveys insult to others. d. cultural patterns that cause culture shock.
a. anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture.
the profusion of skin colors and physical characteristics of different humans is due to
adaptation to diverse climates and other living conditions as humans spread throughout the world
imaginary audience
adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern
the concern in some quarters that too many immigrants will change the character of the united states is
age-old
A group of strangers waiting for a bus at the corner of Poplar and Main Streets is an example of a[n] ________.
aggregate
survey
an investigation of the opinions or experience of a group of people by asking them questions
One of the emotions identified by paul ekman is
anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise
when you learn to play a role before entering it, this is known as
anticipatory socialization
the system of separating racial- ethnic groups that was practiced in south Africa was called
apartheid
Sociologists refer to physical human creations as:
artifacts.
Values are like lenses through which we see the world
as it ought to be.
The results of an interview may be influenced by
both gender and race of the interviewer.
_____ weber _____ marx viewed property as significant in determining a person's standing in society.
both; and
Karl Marx discusses that two groups of people are in conflict, what does he name the two groups?
bourgeoisie and proletariat
The concept "ethnocentrism" refers to: a. taking pride in one's ethnicity. b. judging another culture as better than one's own. c. judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture. d. judging another culture by its own standards.
c. judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.
Cultural transmission refers to the process of: a. learning culture. b. using the oral tradition. c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. d. using writing to record cultural patterns.
c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.
the officials measure of poverty of the U.S. government is
called the poverty line
What are "boomerang children"?
children who strike out on their own but find the cost and responsibility too great and return home
Which sociological perspective would argue that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media?
conflict perspective
The view that sports serve as an "opiate" for social injustices and distract people from focusing on the reality of personal problems and social issues would most likely be held by
conflict theorists
______ stress that conflict, not function, is the reason that we have social stratification
conflict theorists
Viewing society as composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources is the underlying premise in ________.
conflict theory
research on _______ has shown that prejudice and negative stereotypes decrease and relations improve when people of different racial-ethnic backgrounds interact frequently
contact theory
A young man refers to his motorcycle, asking, "Isn't she a beauty?" What language function defining the two sexes differently does this demonstrate?
control
In what two ways does language function to define males and females differently?
control and value
Cultural patterns that strongly oppose the widely accepted cultural patterns of a society are referred to as a/an?
counterculture.
The Neolithic
cultivation and food production is identified with
A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of
cultural relativism.
After a fairly short plane ride from New York City, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats, chickens, and motor scooters, rather than cars. Food, clothing, and carpets were being sold by street vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on the ground, in no order that he could recognize. Irving was experiencing
culture shock
Suppose you were a Yanomamo who immigrated to Canada and immediately moved into a college dormitory. As an initial reaction, you would experience:
culture shock.
The language, beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors passed from one generation to the next make up a group's
culture.
In cultural leveling
cultures become more and more similar to one another.
Xenocentrism is: a. a. basically the same thing as ethnocentrism b. is the belief that another culture is inferior to your own c. a condition one may experience after being exposed to excessive amounts of xnites d. a condition one may experience after what they perceive experiencing a more upright in noble way of living in another culture
d. a condition one may experience after what they perceive experiencing a more upright in noble way of living in another culture.
Cultural universals are cultural traits that: a. have always been part of U.S. culture. b. have diffused from the United States to other countries. c. have come to the United States from elsewhere. d. are part of every known culture.
d. are part of every known culture.
The concept "counterculture" refers to: a. people living here who were born in another country. b. popular culture. c. high culture. d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.
d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.
Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called: a. folkways. b. norms. c. mores d. values.
d. values.
an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual's current identity and stamping a new on in its place is
degradation ceremony
The fact that Coca Cola has become popular around the world illustrates the process of social change called
diffusion
Levi's jeans are a valued commodity in Russia. This is an example of:
diffusion.
as whites colonized the united states and expanded westward , what did most native americans die from?
disease
a _____ group is the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status
dominant
the main way the british perpetuate their class system from one generation to the next is through
education
The manifest function of formal education refers to
education's intended purpose
When Jane visited Morocco, she found it difficult to buy bus tickets as everyone pushed ahead of her. When she went home to the United States, she told her friends that the Moroccans were the rudest people she had ever encountered. Her judgment of the Moroccans' behavior is an example of:
ethnocentrism
A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the community's social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is conducting a (an)
ethnography
gender is a basis of social stratification for _____ society's in the world.
every
in _____ mobility, many people move up the social ladder, and many move down, with the social class system showing little change
exchange
protelariat
exploited class, great mass of workers -Marx believed that this struggle would create a worker's revolution so that each would work to his ability & receive according to his needs
when workers identified with the interests of capitalists, marx called it _____ class consciousness.
false
Sociology owes credit to Max Weber for a key conceptual tool called anomie. A) True B) False
false, Durkheim introduced the concept of anomie, the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior is ineffective. Anomie increases the likelihood of alienation, loneliness, and isolation.
In Karl Marx's analysis, social inequality is determined by men and women who clash in pursuit of their own interests. A) True B) False
false, In Karl Marx's analysis, social inequality is determined by ownership, or lack thereof, of key material resources.
What term do demographers use to describe the number of children women are capable of bearing?
fecundity
generativity
finite set of phonemes and morphemes in humans' vocabulary --> infinite possible ideas
Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as
folkways.
Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function
functionalist perspective
The initial challenge that William F. Whyte and other participant observers encounter is
gaining acceptance into an unfamiliar group.
Jim and Milly have decided to buy and restore an older house in a deteriorated urban neighborhood. Jim and Milly will then live in their renovated home. They are part of a movement referred to as ________.
gentrification
when it comes to child rearing, lower class parents tend to focus more on
getting their children to follow rules and obey authority
In the wake of the World Trade Center attack by terrorists, government officials were quick to endorse measures that contradicted several rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Opposition to these measures was seen by many as subversive. This is an example of ________.
groupthink
When members of a group begin to narrow their thoughts and feel that there is only one correct answer to a situation, and when suggesting an alternative is seen as being disloyal to the group, group members are experiencing a phenomenon that sociologists call _________.
groupthink
The underlying principle of symbolic interactionism is:
how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others.
What aspect of new technology is of the most interest to sociologists?
how technology changes people's way of life and reshapes a society
Different ideas among human beings around the world about what is polite and rude, beautiful and ugly, pleasant and repulsive, are expressions of:
human culture.
The _____ culture refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers worth aiming for.
ideal
A sociology instructor asks students to make lists of the characteristics of the best and worst possible instructors. These lists, which would be used to evaluate all instructors, are an example of a (an)
ideal type
a contrast or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual saes can be evaluated is called A. ideal type B. typology C. natural science D. theory
ideal type
__________ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements.
ideology
the money that someone receives, usually a job, business, or assets, is referred to as
income
Sociologists emphasize the notion that our thinking and motivation are largely determined by ________.
influences drawn from our life experiences
C. Wright mills called the top people in U.S. corporations, the military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions the
power elite
The main idea of control theory is that most people have strong desires to be deviant, but two systems work against their motivation to deviate. These two systems are termed ________.
inner and outer controls (formal and informal)
What term refers to the way in which a country's dominant group exploits the minority groups within the same country for its economic advantage?
internal colonialism
according to research, it appears that people in the minority _____ the norms of the dominant group and learn to be ____ their own group
internalize; prejudiced against
through the various means, global stratification
is not easy to maintain
Role Conflict
is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more social positions?
as you go up the social ladder, what happens to your health?
it improves
McDonaldization
its associated with the melding of cultures, through which we see more and more similarities in cultural expression.
The significance of names or reputations given to people when they engage in certain types of behavior is the focus of ________ theory.
labeling
The basis of culture is
language
isolated children require _______ to develop
language
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that
language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it
A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another is a:
language.
______ is an umbrella term for people from any of the Spanish-speaking countries of latin america
latino
sociological imagination
looks beyond a limited understanding of human behavior, view the world asn its people in a new way, see through a broader lens
global domination
may be on the verge of a major shift from west to east
Someone who is from Native American descent could be best described as _____ in terms of race.
mongoloid
after several years of foster care, children in the study of Bucharest had _________ Brain cells than children who stayed in the orphanage
more
Which of the following is true regarding feminist researchers?
more oriented towards seeking change tend to involve and consult subjects more want to raise public consciousness
the united states, Canada, great Britain, france, japan, Australia , and other countries make up the
most industrialized nations
the terms that do not imply value judgments about some parts of the world while splitting it up into conceptual groups are
most industrialized, industrializing, and least industrialized
it is likely to be painful to
move on the social ladder, either up or down
just by doing business normally, _____ help to maintain internal stratification
multinational corporations
according to sociologist micheal Harrington, when colonialism went out of style, it was replaced by
neocolonialism
Radical Behaviorism
no emotional bond cultivation needed --> just need nourishment
in unintentional discrimination
no one is aware of it
The expectations, or rules of behavior, that develop out of values are referred to by sociologists as ________.
norms
Mores
norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because they embody the most cherished principles of a people.
Mores are
norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.
Rules and expectations by which a society guides behaviors of its members are called:
norms.
______ weber _____ marx viewed property as the only source of power.
notably; but not
spurious correlation
occurs when two variables appear to be related, but actually have a different cause
white collar crimes are likely to be dealt with
outside the criminal justice system
Which of the following refers to the domestication of animals?
pastoralism
which occupation has the most prestige in the united states- physicians, banker, actress, or plumber?
physicians
you are attending a football game. You are experiencing
popular culture.
What is the primary source of strain in the typical one-parent family?
poverty
In the Least Industrialized Nations, who is most likely to participate in a formal education program beyond the first couple of grades?
primarily the wealthy because of the relatively high cost of education in these nations
A total institution leaves an indelible mark on a person's self. the Mark can be imposed quickly or in a more prolonged process. in ________ the process is brutal and prolonged
prison
social comparison
process of comparing aspects of one own's psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself
Anticipatory socialization
processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use
publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another.
In ancient Greece and Rome slavery was most often based on three factors. Which of the following was not one of the three major factors?
race
_____ refers to a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups
race
there are two ways that a group can become a minority group. both involve, in one way or another
race
Beatrice's mother is Choctaw (Native American), and her father is Puerto Rican and African American. At school, Beatrice refers to herself as African American and speaks English, and most of her school friends are also African American. After school, Beatrice goes to the American Indian Cultural Center to learn Choctaw and to spend time with her American Indian friends. At home, Beatrice practices her Spanish with her father and her Choctaw with her maternal grandmother. Beatrice is practicing:
racial literacy
______ refers to prejudice and discrimination based on race
racism
solidarity
refers to the level of connectedness and integration a person feels to others in the environment
Culture war
refers to the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements such as abortion, religious expression, gun control, or sexual orientation.
social control
refers to the social mechanisms that regulate a person's actions
Sociologists conduct a "review of the literature" to
refine the problem under study; eliminate or reduce the number of avoidable mistakes they make; clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data
Ezekiel's research (1995) found that Ku Klux Klan and the neo-Nazi leaders believed that race
represents the essence of a person
comprehension
required to develop language skills; refers to understanding what others say (or sign or write)
_________ refers to learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors to match a new situation in life
resocialization
What is the term for the incompatibility among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?
role conflict
What is the term for the process by which people disengage from important social roles?
role exit
An example of a positive, formal sanction is a
salary bonus.
Zachary's parents were divorced three years ago. During the first year after the divorce, Zachary's father visited him every week. Then Zachary's father remarried and fathered another child. Now he rarely visits Zachary. This situation is an example of ________.
serial fatherhood
A dominant ideology is a
set of cultural beliefs that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
The degree to which members of a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds is what Durkheim referred to as ________.
social integration
The sociological focus of microsociology places its emphasis on ________.
social interaction
Define social interaction.
social interaction: the process by which people act and react in relation to others.
_______ is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige.
social stratification
Member of all societies rely on ______ to make sense out of daily situations.
social structure
Phil, a janitor for an expensive apartment-house complex in Chicago, is a union member who makes more money than many of the tenants in the building he maintains. Lenski would note that Phil's high income but low occupational prestige demonstrates a condition of ________.
status inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others is called
status inconsistency
The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called:
status interaction.
master status
status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society
A[n] ________ designates social position while a[n] ________ designates socially expected behavior.
status; role
_____ mobility is movement either up or down the social class ladder due more to changes in society than to the actions of individuals
structural
social science
study of social features of humans and the ways they interact and change
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
In freud's terms, culture within us is represented by the
superego
in trying to synthesize the views of functionalist and conflict theories, lenski suggested that the concept of ____ is the key
surplus
Another term for nonmaterial culture that sociologists use
symbolic culture
Many African Americans feel the flag of the Confederate States of America, "the stars and bars," is a sign of racial hatred. States' rights advocates view the same flag as "heritage, not hatred." Such a difference of opinion over the same material object is an illustration of which sociological perspective?
symbolic interactionism
Which sociological perspective implies that to have a good marriage, it is essential for people to perceive that a good marriage is possible and worth working toward achieving?
symbolic interactionist
Leticia has worked for 20 years in the public relations department of a large firm and has been the vice-president for the past ten years. It is unlikely she will ever be promoted to the top executive position in her firm even though she has directed several successful projects and is quite capable. Her lack of promotion is an illustration of ________.
the "glass ceiling"
Anthropologist Horace Miner's description of the body ritual among the Nacirema is used to show
the ability to learn something new about society.
sociological imagination
the ability to look beyond the individual as the cause for success and failure and see how one's society influences the outcome
bilingualism
the ability to use two languages - research shows bilingualism puts children at an advantage - the first language must be learned before puberty (critical period) for fluency in that language - no critical period for second language acquisition but the younger when learned the more proficient
_____ assumes that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people
the culture of poverty
What are the two basic reasons that poor nations remain at the bottom of the world stratification order?
the existence of neocolonialism and the influence of multinational corporations
According to sociologists, social movements go through stages as they grow and mature. What is the crucial stage that enables social movements to become more stable and continue?
the resource mobilization stage
What is the term used to describe the shifting of focus from spiritual matters to the affairs of this world?
the secularization of religion
morphemes
the smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more phonemes ex. pad, pat, bad, bat
What is personal space?
the surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy
We use the term cultural genocide to refer to
the systematic destruction of a people's culture.
gender schema theory
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
Hawthorne Effect
the unintended influence that researchers have on their subjects
•According to Max Weber, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to
theoretically based explanations. their own personal views. widely accepted beliefs
Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the twentieth century, the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to
theorizing and gathering information
quantitative research
this type of research primarily presents data in numerical form
qualitative research
this type of research relies on what is seen in the field as opposed to statistical data
max weber
to comprehend behavior, one must learn subjective meanings people attach to actions
A new life stage that seems to be evolving is the years
transitional older
Secondary groups are smaller, less formal and more personal than primary groups
true/*false*
Conflict theorists are interested in how society's institutions may help to maintain the privileges of some groups and keep others in a subservient position. A) True B) False
true; Conflict theorists are interested in how society's institutions may help to maintain the privileges of some groups and keep others in a subservient position. Their emphasis on social change and the redistribution of resources makes conflict theorists more "radical" and "activist" than functionalists.
The functionalist perspective emphasizes the way in which parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. A) True B) False
true; The functionalist perspective does emphasize the way in which parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. This perspective views society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival.
seth did menial mostly house cleaning when he could find it. he had been homeless for a year, and since then simply did not have a good enough employment record to find a regular job. he relied on welfare, a subsidized rental, food stamps, and even the occasional visit to a food pantry to supplement his work income. in terms of class, seth would belong to the
underclass
the class most shaped by education is the ____ class
upper middle
lee started as a bank teller and 15 years later ended up running the bank. this is an example of _____ mobility
upward social
A _____ exists between the value of group superiority and the values of freedom, democracy, and equality.
value contradiction
Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper, as well bad, undesirable, and improper, are known as
values
Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:
values.
______ refer to abstract standards of goodness; ______ are particular matters people hold to be true or false.
values; beliefs
Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of
variables
the word that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologist to take into account people's emotions, thought, beliefs, understadings, and attitudes was: A. verstehen B. Gemeinschaft C. anomie D. Gesellschaft
verstehen
Nonmaterial culture refers to a group's
ways of thinking and doing
when it comes to prejudice,
we are born with it
Someone who ignores societal rules, disregards common courtesies, and simply pursues their own needs would have a/an ________ according to Freud.
weak super ego
the total value of everything that someone owns, minus debts, is
wealth
Problems in communication between the genders often arise because:
what one partner intends by a comment is not always what the other hears in words.
Based on Control Theory, when are inner controls more effective?
when we have strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with society
Secure Base
with healthy attachment relationship, children have a sense of security provided by caregiver that makes it possible to explore environment (e.g open field experiment in Harlow's monkey experiment)
the reason why families headed by a mother, rather than by a mother and father or a father alone, are more likely to be poor is because
women average only 72% of what men earn
members of the ______ tend to think of themselves as having " real jobs" and regard the "suits" above them as papers pushers
working class
to keep their children in line, sociologist Melvin Kohn found that ________ parents tend to use physical punishment
working class
karl marx
working class should overtrow existing class system
"core nations" and the "periphery" are part of
world system theory
