A&P Exam 2 Prep
To produce calcitriol, UV hits a molecule called [a] in the keratinocytes of the skin. This molecule is transformed into [b] in keratinocytes. This molecule travels through the blood to the [c] where it is transformed into [d]. That molecule travels through the blood to the [e] where it is transformed into [f], which is the active form of Vitamin D.
7-dehydrocholesterol cholecalciferol liver calcidiol kidneys calcidiol
Why does appositional growth start first?
Appositional growth begins with stem cells (mesenchymal cells) which can then differentiate into chondroblasts used to create cartilage. Chondroblasts can then become chondrocytes, which are the first step of cell needed to being intersitial growth. If you didn't start with appositional growth first, where would the chondrocytes come from to begin insterstitial growth? Therefore, appositional growth must come first.
Think about the name endochondral osteogenesis. Use your knowledge of word parts to connect the name to its function.
Endochondral osteogenesis to me means that within the chondrocytes bone formation can begin.
Name two joints that are a part of the shoulder. [a] and [b]
acromioclavicular joint glenohumeral
Bone remodeling has the same steps as which type of bone growth? [a]
appositional growth
The process of bones growing wider is called [a].
appositional growth
Think back to embryonic cartilage growth. Both cartilage growth processes overlap, but one must start before the other. Which one must start first?
appositional growth
What type of cartilage growth begins with mesenchymal cells?
appositional growth
Function: protective covering of the joints. What's the structure and level of organization involved? What's the tissue type?
articular cartilage tissue hyaline cartilage
What joint allows you to shake your head yes? [a] Name the three movements involved in shaking your head yes. [b] [c] [d]
atlanto-occipital joint flexion extension hyperextension
Name any joints involved in moving the head at the neck. [a] and [b]
atlantoaxial atlanto-occipital
Name a pivot joint in the head or neck. [a]
atlantoaxial joint
What joint allows you to shake your head no? [a] Name the movement. [b]
atlantoaxial joint rotation
Which part of an intervertebral joint is synovial? Is it the joint between the vertebral bodies , or the joint between articular processes ? [a]
between articular processes
Which part of an intervertebral joint is cartilaginous? Is it the joint between the vertebral bodies , or the joint between articular processes ? [a]
between the vertebral bodies
Match the events of blood calcium homeostasis to the location: Stored calcium is released from this organ inactive calcidiol is formed in this organ low blood calcium is detected in this organ increased calcium absorption from diet active calcitriol is formed in this organ vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is formed here calcium loss from the body is prevented in this organ
bone liver parathyroid glands small intestines kidneys keratinocytes kidneys
A full-grown femur is now present, but growth doesn't stop here. It continues throughout the lifetime where old bone is replaced with new bone in a process called [a].
bone remodeling
Summarize in your own words how the protein will get from the organelle where primary structure is produced to its destination in the tissue.
bound ribosome rough ER transport vesicle golgi apparatus secretory vesicle plasma membrane exocytosis
What organelle in the cell that builds matrix will make the primary structure of this protein? [a]
bound ribosomes
In Zone 4, the zone of [a], minerals are deposited in the matrix and the chondrocytes die leaving holes in the matrix.
calcified cartilage
Which hormone listed in the previous question is produced through activities that include the integumentary system?
calcitriol
For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) glycoproteins [a] and [b] parathyroid hormone [c]
carbohydrate protein lipid
For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) proteoglycans [a] and [b] sex hormones [c]
carbohydrate protein lipid
Which joint allows for Opposition at the thumb: [a]
carpometacarpal
What joint allows your thumb to touch your fourth finger (ring finger). [a]Name the movement. [b]
carpometacarpal opposition
Mesenchymal cells in the bone perimeter will divide to form what kind of cells in appositional growth?
chondroblasts
What cell dies in the endochondrial ossification model to help form bone?
chondrocyte
What type of cell starts the process of interstitial growth?
chondrocyte
Once surrounded by matrix, chondroblasts will become:
chondrocytes
The organic component of the matrix has a significant portion made of a protein fiber we've seen in connective tissue already. What is the name of this protein fiber? [a]
collagen fibers
Name three joints that involve the os coxa. [a] and [b] and [c]
coxal pubic symphysis sacoiliac
Name a ball and socket joint in the pelvic girdle/ lower limb. [a]
coxal joint
What is the job of an osteoprogenitor cell in all types of bone development?
creating osteoblasts for bone development
Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab). perichondrium [a] periosteum [b] pubic symphysis [c]
dense irregular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue fibrocartilage
What are two types of tissue that form the juncture between bones in an amphiarthrosis? [a] and [b]
dense regular connective tissue fibrocartilage
Does an osteoblast divide to make an osteocyte or develop into an osteocyte?
develop
What movements are allowed by the hinge function of the temporomandibular joint? [a] and [b]
elevation depression
After 12 weeks, the cartilage model begins to calcify in a process called [a] in the femur
endochondrial ossification
The epiphyseal plate changes from the epiphyseal plate to the [a].
epiphyseal line
Intersitial growth occurs in the epiphyses and is the process of developing bone from cartilage at the [a]. What kind of cartilage is here? [b]
epiphyseal plate hyaline cartilage
Which of the three major structural categories of joints has both amphiarthrotic and synarthrotic examples? [a] and [b]
fibrous cartilaginous
What are two ways that an immovable joint can be classified? [a] and [b]
fibrous synarthrosis
Name the movement at the hip that happens as you swing your leg forward during walking.[a]What joint allows this movement to happen? [b]
flexion coxal joint
Name any ball and socket joints in the pectoral girdle or upper limb. [a]
glenohumeral
Name the two joints of the elbow. [a] and [b]
humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint
Which joints allow Flexion at the elbow: [a] and [b]
humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint
Name the hinge joints in the pectoral girdle and upper limb [a] and [b] and [c]
humeroulnar joint humeroradial joint interphalangeal
The models for the long bones, including the femur, develop between 8 and 12 weeks' gestation. What type of tissue is this model? [a]
hyaline cartilage
Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab). articular cartilage [a] compact bone [b]
hyaline cartilage bone
Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab). epiphyseal plate [a] intervertebral disc [b] ligament [c]
hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage dense regular connective tissue
In Zone 3, the zone of [a], chondrocytes stop dividing and enlarge. They start to reabsorb matrix.
hypertrophic cartilage
endochondrial ossification starts in the future diaphysis of the bone. Here, chondrocytes get larger, meaning they start to [a], and eat away at the cartilage matrix.
hypertrophy
Which joints are in your fingers? [a]
interphalangeal
Bones will grow in length generally until a person is in their 20s. This process is called [a]
intersitial growth
What process causes the cartilage model to grow in length?
intersitial growth
Name any joints involved in moving the vertebral column. [a] and [b]
intervertebral lumbosacral
The process of growing a flat bone like the frontal bone is done through a process called [a].
intramembranous ossification
For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) 7-dehydrocholesterol [a] calcidiol [b]
lipid lipid
For the biomolecules, classify as one of the four types of biological molecules (lipid, protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate) calcitriol [a] cholecalciferol [b] collagen [c]
lipid lipid protein
What's the order of events of the following: Stored calcium is released from this organ inactive calcidiol is formed in this organ low blood calcium is detected in this organ increased calcium absorption from diet active calcitriol is formed in this organ vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is formed here calcium loss from the body is prevented in this organ
low blood calcium is detected in the parathyroid glands Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is formed in keratinocytes inactive calcidiol is formed in the liver active calcitriol is formed in the kidneys stored calcium is released from bones calcium loss from the body is prevented in the kidneys increased calcium absorption from the small intestine
The first stem cell in intramembranous ossification would be a
mesenchymal cell
What cell will start the process of embryonic growth of the femur?
mesenchymal cells
Which stem cells in the perichondrium divide to form osteoblasts?
mesenchymal cells osteoprogenitor cells
What is the name of the joints that form the knuckles? [a]
metacarpophalangeal
Which joint allows for Adduction of digits II-IV: [a]
metacarpophalangeal
What two processes are happening during cell division in zone 2 of the epiphyseal plate? [a] and [b]
mitosis cytokinesis
Which type of homeostatic feedback mechanism is blood calcium homeostasis?
negative feedback
In Zone 5, the zone of [a], capillaries and stem cells called [b] enter. The stem cells divide to form which cell? [c]. These cells will build matrix.
ossification osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts
Bone is deposited at the periosteum. Which cell would build bone matrix? [a]
osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells in intramembranous ossification would divide to form
osteoblasts
When the chondrocytes die in the endochondrial ossification model, what kind of cell then comes in to make matrix?
osteoblasts
Which cell type builds extracellular matrix? [a]
osteoblasts
Function: builds matrix. What's the structure and level of organization involved?
osteoblasts cell
What bone cells are found in compact bone?[a][b][c][d]
osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes osteoprogenitor cells
Bone is resorbed at the endosteum. Which cell would resorb bone matrix? [a]
osteoclasts
To make the medullary cavity in a femur, bone needs to be removed from the center of the diaphysis. What cells would resorb or eat matrix to form this cavity? [a]
osteoclasts
Function: dissolves bone matrix. What's the structure and level of organization involved?
osteoclasts cell
Function: mature bone cell. What's the structure and level of organization involved?
osteocyte cell
The stress of muscles pulling on bones is detected by [a] which signal [b] to add new matrix.
osteocytes osteoblasts
The extracellular matrix for compact bone has two main parts: osteoid and hydroxyapatite.Which one is the organic component of the matrix? [a]
osteoid
Osteoblasts secrete the organic portion of the extracellular matrix. This portion of matrix is called [a]. The work of the osteoblasts continues throughout the diaphysis to form the compact bone structure. When an osteoblast is surrounded by matrix, it becomes an [b]. This process occurs throughout the diaphysis as the fetus develops.
osteoid osteocyte
mesenchymal cells in intramembranous ossification would divide to form an
osteoprogenitor cell
What cells create osteoblasts?
osteoprogenitor cells
Where is extracellular matrix found? Inside or outside of the cells? [a]
outside
In which of the three major structural categories are all examples of joints stabilized by ligaments? [a]
synovial
What is the control center for blood calcium homeostasis?
parathyroid gland
What is the receptor for low blood calcium?
parathyroid gland
Blood calcium homeostasis is regulated by two hormones (use the scientific names): [a] and [b]
parathyroid hormone calcitriol
Which two hormones work together when blood calcium is low? Use the scientific names for the hormones.
parathyroid hormone calcitriol
Three organs help to increase blood calcium in response to this homeostatic mechanism. These organs are signaled by hormones to do their action. Fill in the correct hormones that signal each organ: bone kidneys small intestine
parathyroid hormone, calcitriol parathyroid hormone, calcitriol calcitriol
Now that bone is forming at the diaphysis, this is no longer a fully cartilage model. That means the tissue surrounding the cartilage, perichondrium, gets a new name. Perichondrium becomes [a]. However, the tissue type does not change; it is still [b].
periosteum dense irregular connective tissue
Function: surrounds and protects the outside of the bone. What's the structure and level of organization involved? What's the tissue type?
periosteum tissue dense irregular connective tissue
What is the job of a chondroblast in all types of cartilage growth?
producing cartilage matrix in cartilage growth
In Zone 2, the zone of [a], rapid cell division is happening and longitudinal columns of cells form. What kind of cells are these? [b]
proliferating cartilage chondrocytes
Which joint allows for Abduction of the wrist: [a]
radiocarpal
Function: forms red blood cells. What's the structure and level of organization involved? What's the tissue type?
red bone marrow tissue reticular connective tissue
Identify the specific type of tissue (using the list from the Histology Lab). red bone marrow [a] spongy bone [b] yellow bone marrow [c]
reticular connective tissue bone adipose connective tissue
Name two joints that move more during childbirth and/or pregnancy. [a] and [b]
sacroiliac pubic symphysis
In intramembranous ossification, woven bone develops so that compact bone is on the outer edges, and [a] bone is in the interior.
spongy
What is the name for the joints found between flat bones of the skull? [a]
sutures
The epiphyseal plate would be which specific structural classification of joints? [a]
synchondrosis
Which of the three major structural category(s) of joints has only diarthrotic examples? [a]
synovial
What joint allows you to point your toes? [a]Name the movement.[b]
talocural joint plantar flexion
What is the only synovial joint in the skull? [a]
temporomandibular joint
Which knee joint allows the hinge movement? [a]
tibiofemoral joint
Extension at the knee: [a] and [b]
tibiofemoral joint patellofemoral joint
What two joints make up the knee? [a] and [b]
tibiofemoral joint patellofemoral joint
Name any amphiarthrotic joints in the pelvic girdle/lower limb [a] and [b]
tibiofibular joint pubic symphysis
What is the job of an osteoblast in all types of bone development?
to build bone, lay down osteoid
What process occurs at this organelle to make the primary structure of this protein? [a]
translation
Matrix is deposited and calcifies to form an immature type of bone called [a] in intramembranous ossification
woven bone
Function: stores energy. What's the structure and level of organization involved? What's the tissue type?
yellow bone marrow connective tissue adipose connective tissue
The zone furthest from the diaphysis, which is Zone 1, is called the Zone of [a]. Here, no growth is happening. The cells of the cartilage, called [b], are living their best life.
zone of resting cartilage chondrocytes