A&P Exam 2 Prep

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To produce calcitriol, UV hits a molecule called [a] in the keratinocytes of the skin. This molecule is transformed into [b] in keratinocytes. This molecule travels through the blood to the [c] where it is transformed into [d]. That molecule travels through the blood to the [e] where it is transformed into [f], which is the active form of Vitamin D.

7-dehydrocholesterol cholecalciferol liver calcidiol kidneys calcidiol

Why does appositional growth start first?

Appositional growth begins with stem cells (mesenchymal cells) which can then differentiate into chondroblasts used to create cartilage. Chondroblasts can then become chondrocytes, which are the first step of cell needed to being intersitial growth. If you didn't start with appositional growth first, where would the chondrocytes come from to begin insterstitial growth? Therefore, appositional growth must come first.

Think about the name endochondral osteogenesis. Use your knowledge of word parts to connect the name to its function.

Endochondral osteogenesis to me means that within the chondrocytes bone formation can begin.

Name two joints that are a part of the shoulder. [a] and [b]

acromioclavicular joint glenohumeral

Bone remodeling has the same steps as which type of bone growth? [a]

appositional growth

The process of bones growing wider is called [a].

appositional growth

Think back to embryonic cartilage growth. Both cartilage growth processes overlap, but one must start before the other. Which one must start first?

appositional growth

What type of cartilage growth begins with mesenchymal cells?

appositional growth

Function: protective covering of the joints. What's the structure and level of organization involved? What's the tissue type?

articular cartilage tissue hyaline cartilage

What joint allows you to shake your head yes? [a] Name the three movements involved in shaking your head yes. [b] [c] [d]

atlanto-occipital joint flexion extension hyperextension

Name any joints involved in moving the head at the neck. [a] and [b]

atlantoaxial atlanto-occipital

Name a pivot joint in the head or neck. [a]

atlantoaxial joint

What joint allows you to shake your head no? [a] Name the movement. [b]

atlantoaxial joint rotation

Which part of an intervertebral joint is synovial? Is it the joint between the vertebral bodies , or the joint between articular processes ? [a]

between articular processes

Which part of an intervertebral joint is cartilaginous? Is it the joint between the vertebral bodies , or the joint between articular processes ? [a]

between the vertebral bodies

Match the events of blood calcium homeostasis to the location: Stored calcium is released from this organ inactive calcidiol is formed in this organ low blood calcium is detected in this organ increased calcium absorption from diet active calcitriol is formed in this organ vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is formed here calcium loss from the body is prevented in this organ

bone liver parathyroid glands small intestines kidneys keratinocytes kidneys

A full-grown femur is now present, but growth doesn't stop here. It continues throughout the lifetime where old bone is replaced with new bone in a process called [a].

bone remodeling

Summarize in your own words how the protein will get from the organelle where primary structure is produced to its destination in the tissue.

bound ribosome rough ER transport vesicle golgi apparatus secretory vesicle plasma membrane exocytosis

What organelle in the cell that builds matrix will make the primary structure of this protein? [a]

bound ribosomes

In Zone 4, the zone of [a], minerals are deposited in the matrix and the chondrocytes die leaving holes in the matrix.

calcified cartilage

Which hormone listed in the previous question is produced through activities that include the integumentary system?

calcitriol

For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) glycoproteins [a] and [b] parathyroid hormone [c]

carbohydrate protein lipid

For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) proteoglycans [a] and [b] sex hormones [c]

carbohydrate protein lipid

Which joint allows for Opposition at the thumb: [a]

carpometacarpal

What joint allows your thumb to touch your fourth finger (ring finger). [a]Name the movement. [b]

carpometacarpal opposition

Mesenchymal cells in the bone perimeter will divide to form what kind of cells in appositional growth?

chondroblasts

What cell dies in the endochondrial ossification model to help form bone?

chondrocyte

What type of cell starts the process of interstitial growth?

chondrocyte

Once surrounded by matrix, chondroblasts will become:

chondrocytes

The organic component of the matrix has a significant portion made of a protein fiber we've seen in connective tissue already. What is the name of this protein fiber? [a]

collagen fibers

Name three joints that involve the os coxa. [a] and [b] and [c]

coxal pubic symphysis sacoiliac

Name a ball and socket joint in the pelvic girdle/ lower limb. [a]

coxal joint

What is the job of an osteoprogenitor cell in all types of bone development?

creating osteoblasts for bone development

Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab). perichondrium [a] periosteum [b] pubic symphysis [c]

dense irregular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue fibrocartilage

What are two types of tissue that form the juncture between bones in an amphiarthrosis? [a] and [b]

dense regular connective tissue fibrocartilage

Does an osteoblast divide to make an osteocyte or develop into an osteocyte?

develop

What movements are allowed by the hinge function of the temporomandibular joint? [a] and [b]

elevation depression

After 12 weeks, the cartilage model begins to calcify in a process called [a] in the femur

endochondrial ossification

The epiphyseal plate changes from the epiphyseal plate to the [a].

epiphyseal line

Intersitial growth occurs in the epiphyses and is the process of developing bone from cartilage at the [a]. What kind of cartilage is here? [b]

epiphyseal plate hyaline cartilage

Which of the three major structural categories of joints has both amphiarthrotic and synarthrotic examples? [a] and [b]

fibrous cartilaginous

What are two ways that an immovable joint can be classified? [a] and [b]

fibrous synarthrosis

Name the movement at the hip that happens as you swing your leg forward during walking.[a]What joint allows this movement to happen? [b]

flexion coxal joint

Name any ball and socket joints in the pectoral girdle or upper limb. [a]

glenohumeral

Name the two joints of the elbow. [a] and [b]

humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint

Which joints allow Flexion at the elbow: [a] and [b]

humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint

Name the hinge joints in the pectoral girdle and upper limb [a] and [b] and [c]

humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint interphalangeal

The models for the long bones, including the femur, develop between 8 and 12 weeks' gestation. What type of tissue is this model? [a]

hyaline cartilage

Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab). articular cartilage [a] compact bone [b]

hyaline cartilage bone

Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab). epiphyseal plate [a] intervertebral disc [b] ligament [c]

hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage dense regular connective tissue

In Zone 3, the zone of [a], chondrocytes stop dividing and enlarge. They start to reabsorb matrix.

hypertrophic cartilage

endochondrial ossification starts in the future diaphysis of the bone. Here, chondrocytes get larger, meaning they start to [a], and eat away at the cartilage matrix.

hypertrophy

Which joints are in your fingers? [a]

interphalangeal

Bones will grow in length generally until a person is in their 20s. This process is called [a]

intersitial growth

What process causes the cartilage model to grow in length?

intersitial growth

Name any joints involved in moving the vertebral column. [a] and [b]

intervertebral lumbosacral

The process of growing a flat bone like the frontal bone is done through a process called [a].

intramembranous ossification

For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) 7-dehydrocholesterol [a] calcidiol [b]

lipid lipid

For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) calcitriol [a] cholecalciferol [b] collagen [c]

lipid lipid protein

What's the order of events of the following: Stored calcium is released from this organ inactive calcidiol is formed in this organ low blood calcium is detected in this organ increased calcium absorption from diet active calcitriol is formed in this organ vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is formed here calcium loss from the body is prevented in this organ

low blood calcium is detected in the parathyroid glands Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is formed in keratinocytes inactive calcidiol is formed in the liver active calcitriol is formed in the kidneys stored calcium is released from bones calcium loss from the body is prevented in the kidneys increased calcium absorption from the small intestine

The first stem cell in intramembranous ossification would be a

mesenchymal cell

What cell will start the process of embryonic growth of the femur?

mesenchymal cells

Which stem cells in the perichondrium divide to form osteoblasts?

mesenchymal cells osteoprogenitor cells

What is the name of the joints that form the knuckles? [a]

metacarpophalangeal

Which joint allows for Adduction of digits II-IV: [a]

metacarpophalangeal

What two processes are happening during cell division in zone 2 of the epiphyseal plate? [a] and [b]

mitosis cytokinesis

Which type of homeostatic feedback mechanism is blood calcium homeostasis?

negative feedback

In Zone 5, the zone of [a], capillaries and stem cells called [b] enter. The stem cells divide to form which cell? [c]. These cells will build matrix.

ossification osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts

Bone is deposited at the periosteum. Which cell would build bone matrix? [a]

osteoblasts

Osteoprogenitor cells in intramembranous ossification would divide to form

osteoblasts

When the chondrocytes die in the endochondrial ossification model, what kind of cell then comes in to make matrix?

osteoblasts

Which cell type builds extracellular matrix? [a]

osteoblasts

Function: builds matrix. What's the structure and level of organization involved?

osteoblasts cell

What bone cells are found in compact bone?[a][b][c][d]

osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes osteoprogenitor cells

Bone is resorbed at the endosteum. Which cell would resorb bone matrix? [a]

osteoclasts

To make the medullary cavity in a femur, bone needs to be removed from the center of the diaphysis. What cells would resorb or eat matrix to form this cavity? [a]

osteoclasts

Function: dissolves bone matrix. What's the structure and level of organization involved?

osteoclasts cell

Function: mature bone cell. What's the structure and level of organization involved?

osteocyte cell

The stress of muscles pulling on bones is detected by [a] which signal [b] to add new matrix.

osteocytes osteoblasts

The extracellular matrix for compact bone has two main parts: osteoid and hydroxyapatite.Which one is the organic component of the matrix? [a]

osteoid

Osteoblasts secrete the organic portion of the extracellular matrix. This portion of matrix is called [a]. The work of the osteoblasts continues throughout the diaphysis to form the compact bone structure. When an osteoblast is surrounded by matrix, it becomes an [b]. This process occurs throughout the diaphysis as the fetus develops.

osteoid osteocyte

mesenchymal cells in intramembranous ossification would divide to form an

osteoprogenitor cell

What cells create osteoblasts?

osteoprogenitor cells

Where is extracellular matrix found? Inside or outside of the cells? [a]

outside

In which of the three major structural categories are all examples of joints stabilized by ligaments? [a]

synovial

What is the control center for blood calcium homeostasis?

parathyroid gland

What is the receptor for low blood calcium?

parathyroid gland

Blood calcium homeostasis is regulated by two hormones (use the scientific names): [a] and [b]

parathyroid hormone calcitriol

Which two hormones work together when blood calcium is low? Use the scientific names for the hormones.

parathyroid hormone calcitriol

Three organs help to increase blood calcium in response to this homeostatic mechanism. These organs are signaled by hormones to do their action. Fill in the correct hormones that signal each organ: bone kidneys small intestine

parathyroid hormone, calcitriol parathyroid hormone, calcitriol calcitriol

Now that bone is forming at the diaphysis, this is no longer a fully cartilage model. That means the tissue surrounding the cartilage, perichondrium, gets a new name. Perichondrium becomes [a]. However, the tissue type does not change; it is still [b].

periosteum dense irregular connective tissue

Function: surrounds and protects the outside of the bone. What's the structure and level of organization involved? What's the tissue type?

periosteum tissue dense irregular connective tissue

What is the job of a chondroblast in all types of cartilage growth?

producing cartilage matrix in cartilage growth

In Zone 2, the zone of [a], rapid cell division is happening and longitudinal columns of cells form. What kind of cells are these? [b]

proliferating cartilage chondrocytes

Which joint allows for Abduction of the wrist: [a]

radiocarpal

Function: forms red blood cells. What's the structure and level of organization involved? What's the tissue type?

red bone marrow tissue reticular connective tissue

Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab). red bone marrow [a] spongy bone [b] yellow bone marrow [c]

reticular connective tissue bone adipose connective tissue

Name two joints that move more during childbirth and/or pregnancy. [a] and [b]

sacroiliac pubic symphysis

In intramembranous ossification, woven bone develops so that compact bone is on the outer edges, and [a] bone is in the interior.

spongy

What is the name for the joints found between flat bones of the skull? [a]

sutures

The epiphyseal plate would be which specific structural classification of joints? [a]

synchondrosis

Which of the three major structural category(s) of joints has only diarthrotic examples? [a]

synovial

What joint allows you to point your toes? [a]Name the movement.[b]

talocural joint plantar flexion

What is the only synovial joint in the skull? [a]

temporomandibular joint

Which knee joint allows the hinge movement? [a]

tibiofemoral joint

Extension at the knee: [a] and [b]

tibiofemoral joint patellofemoral joint

What two joints make up the knee? [a] and [b]

tibiofemoral joint patellofemoral joint

Name any amphiarthrotic joints in the pelvic girdle/lower limb [a] and [b]

tibiofibular joint pubic symphysis

What is the job of an osteoblast in all types of bone development?

to build bone, lay down osteoid

What process occurs at this organelle to make the primary structure of this protein? [a]

translation

Matrix is deposited and calcifies to form an immature type of bone called [a] in intramembranous ossification

woven bone

Function: stores energy. What's the structure and level of organization involved? What's the tissue type?

yellow bone marrow connective tissue adipose connective tissue

The zone furthest from the diaphysis, which is Zone 1, is called the Zone of [a]. Here, no growth is happening. The cells of the cartilage, called [b], are living their best life.

zone of resting cartilage chondrocytes


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