A&P Exam 3
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately
100 mm Hg
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
12-18
Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants
2
The blood air barrier consists of
2 layers of simple squamous epithelium
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin
2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.
2.5 cm; 15-20
Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.
20
If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free
4
The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole
4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6
Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order. 1. Secretion of perforin 2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus 3. Lysis of abnormal cell 4. Recognition and adhesion
4, 2, 1, 3
The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
40 mm Hg
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
45 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
45 mm Hg.
A typical respiratory minute volume is
6 liters.
Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each segmental bronchus
6,500
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.
75 percent
What is one atmosphere of pressure
760 mm Hg
The larynx contains ________ cartilages
9
________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)
Alveolar ventilation rate
Which of the following are not present prior to birth? A) Pulmonary arterial resistance is high. B) Pulmonary vessels are collapsed. C) Rib cage is compressed. D) Alveoli are expanded. E) Lungs and airways contain only a small amount of fluid.
Alveoli are expanded
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells
B
The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages
B
Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths? A) Blood flow to the lungs decreases. B) The resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases. C) Changes in blood flow cause the foramen ovale to close. D) Air enters the alveoli. E) Gas diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane
Blood flow to the lungs decreases
The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the
Bohr effect
An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed
Class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent
Cystic fibrosis
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center
DRG and VRG
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too
Forced breathing
Which is not a reason gas exchange is efficient at the blood air barrier? A) Partial pressure differences are substantial. B) Distance is short. C) Surface area is large. D) Gap junctions facilitate fast movement. E) Gases are lipid soluble
Gap junctions facilitate fast movement
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are
IgD
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus.
IgG
Anti-A and Anti-B blood typing antibodies are of which class
IgM
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are
IgM
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher
IgM, IgG
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? A) It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. B) It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter. C) It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. D) It is driven by a rise in PCO2. E) It causes RBCs to swell
It causes RBCs to swell
If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs
It decreases
Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A) It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) Tracheal cartilages prevent tracheal collapse. C) It contains many mucous glands. D) It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. E) It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle
It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle
Which of the following is false about the pharynx? A) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems. B) The nasopharynx is superior. C) The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. D) The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. E) Solids, liquids, and gases pass through.
It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems
________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.
Kupffer cells
Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells
NK
After the appearance of bacteria in the body, which immune cell is present for the shortest amount of time?
NK cells
Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of
NK cells
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) PN2 of the alveoli. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.
PN2 of the alveoli
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the
PO2 should be as high as possible
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small
Peyer's patches
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness
Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles
The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.
T
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T cells
Which of the following is not a true statement? A) The DRG primarily controls inspiration. B) The VRG primarily controls expiration. C) The DRG functions in forced breathing only. D) The VRG functions in forced breathing only. E) The DRG controls external intercostals and the diaphragm
The DRG functions in forced breathing only
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume
________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx
Tonsils
Which of the following age-based changes is false? A) The lungs lose elastic tissue. B) The lung's compliance changes. C) Vital capacity increases. D) Respiratory muscles weaken. E) Costal cartilages become more flexible.
Vital capacity increases
The term lymphadenopathy refers to
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following except A) less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing. B) a drop in tidal volume. C) potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation. D) a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes. E) less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.
a drop in tidal volume
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
a person would stop breathing.
While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from
a pneumothorax
The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is
activated C3B attached to the cell wall
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it A) activates B cells. B) reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. C) involutes after puberty. D) produces T cells. E) lies in the anterior mediastinum
activates B cells
An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as
acute epiglottitis
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
adaptive immunity
The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called
agglutination.
Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called
allergens.
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies
Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except A) being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. B) being the smallest lymphatic vessels. C) having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. D) having shingle-like endothelial cells. E) allowing nutrient and gas exchange.
allowing nutrient and gas exchange
Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called
alveolar macrophages
The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the
alveoli
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when
an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen
Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn't participate in gas exchange is termed
anatomic dead space
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except
antibodies
The complement system works closely with and complements the action of
antibodies
Newborns gain their immunity initially from
antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother
A substance that provokes an immune response is called an
antigen
The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the
antigenic determinant sites.
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by
antihistamines.
An elastic ________ ligament and the ________ muscle connect the ends of tracheal cartilage.
anular; trachealis
The most superior portion of the lung is called the
apex.
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center
apneustic
Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they A) have no basement membrane. B) have only a tunica interna. C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. D) are smaller in diameter. E) are frequently irregular in shape.
are smaller in diameter
What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine?
artificially acquired active immunity
Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result.
artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages
arytenoid
A pneumothorax typically causes
atelectasis.
When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops.
autoimmune disease
The production of autoantibodies generally causes
autoimmune diseases
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must
bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface
Which of the following is not a property of an IgG heavy chain? A) has one constant segment B) has one variable segment C) binds one light chain D) binds antigen at both ends E) binds complement in the constant region
binds antigen at both ends
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
blood air barrier of the alveoli
In passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal
Microphages include
both neutrophils and eosinophils.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
Lung tissue receives oxygen and nutrients from the
bronchial arteries
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
carbonic acid
A unique feature of the left lung is the
cardiac notch.
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation
causes fluids to leak into the alveoli
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to
changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH
The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called
chemotaxis
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except
chemotaxis of phagocytes
The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the
cisterna chyli
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can
close the glottis
The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen.
competence
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except A) body hair. B) epithelium. C) secretions. D) complement. E) basement membranes.
complement
A ________ antigen is an antigen with at least two antigenic determinant sites
complete
The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract
compliance
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway
conducting
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle
contraction increases airway resistance
Lymphatic capillaries are not found in
cornea of the eye
A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called
costimulation.
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage
cricoid
The ligament bridging the larynx with the trachea is the ________ ligament
cricotracheal
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells
cytotoxic T
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell
cytotoxic T
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells
cytoxic; helper
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?
decreased alveolar PO2
Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency
decreased blood flow
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
decreased pH
Inhibition of medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles has what effect on respiratory rate, elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and arterial PCO2
decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both external and internal threats
Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called
dendritic cells
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis
Name the primary muscles of inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment.
Autoantibodies are
directed against the body's own antigens
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
double the respiratory rate
Asthma is
due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration
during external respiration
The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum.
efferent
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of
elastic rebound
Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A) RBC metabolic activity B) temperature C) electrolyte balance D) the PO2 of blood E) blood pH
electrolyte balance
The term hypercapnia refers to
elevated PCO2.
The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called
emphysema.
Total alveolar surface area is reduced in
emphysema.
condition that increases lung compliance is
emphysema.
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis.
The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the
epiglottis.
The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the A) arytenoid. B) corniculate. C) cricoid. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid
epiglottis.
Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in
epistaxis or nosebleeds
The blood-thymus barrier is made up of
epithelial reticular cells
The respiratory mucosa consists of
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue
Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.
eupnea; costal breathing
What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg
exhalation
T cells and B cells can be activated only by
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane
The openings to the nasal cavity are the
external nares
Damage to the phrenic nerves would
force reliance on costal breathing
In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?
from the tissue cells into the blood
Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule
germinal center
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is
greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is
greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called
haptens
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
heavy-chain constant segments
Primary bronchi enter their respective lungs along with pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics at which region
helium
Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells
helper T
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.
helper T
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell
helper T
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
helper T cells
All of the following are characteristics of anaphylaxis except A) the first exposure does not always lead to a reaction. B) IgE antibodies are produced. C) symptoms include capillary dilation, airway constriction, pain and itching. D) helper T cells are destroyed. E) sensitized mast cells and basophils are stimulated upon each exposure to an allergen.
helper T cells are destroyed
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song, she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is
high pitched and loud
Children have slender, short vocal cords so their voices tend to be
higher pitched
According to these graphs, more oxygen is released when the pH is (higher or lower) than normal and when temperature is (higher or lower) than normal
higher; lower
JJ is suffering from laryngitis. He will most likely experience which of the following symptoms?
hoarseness
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except A) filtering the air. B) warming the air. C) humidifying the air. D) housing tonsils. E) housing olfactory receptors.
housing tonsils
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or
hyperpnea.
Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called
hypoxia.
Boyle's law of gases states that
if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down
In a(n) ________, either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked.
immunodeficiency disease
Another term for antibodies is
immunoglobulins.
Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A to help prevent graft rejection. This medication is one in a class of drugs known as ________ drugs
immunosuppressive
Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes
immunosuppressive drugs.
Dalton's law states that
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe
increased thickness of the right ventricular wall
Suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities
Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways except by A) inhibiting glucocorticoid release. B) depressing the inflammatory response. C) reducing the number of phagocytes. D) inhibiting interleukin secretion. E) increasing the level of cortisol.
inhibiting glucocorticoid release
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) stimulation of inflammation. C) inhibition of the immune response. D) opsonization. E) chemotaxis.
inhibition of the immune response
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity
innate
During quiet breathing
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
Interferons
interfere with viral replication
Which type of interferon attracts and stimulates NK cells as a way to enhance viral resistance to viral infection?
interferon alpha
Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called
interferons
Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called
interleukins.
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle
internal intercostal
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the
internal nares
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is
internal respiration
Infection with the HIV virus occurs through
intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids
Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle
intrapleural
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of AIDS
is declining worldwide
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John
is running a fever
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air
A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until
it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that A) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. B) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. C) it depends on memory B cells. D) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. E) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure
it depends on memory B cells.
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because
large masses of food can move through the esophagus
The thyroid cartilage is also called the
laryngeal prominence and Adam's apple.
Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system? A) larynx B) pharynx C) nasal cavity D) nose E) sinuses
larynx
The vocal folds are located within the
larynx.
Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch
left lung
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
lower respiratory tract
The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is
lymph nodes
An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called
lymphedema
Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
What types of cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen and in the red pulp of the spleen
lymphocytes; red blood cells
Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen
macrophages
Which of the following is not a lymphocyte A) NK cells B) plasma cells C) memory T cells D) macrophages E) suppressor T cells
macrophages
Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________.
main bronchi; lobar bronchi
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to
maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
Which bone does not form part of the lateral or superior walls of the nasal cavity? A) maxilla B) mandible C) nasal D) ethmoid E) sphenoid
mandible
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time
memory
Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called
microglia
The most common unit of measurement for measuring pulmonary pressures is
mm Hg
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group
monocyte-macrophage
Various types of macrophages are derived from
monocytes
Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include all of the following except A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. B) fewer cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. C) decreased numbers of T helper cells. D) more efficient secondary responses. E) B cells are less responsive.
more efficient secondary responses.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
more intense inhalation
Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system
more than 30
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
more than 90
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n)
mucus escalator
An important component of the lamina propria in the upper respiratory system is
mucus glands
The auditory tubes open into the
nasopharynx.
The superior region of the pharynx is called the
nasopharynx.
Hormones of the immune system include all of the following except
natriuretic factor
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are
necessary for the transport of dietary lipids
The process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called
neutralization.
During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except A) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. B) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. C) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.
neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung
oblique
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the A) olfactory epithelium. B) medullary chemoreceptors. C) aortic body. D) carotid body. E) central chemoreceptors
olfactory epithelium
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called
opsonization.
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium
oropharynx
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the
oropharynx.
Factors affecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin can be visualized by using a
oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunization
NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells
perforin
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems
pharynx
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? A) pharynx B) trachea C) larynx D) bronchi E) alveoli
pharynx
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx.
The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation
pheumotaxic centers
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation.
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells
plasma
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as
pleurisy.
Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus
pneumocytes Type II
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space
pneumothorax
The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called
precipitation.
All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except A) versatility. B) tolerance. C) memory. D) specificity. E) present at birth.
present at birth
The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina
primary bronchi
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal
primary muscle of inspiration
The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would
produce a fever
An important protein in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation is
properdin
The Hering-Breuer reflex
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation
Helper T cells do all of the following except A) trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production. B) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen. C) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells. D) attract macrophages to the affected area. E) enhance nonspecific defenses.
provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen
The apneustic centers of the pons
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a traveling clot or similar obstruction is
pulmonary embolism
The interlobular septa divide the lungs into
pulmonary lobules
The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed
pulmonary ventilation
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation
rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the
red bone marrow
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the
red bone marrow
Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) produce antibodies through B cells. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) accumulate cancer cells. E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
remove excess nutrients from the lymph
The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the
respiratory defense system
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
respiratory minute volume
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens
How many lobes does each lung have, and which lung has a cardiac notch
right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
If PO2 increases
saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons
secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells.
sensitization
Which is not a way that antigen-antibody complexes may cause elimination of the antigen? A) opsonization B) enhancing phagocytosis C) activation of complement D) neutralization E) sensitization
sensitization
What type of muscle wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can change the diameter of the airway
smooth muscle
The nasopharynx transitions into the oropharynx at the level of the
soft palate
Accidently sending fluid up out of the nose happens when the ________ fails to close off the ________.
soft palate; nasopharynx
T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed
specificity
In general, lymphocytes
spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue
Interleukins do all of the following except A) increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. B) stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. C) stimulate inflammation. D) elevate body temperature. E) stimulate collagen synthesis.
stimulate collagen synthesis
One way to improve respiratory performance with age is to
stop smoking
Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the
subclavian veins
The leading cause of death for children under 1 year of age is
sudden infant death syndrome
Air flows between nasal conchae through the
superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses
Lungs are held tightly to the wall of the thorax due to
surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the cavity
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
tears
Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in
the adult spleen
Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false A) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. E) The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.
the afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum
A measure of antibody level in the plasma is
the antibody titer
The primary lymphoid tissues include
the bone marrow and thymus
T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except
the brain
During inhalation, air continues to move into the lungs until
the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except A) cortical association areas. B) the precentral motor gyrus. C) the limbic system. D) the hypothalamus. E) Broca's center.
the precentral motor gyrus
The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct
the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) lymphatic vessels. B) the vena cava. C) the spleen. D) lymph nodes. E) lymph.
the vena cava
Henry's law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
the volume of the thorax increases
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal
Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way?
they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from
thick secretions that are difficult to transport
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.
three lobes; two lobes
T cells develop from stem cells in the
thymus
Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ?
thymus
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage
thyroid
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage
thyroid
The inspiratory capacity is a total of what two pulmonary volumes
tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen
tolerance
An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called
tonsillitis
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
trachea.
The chloride shift occurs in order to
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma
The lymphatic system does all of the following except A) helps maintain normal blood volume. B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. C) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. D) transports lipids from the digestive tract. E) fights infection
transports gases to and away form lymph nodes
Hormones that slow tumor growth are called
tumor necrosis factors
Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show
tumor-specific antigens
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to
two antibodies attached to an antigen
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper respiratory tract
Information from chemoreceptors travels to the brain via the ________ nerves
vagus and glossopharyngeal
What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction?
valves
In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by the
variable segments of both the light and heavy chains
Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel
veins
Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into
veins
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
venous blood
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
vestibule.
The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the
visceral pleura
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the
vocal folds
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person
was recently infected with mumps
All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it A) depends on memory B cells. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. D) produces more effective antibodies. E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
white pulp