A&P Exam 3

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

100 mm Hg

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12-18

Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants

2

The blood air barrier consists of

2 layers of simple squamous epithelium

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin

2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

2.5 cm; 15-20

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.

20

If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free

4

The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

Place the following steps of NK cell killing in order. 1. Secretion of perforin 2. Realignment of Golgi apparatus 3. Lysis of abnormal cell 4. Recognition and adhesion

4, 2, 1, 3

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

40 mm Hg

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

45 mm Hg.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

45 mm Hg.

A typical respiratory minute volume is

6 liters.

Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each segmental bronchus

6,500

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.

75 percent

What is one atmosphere of pressure

760 mm Hg

The larynx contains ________ cartilages

9

________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)

Alveolar ventilation rate

Which of the following are not present prior to birth? A) Pulmonary arterial resistance is high. B) Pulmonary vessels are collapsed. C) Rib cage is compressed. D) Alveoli are expanded. E) Lungs and airways contain only a small amount of fluid.

Alveoli are expanded

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells

B

The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages

B

Which of the following changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes his or her first breaths? A) Blood flow to the lungs decreases. B) The resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases. C) Changes in blood flow cause the foramen ovale to close. D) Air enters the alveoli. E) Gas diffuses across the alveolar-capillary membrane

Blood flow to the lungs decreases

The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the

Bohr effect

An abnormal cell would be identified by the immune system because it showed

Class I MHC proteins with an antigen bound

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent

Cystic fibrosis

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center

DRG and VRG

________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too

Forced breathing

Which is not a reason gas exchange is efficient at the blood air barrier? A) Partial pressure differences are substantial. B) Distance is short. C) Surface area is large. D) Gap junctions facilitate fast movement. E) Gases are lipid soluble

Gap junctions facilitate fast movement

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Pregnant women are encouraged to get flu shots so that the maternal ________ can pass through the placenta to the fetus.

IgG

Anti-A and Anti-B blood typing antibodies are of which class

IgM

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are

IgM

During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher

IgM, IgG

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? A) It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. B) It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter. C) It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. D) It is driven by a rise in PCO2. E) It causes RBCs to swell

It causes RBCs to swell

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs

It decreases

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A) It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) Tracheal cartilages prevent tracheal collapse. C) It contains many mucous glands. D) It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. E) It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle

It is completely wrapped in smooth muscle

Which of the following is false about the pharynx? A) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems. B) The nasopharynx is superior. C) The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. D) The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. E) Solids, liquids, and gases pass through.

It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.

Kupffer cells

Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells

NK

After the appearance of bacteria in the body, which immune cell is present for the shortest amount of time?

NK cells

Sally has a tumor. In an effort to fight the cancerous cells her body increases the production of

NK cells

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) PN2 of the alveoli. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.

PN2 of the alveoli

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

PO2 should be as high as possible

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small

Peyer's patches

A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness

Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

T

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells

Which of the following is not a true statement? A) The DRG primarily controls inspiration. B) The VRG primarily controls expiration. C) The DRG functions in forced breathing only. D) The VRG functions in forced breathing only. E) The DRG controls external intercostals and the diaphragm

The DRG functions in forced breathing only

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume

________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx

Tonsils

Which of the following age-based changes is false? A) The lungs lose elastic tissue. B) The lung's compliance changes. C) Vital capacity increases. D) Respiratory muscles weaken. E) Costal cartilages become more flexible.

Vital capacity increases

The term lymphadenopathy refers to

a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes

Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following except A) less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing. B) a drop in tidal volume. C) potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation. D) a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes. E) less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.

a drop in tidal volume

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

a person would stop breathing.

While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe is probably suffering from

a pneumothorax

The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is

activated C3B attached to the cell wall

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it A) activates B cells. B) reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. C) involutes after puberty. D) produces T cells. E) lies in the anterior mediastinum

activates B cells

An acute infection of the throat that can lead to swelling and closure of the glottis and cause suffocation is known as

acute epiglottitis

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

adaptive immunity

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination.

Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called

allergens.

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies

Lymphatic capillaries are known for all of the following except A) being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. B) being the smallest lymphatic vessels. C) having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. D) having shingle-like endothelial cells. E) allowing nutrient and gas exchange.

allowing nutrient and gas exchange

Free phagocytes found in the air sacs of the lungs are called

alveolar macrophages

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the

alveoli

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when

an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen

Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn't participate in gas exchange is termed

anatomic dead space

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except

antibodies

The complement system works closely with and complements the action of

antibodies

Newborns gain their immunity initially from

antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

antigen

The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the

antigenic determinant sites.

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by

antihistamines.

An elastic ________ ligament and the ________ muscle connect the ends of tracheal cartilage.

anular; trachealis

The most superior portion of the lung is called the

apex.

Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center

apneustic

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they A) have no basement membrane. B) have only a tunica interna. C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. D) are smaller in diameter. E) are frequently irregular in shape.

are smaller in diameter

What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine?

artificially acquired active immunity

Frank was bitten by a rattlesnake and received anti-venom containing neutralizing antibodies. Frank received ________ immunity and he ________ long-term immunity as a result.

artificially acquired passive immunity; will not have

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages

arytenoid

A pneumothorax typically causes

atelectasis.

When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) ________ develops.

autoimmune disease

The production of autoantibodies generally causes

autoimmune diseases

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must

bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface

Which of the following is not a property of an IgG heavy chain? A) has one constant segment B) has one variable segment C) binds one light chain D) binds antigen at both ends E) binds complement in the constant region

binds antigen at both ends

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

blood air barrier of the alveoli

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal

Microphages include

both neutrophils and eosinophils.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

Lung tissue receives oxygen and nutrients from the

bronchial arteries

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

carbonic acid

A unique feature of the left lung is the

cardiac notch.

Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation

causes fluids to leak into the alveoli

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to

changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

chemotaxis of phagocytes

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the

cisterna chyli

Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can

close the glottis

The term immunological ________ refers to the ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen.

competence

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except A) body hair. B) epithelium. C) secretions. D) complement. E) basement membranes.

complement

A ________ antigen is an antigen with at least two antigenic determinant sites

complete

The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract

compliance

The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway

conducting

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle

contraction increases airway resistance

Lymphatic capillaries are not found in

cornea of the eye

A T cell can only become activated after being physically or chemically stimulated by the abnormal target cell in a process called

costimulation.

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage

cricoid

The ligament bridging the larynx with the trachea is the ________ ligament

cricotracheal

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells

cytotoxic T

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell

cytotoxic T

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells

cytoxic; helper

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli

As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?

decreased alveolar PO2

Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency

decreased blood flow

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

Inhibition of medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles has what effect on respiratory rate, elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and arterial PCO2

decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both external and internal threats

Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called

dendritic cells

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

Name the primary muscles of inspiration

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment.

Autoantibodies are

directed against the body's own antigens

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

double the respiratory rate

Asthma is

due to an excessive stimulation of smooth muscle in bronchioles

When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration

during external respiration

The ________ lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum.

efferent

When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of

elastic rebound

Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A) RBC metabolic activity B) temperature C) electrolyte balance D) the PO2 of blood E) blood pH

electrolyte balance

The term hypercapnia refers to

elevated PCO2.

The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called

emphysema.

Total alveolar surface area is reduced in

emphysema.

condition that increases lung compliance is

emphysema.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis.

The flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the larynx is called the

epiglottis.

The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the A) arytenoid. B) corniculate. C) cricoid. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid

epiglottis.

Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in

epistaxis or nosebleeds

The blood-thymus barrier is made up of

epithelial reticular cells

The respiratory mucosa consists of

epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue

Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.

eupnea; costal breathing

What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg

exhalation

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

The openings to the nasal cavity are the

external nares

Damage to the phrenic nerves would

force reliance on costal breathing

In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?

from the tissue cells into the blood

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule

germinal center

The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is

greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest

The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is

greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called

haptens

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

heavy-chain constant segments

Primary bronchi enter their respective lungs along with pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics at which region

helium

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.

helper T

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells

All of the following are characteristics of anaphylaxis except A) the first exposure does not always lead to a reaction. B) IgE antibodies are produced. C) symptoms include capillary dilation, airway constriction, pain and itching. D) helper T cells are destroyed. E) sensitized mast cells and basophils are stimulated upon each exposure to an allergen.

helper T cells are destroyed

Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song, she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is

high pitched and loud

Children have slender, short vocal cords so their voices tend to be

higher pitched

According to these graphs, more oxygen is released when the pH is (higher or lower) than normal and when temperature is (higher or lower) than normal

higher; lower

JJ is suffering from laryngitis. He will most likely experience which of the following symptoms?

hoarseness

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except A) filtering the air. B) warming the air. C) humidifying the air. D) housing tonsils. E) housing olfactory receptors.

housing tonsils

Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or

hyperpnea.

Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called

hypoxia.

Boyle's law of gases states that

if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down

In a(n) ________, either the immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked.

immunodeficiency disease

Another term for antibodies is

immunoglobulins.

Milly has just received a kidney transplant and is taking cyclosporin A to help prevent graft rejection. This medication is one in a class of drugs known as ________ drugs

immunosuppressive

Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes

immunosuppressive drugs.

Dalton's law states that

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time, you would expect to observe

increased thickness of the right ventricular wall

Suppressor T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities

Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways except by A) inhibiting glucocorticoid release. B) depressing the inflammatory response. C) reducing the number of phagocytes. D) inhibiting interleukin secretion. E) increasing the level of cortisol.

inhibiting glucocorticoid release

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) stimulation of inflammation. C) inhibition of the immune response. D) opsonization. E) chemotaxis.

inhibition of the immune response

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity

innate

During quiet breathing

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive

Interferons

interfere with viral replication

Which type of interferon attracts and stimulates NK cells as a way to enhance viral resistance to viral infection?

interferon alpha

Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called

interferons

Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called

interleukins.

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle

internal intercostal

The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the

internal nares

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through

intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids

Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle

intrapleural

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is

inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of AIDS

is declining worldwide

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

is running a fever

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air

A sensitized B cell typically is not activated until

it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.

All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that A) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. B) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. C) it depends on memory B cells. D) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. E) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure

it depends on memory B cells.

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

large masses of food can move through the esophagus

The thyroid cartilage is also called the

laryngeal prominence and Adam's apple.

Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system? A) larynx B) pharynx C) nasal cavity D) nose E) sinuses

larynx

The vocal folds are located within the

larynx.

Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch

left lung

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is

less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the

lower respiratory tract

The lymphoid organ that acts like a filter as lymph passes through is

lymph nodes

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

lymphedema

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

What types of cells are found in the white pulp of the spleen and in the red pulp of the spleen

lymphocytes; red blood cells

Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen

macrophages

Which of the following is not a lymphocyte A) NK cells B) plasma cells C) memory T cells D) macrophages E) suppressor T cells

macrophages

Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________.

main bronchi; lobar bronchi

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to

maintain adequate alveolar ventilation

Which bone does not form part of the lateral or superior walls of the nasal cavity? A) maxilla B) mandible C) nasal D) ethmoid E) sphenoid

mandible

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time

memory

Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called

microglia

The most common unit of measurement for measuring pulmonary pressures is

mm Hg

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group

monocyte-macrophage

Various types of macrophages are derived from

monocytes

Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include all of the following except A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens. B) fewer cytotoxic T cells responding to infections. C) decreased numbers of T helper cells. D) more efficient secondary responses. E) B cells are less responsive.

more efficient secondary responses.

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in

more intense inhalation

Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system

more than 30

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.

more than 90

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the alveoli

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n)

mucus escalator

An important component of the lamina propria in the upper respiratory system is

mucus glands

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx.

The superior region of the pharynx is called the

nasopharynx.

Hormones of the immune system include all of the following except

natriuretic factor

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are

necessary for the transport of dietary lipids

The process by which antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called

neutralization.

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur except A) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. B) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. C) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung

oblique

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the A) olfactory epithelium. B) medullary chemoreceptors. C) aortic body. D) carotid body. E) central chemoreceptors

olfactory epithelium

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization.

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium

oropharynx

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

oropharynx.

Factors affecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin can be visualized by using a

oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

passive immunization

NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells

perforin

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

phagocytes

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems

pharynx

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? A) pharynx B) trachea C) larynx D) bronchi E) alveoli

pharynx

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx.

The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation

pheumotaxic centers

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation.

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells

plasma

The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as

pleurisy.

Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus

pneumocytes Type II

The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space

pneumothorax

The process by which soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes is called

precipitation.

All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except A) versatility. B) tolerance. C) memory. D) specificity. E) present at birth.

present at birth

The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina

primary bronchi

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal

primary muscle of inspiration

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would

produce a fever

An important protein in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation is

properdin

The Hering-Breuer reflex

protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation

Helper T cells do all of the following except A) trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production. B) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen. C) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells. D) attract macrophages to the affected area. E) enhance nonspecific defenses.

provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen

The apneustic centers of the pons

provide stimulation to the inspiratory center

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What type of epithelium lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a traveling clot or similar obstruction is

pulmonary embolism

The interlobular septa divide the lungs into

pulmonary lobules

The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed

pulmonary ventilation

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation

rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the

red bone marrow

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the

red bone marrow

Lymph nodes do all of the following except A) produce antibodies through B cells. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) accumulate cancer cells. E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

remove excess nutrients from the lymph

The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the

respiratory defense system

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

respiratory minute volume

Lymphocytes

respond to antigens

How many lobes does each lung have, and which lung has a cardiac notch

right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

If PO2 increases

saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells.

sensitization

Which is not a way that antigen-antibody complexes may cause elimination of the antigen? A) opsonization B) enhancing phagocytosis C) activation of complement D) neutralization E) sensitization

sensitization

What type of muscle wraps around a respiratory bronchiole and can change the diameter of the airway

smooth muscle

The nasopharynx transitions into the oropharynx at the level of the

soft palate

Accidently sending fluid up out of the nose happens when the ________ fails to close off the ________.

soft palate; nasopharynx

T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed

specificity

In general, lymphocytes

spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue

Interleukins do all of the following except A) increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. B) stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. C) stimulate inflammation. D) elevate body temperature. E) stimulate collagen synthesis.

stimulate collagen synthesis

One way to improve respiratory performance with age is to

stop smoking

Lymph fluid enters the venous circulation via the

subclavian veins

The leading cause of death for children under 1 year of age is

sudden infant death syndrome

Air flows between nasal conchae through the

superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses

Lungs are held tightly to the wall of the thorax due to

surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the cavity

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears

Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in

the adult spleen

Which of the following statements about lymph flow in a node is false A) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. E) The afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum.

the afferent lymphatic enters at the hilum

A measure of antibody level in the plasma is

the antibody titer

The primary lymphoid tissues include

the bone marrow and thymus

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

the brain

During inhalation, air continues to move into the lungs until

the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure

Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except A) cortical association areas. B) the precentral motor gyrus. C) the limbic system. D) the hypothalamus. E) Broca's center.

the precentral motor gyrus

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) lymphatic vessels. B) the vena cava. C) the spleen. D) lymph nodes. E) lymph.

the vena cava

Henry's law states that

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

the volume of the thorax increases

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal

Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way?

they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

thick secretions that are difficult to transport

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.

three lobes; two lobes

T cells develop from stem cells in the

thymus

Which of the following is not a secondary lymphoid tissue or organ?

thymus

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

A common site to place a tracheostomy tube is through the ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the ________ cartilage

thyroid

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage

thyroid

The inspiratory capacity is a total of what two pulmonary volumes

tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen

tolerance

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called

tonsillitis

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

trachea.

The chloride shift occurs in order to

transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma

The lymphatic system does all of the following except A) helps maintain normal blood volume. B) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. C) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. D) transports lipids from the digestive tract. E) fights infection

transports gases to and away form lymph nodes

Hormones that slow tumor growth are called

tumor necrosis factors

Cancer cells can be detected by NK cells when they show

tumor-specific antigens

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to

two antibodies attached to an antigen

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract

Information from chemoreceptors travels to the brain via the ________ nerves

vagus and glossopharyngeal

What feature do lymphatic vessels share with veins that allows lymph to flow in only one direction?

valves

In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by the

variable segments of both the light and heavy chains

Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel

veins

Lymphatic vessels begin in peripheral tissues and ultimately drain into

veins

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in

venous blood

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

vestibule.

The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the

visceral pleura

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

vocal folds

In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person

was recently infected with mumps

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it A) depends on memory B cells. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. D) produces more effective antibodies. E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp