A&P Exam 3 review

Select all the knee ligaments that are deep to the articular capsule and prevent anterior and posterior movement of the femur on the tibia. - Fibular collateral ligament - Tibial collateral ligament - Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments - Lateral and medial menisci

- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

Match each lever class with the location of its effort, resistance, and fulcrum. (Third class lever, First class lever, Second class lever) 1. Fulcrum is between the resistance and effort 2. Resistance is between the fulcrum and effort 3. Effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance

1. First class lever 2. Second class lever 3. Third class lever

Match the components of the epiphyseal plate with the correct description. ( Zone of resting cartilage, Zone of proliferating cartilage, Zone of hypertrophic cartilage, Zone of calcified cartilage, Zone of ossification 1. This is the area nearest to the epiphysis that contains randomly arranged chondrocytes. 2. This is the area where chondrocytes produce new cartilage, divide, and form columns resembling stacks of coins 3. This is the area where chondrocytes mature and enlarge 4. This is the very thin zone that contains hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix. 5. This is the area where calcified cartilage is replaced by bon

1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage 5. Zone of ossification

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used. (glenohumeral, meniscus, rotator cuff, coracohumeral, biceps brachii tendon, glenoid labrum, scapulothoracic, transverse humeral) 1. The _______, or shoulder joint, sacrifices stability for mobility and therefore requires active stabilization from muscles and passive stabilization from ligamentous structures. 2. Lining the rim of the glenoid fossa is a ring of fibrocartilage called the ______, which serves to deepen the extremely shallow articulating surface of the glenoid. 3. A major dynamic stabilizer of anterior displacement of the humerus is the ________, which lies in the intertuburcular groove and attaches to the superior aspect of the glenoid rim. 4. The four muscles of the _______ all originate on the scapula and produce forces that keep the humeral head in contact with the glenoid during movements powered by the larger musculature (e.g., latissimus dorsi, deltoid, pectoralis major) crossing the joint. 5. Spanning the intertuburcular groove of the proximal humerus, the ________ ligament works to keep the biceps tendon in place during contractions of the biceps muscle.

1. glenohumeral 2. glenoid labrum 3. biceps brachii tendon 4. rotator cuff 5. transverse humeral

How many pairs of ribs articulate (directly or indirectly) with the sternum? - 12 - 5 - 24 - 7 - 10

10

This figure shows the knee joint. Which number indicates the tibial collateral ligament? - 3 - 2 - 6 - 1 - 5

3

The skull consists of _____ cranial bones and _____ facial bones. - 10, 12 - 9, 11 - 7, 12 - 8, 14 - 5, 7

8, 14

At what location do the three bones of the os coxae fuse? - Iliac crest - Ischial tuberosity - Acetabulum - Pelvic brim - Pubic symphysis

Acetabulum

At what location do the three bones of the os coxae fuse? - Pelvic brim - Ischial tuberosity - Iliac crest - Pubic symphysis - Acetabulum

Acetabulum

During bone repair, when does the bony callus form? - After bone remodeling. - Before the fracture hematoma. - After the soft callus forms. - Before the soft callus forms.

After the soft callus forms.

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging? - Insufficient calcification - Demineralization - Reduction in the organic content of the matrix - Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness - All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

What is the function of the nuchal lines? - Attachment for muscles and ligaments - Attachment for dura mater - Passageway for cranial nerves - Grooves for dural sinuses - Passageway for jugular vein

Attachment for muscles and ligaments

Which is false about synovial joints? - All articulating bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage. - Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage. - Synovial joints are enclosed by fibrous articular capsules. - Synovial fluid is secreted by the synovial membrane. - Ligaments strengthen and reinforce joints.

Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage.

Which is false about synovial joints? - All articulating bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage. - Ligaments strengthen and reinforce joints. - Synovial joints are enclosed by fibrous articular capsules. - Synovial fluid is secreted by the synovial membrane. - Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage.

Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage.

Place the following terms or examples within the correct category. ( Build/Retain Bone Mass, Weaken/Reduce Bone Mass) - weight lifting - a sedentary lifestyle - sitting - walking - gravitational forces - astronauts in space - limb immobilization

Build/Retain Bone Mass - weight lifting - walking - gravitational forces Weaken/Reduce Bone Mass - sitting - a sedentary lifestyle - astronauts in space - limb immobilization

What is the correct order for the vertebral regions, from superior to inferior? - Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal - Thoracic - sacral - lumbar - thoracic - coccygeal - Cervical - thoracic - sacral - coccygeal - lumbar - Thoracic - cervical - lumbar - coccygeal - sacral - Thoracic - coccygeal - cervical - lumbar - sacral

Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal

What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon? - Canaliculi - Concentric lamellae - Interstitial lamellae - Circumferential lamellae - Perforating canals

Concentric lamellae

A large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure is called what? - Condyle - Sulcus - Tubercle - Foramen

Condyle

Which is an alternate term for compact bone? - Trabecular bone - Cancellous bone - Cortical bone - Spongy bone -

Cortical bone

Which feature is unique to the axis? - Vertebral foramen - Transverse foramen - Bifid spinous process - Superior articular facet - Dens

Dens

Which does not correctly pair a movement with its opposing movement? - Elevation - retraction - Dorsiflexion - plantar flexion - Flexion - extension - Pronation - supination - Abduction - adduction

Elevation - retraction

Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthodontist use to assess this? - Periosteum - Epiphyseal plate - Compact bone - Osteon - Spongy bone

Epiphyseal plate

Which of these skull bones cannot be easily palpated? - Ethmoid - Frontal - Temporal - Occipital - Parietal

Ethmoid

What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis? - Fibrocartilage - Hyaline cartilage - Sutural cartilage - Elastic cartilage - Reticular cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Which of the following describes a meniscus? - Fibrous cartilage pads - Found only at the temporomandibular joint - Attach muscles to bones - Attach one bone to another at a joint - Flat, fluid-filled sacs

Fibrous cartilage pads

The "soft spots" on an infant's head are caused by which of the following? - Cartilaginous cranial bones - Fontanelles - Injury to the skull during birth - Premature suture fusion

Fontanelles

Which of the following joints is the least stable? - Costochondral joint - Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint - Radioulnar joint - Skull suture

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

Which is not a function of bone? - Hormone synthesis - Protection - Hemopoiesis - Body movement - Mineral storage

Hormone synthesis

Which joints are responsible for flexion and extension at the elbow? - Humeroulnar and humeroradial - Humeroradial and radioulnar - Glenohumeral and humeroulnar - Humeroradial, radioulnar, and radiocarpal - Humeroulnar, humeroradial, and radioulnar

Humeroulnar and humeroradial

Determine which scenario below will result in a mechanical advantage (MA) of less than 1.0, which means the lever provides speed rather than strength. - If the length of the effort arm is 300 mm and the length of the resistance arm is 150 mm. - If the length of the effort arm is 100 mm and the length of the resistance arm is 100 mm. - If the length of the effort arm is 55 mm and the length of the resistance arm is 200 mm. - All of the choices will result in a mechanical advantage of speed. - None of the choices will result in a mechanical advantage of speed.

If the length of the effort arm is 55 mm and the length of the resistance arm is 200 mm.

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty? - Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels. - Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix. - Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation. - Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth. - Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

Which is false regarding ligaments? - Extrinsic ligaments are physically separate from the articular capsule. - Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue. - Extracapsular ligaments are outside the articular capsule. - Intrinsic ligaments are thickenings of the articular cartilage. - Intracapsular ligaments are within the articular capsule.

Intrinsic ligaments are thickenings of the articular cartilage.

Select all the reasons why the glenohumeral joint is unstable. - It has a loose articular capsule. - Its superior aspect is unsupported by the rotator cuff muscles. - There are only two rotator cuff muscles. - It is destabilized by the biceps brachii muscle tendons.

It has a loose articular capsule.

If you palpate the medial side of your ankle, what prominent process of the tibia are you feeling? - Tibial tuberosity - Medial malleolus - Fibular notch - Medial condyle

Medial malleolus

What is the name of the prominence on the medial surface of the ankle? - Calcaneus - Tibial tuberosity - Head of the fibula - Medial condyle - Medial malleolus

Medial malleolus

Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate? - Distal epiphysis - Periphysis - Proximal epiphysis - Diaphysis - Metaphysis

Metaphysis

During the process of endochondral ossification, chondrocytes in the cartilage model die. Why does this occur? - The developing bone collar secretes enzymes that destroy the chondrocytes. - Canaliculi connecting adjacent chondrocyte lacunae fuse. - Phagocytic osteoclasts in the new bone engulf and destroy the chondrocytes. - Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix. - Blood supply to the cartilage is cut off by the developing periosteum.

Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.

What is the function of the cribriform plate? - Provides large surface area for muscle attachment. - Permits air to enter the cranial cavity to cool the brain. - Forms part of the nasal septum. - Articulates with the atlas for rotational head movement. - Permits passage of the olfactory nerves.

Permits passage of the olfactory nerves.

Which of the following is not a function of the vertebral column? - Provide support for the muscles of the arm. - Help transfer axial skeleton weight to the lower limbs. - Provide vertical support for the body. - Support the weight of the head.

Provide support for the muscles of the arm.

Where does hemopoiesis occur? - Endosteum - Red bone marrow - Epiphyseal line - Nutrient foramina - Yellow bone marrow

Red bone marrow

What bone(s) does the clavicle articulate with? - Humerus and sternum - Scapula only - Humerus only - Scapula and humerus - Scapula and sternum

Scapula and sternum

If you were to reach out your hand to receive a set of keys from someone, what movements of your forearm and hand would be involved? - Pronation of the forearm and adduction of the hand - Eversion of the forearm and abduction of the hand - Protraction of the forearm and rotation of the hand - Depression of the forearm and flexion of the hand - Supination of the forearm and extension of the hand

Supination of the forearm and extension of the hand

Which is not a correct pairing of a bone and its common name? - Scapula - shoulder blade - Tibia - shin - Patella - knee cap - Talus - heel - Clavicle - collar bone

Talus - heel

Which bone is not a facial bone? - Zygomatic - Temporal - Maxilla - Mandible - Nasal

Temporal

Which statement accurately compares the hand and the foot? - The hand and the foot each have 15 phalanges. - Each hand has 14 phalanges, but each foot has 15 phalanges. - The hand and the foot each have 14 phalanges. - Each hand has 15 phalanges, but each foot has 14 phalanges.

The hand and the foot each have 14 phalanges.

Which is not correct regarding the femur? - The condyles are located at the distal end of the bone. - The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum. - In anatomic position, the femur is angled medially. - The depression in the head of the femur is called the fovea. - The intercondylar fossa is located on the anterior surface of the bone.

The intercondylar fossa is located on the anterior surface of the bone.

Which curves of the vertebral column are present at birth? - Thoracic and sacral. - Lumbar and thoracic. - Lumbar and cervical. - Lumbar and sacral. - Cervical and thoracic.

Thoracic and sacral.

When compared to the shoulder, the hip joint has - a shallower bony socket and weaker supporting ligaments. - a shallower bony socket but stronger supporting ligaments. - a deeper bony socket but weaker supporting ligaments. - a deeper bony socket and stronger supporting ligaments.

a deeper bony socket and stronger supporting ligaments.

The glenohumeral joint exhibits - a high degree of stability and a wide range of motion. - a low level of stability but a wide range of motion. - a high degree of stability but a narrow range of motion. - a low level of stability and a narrow range of motion.

a low level of stability but a wide range of motion.

The fibrocartilage rim that deepens the hip socket is the - obturator membrane. - acetabular labrum. - coxal retinaculum. - glenoid labrum.

acetabular labrum.

The head of the femur articulates with the - tibial tuberosity. - auricular surface. - ischial spine. - acetabulum.

acetabulum.

Classify the following images of bone into the correct category they represent. (Flate bones, Irregular bones, Short bones, Long bones) - sphenoid bone - vertebra - radius - scapula - sternum - capitate bone - ulna - talus

answer

Identify the cranial bones in the figure. Not every answer will be used. - ethmoid bone - temporal bone - zygomatic bone - frontal bone - occipital bone - nasal bone - sphenoid bone - parietal bone - sutural bone

answer

Label the bone markings on the pelvis. - facet - foramen - spine - fossa - crest - ramus

answer

Label the different types of cartilaginous joint and their respective structures. - costochondral joints - symphyses - epiphyseal plate - intervertebral disc - pubic symphysis - synchondroses

answer

Label the figure with the items provided. Labels may be used more than once. - resistance - effort - fulcrum

answer

Label the skeletal system components in the figure with the terms provided. - articular cartilage - fibrocartilage of intervertebral disc - epiphyseal plate - costal cartilage - bones

answer

Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called - epiphyseal growth. - appositional growth. - cancellous bone growth. - endosteal growth. - interstitial growth.

appositional growth.

Gomphoses - consist of sheets of hyaline cartilage. - cover the tendons in the shoulder and coxal joints. - are also called saddle joints. - contain fluid-filled joint cavities. - are found only in tooth sockets.

are found only in tooth sockets.

Gomphoses - contain fluid-filled joint cavities. - cover the tendons in the shoulder and coxal joints. - are also called saddle joints. - are found only in tooth sockets. - consist of sheets of hyaline cartilage.

are found only in tooth sockets.

Bones in the legs, arms, spine, and pelvis grow - at the same rate. - strongest after age 30. - until age 18, then they stop. - at different rates.

at different rates.

Rami, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as - attachments for ligaments or tendons. - pits or depressions to hold cartilage. - articulating surfaces. - passageways for nerves. - passageways for blood vessels.

attachments for ligaments or tendons.

Rami, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities are bone markings that serve as - passageways for nerves. - attachments for ligaments or tendons. - passageways for blood vessels. - pits or depressions to hold cartilage. - articulating surfaces.

attachments for ligaments or tendons.

The multiaxial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into the cuplike socket of the other bone is called a ___________ joint. - pivot - plane - ball-and-socket - condylar

ball-and-socket

Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage. a: New matrix is produced and secreted. b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna. c: Stem cells undergo mitosis. d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts. - c. - d. - b. - a. - a. - c. - b. - d. - d. - c. - b. - a. - a. - c. - d. - b. - c. - d. - a. - b.

c. - d. - a. - b.

The epiphyseal plates in the _________ are the last ones in the body to ossify. - humerus - femur - radius - tibia - clavicle

clavicle

The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the _____ articulates with the _____. - clavicle; humerus - humerus; scapula - scapula; clavicle - scapula; thoracic cage - clavicle; sternum

clavicle; sternum

Label the regions of a long bone. - proximal epiphysis - distal epiphysis - diaphysis - metaphysis (look at picture)

correct image

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are a: Calcified cartilage b: Hypertrophic cartilage c: Ossification d: Resting cartilage e: Proliferating cartilage The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is - d - b - e - a - c - d - e - b - a - c - c - d - e - a - b - c - a - b - e - d - e - d - a - c - b

d - e - b - a - c

In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by - articular cartilage. - fibrocartilage. - areolar connective tissue. - dense regular connective tissue. - dense irregular connective tissue.

dense regular connective tissue.

The shaft of a long bone is called the __________, while the expanded, knobby region at each end is called the __________. - metaphysis; epiphyseal line. - proximal epiphysis; distal epiphysis. - diaphysis; metaphysis. - diaphysis; epiphysis.

diaphysis; epiphysis.

The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the - distal epiphysis. - distal diaphysis. - superior diaphysis - proximal epiphysis.

distal epiphysis.

When considering leverage, the part of the bone from the muscle attachment to the joint would be the - effort arm. - resistance arm - fulcrum

effort arm.

The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the - metaphysis - epiphysis. - diaphysis. - periosteum.

epiphysis.

When kicking a ball forward, the knee is - extended - rotated - abducted - circumducted

extended

The membranous sheets that connect developing cranial bones are called - craniochondral articulations. - ossicles. - fontanelles. - sutures. - intraosseous membranes.

fontanelles.

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the - pelvis. - foot. - sternum. - skull. - hand

foot.

The term "diarthrosis" refers to a joint that is - freely mobile. - dislocated. - fused. - immobile. - slightly mobile.

freely mobile.

In general, the movements demonstrated at plane joints between the carpals are - rotations. - flexions and extensions. - circumductions. - pivots. - gliding movements.

gliding movements.

Bone is ________ and contains mainly ________ nerves. - highly vascularized; motor - avascular; motor - avascular; sensory - highly vascularized; sensory

highly vascularized; sensory

Endochondral ossification begins with a(n) _________ model. - membranous - dense connective tissue - osteoid - mesenchyme - hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage

Articular cartilage, found on the ends of long bones, consists of - elastic cartilage. - fibrocartilage. - hyaline cartilage. - dense regular connective tissue.

hyaline cartilage.

When the angle between articulating bones increases beyond the anatomic position, the movement is referred to as - hypertrophy - supination - hyperextension - dislocation - hyperflexion

hyperextension

The true pelvis is ____ to the false pelvis. - inferior - superior

inferior

The ___________ of the scapula is the point where the medial and lateral borders meet. - supraglenoid tubercle - infraglenoid tubercle - superior angle - inferior angle - lateral angle

inferior angle

Calcitonin _________ osteoclast activity, which will _________ blood calcium levels. - inhibits; decrease - stimulates; increase - inhibits; increase - stimulates; decrease

inhibits; decrease

The _________ provide passageways for spinal nerves to exit the vertebral column and travel to other parts of the body. - intervertebral foramina - vertebral canals - vertebral foramina - articular facets - transverse foramina

intervertebral foramina

A meniscus could be found in which joint? - elbow - temporomandibular - shoulder - knee

knee

Compact bone contains concentric, interstitial, and circumferential - lamellae. - osteons. - osteocytes. - perforating canals. - central canals.

lamellae.

In anatomic position, the radius lies _____ to the ulna. - inferior - posterior - medial - lateral - superior

lateral

In anatomic position, the radius lies _____ to the ulna. - lateral - inferior - medial - posterior - superior

lateral

Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its ______ and occurs in the _______ region of the cartilage. - width; internal - length; internal - width; peripheral - length; peripheral

length; internal

Interstitial growth of cartilage increases its ______ and occurs in the _______ region of the cartilage. - width; internal - length; peripheral - width; peripheral - length; internal

length; internal

A fracture parallel to the long axis of the bone is a(n) _________ fracture. - comminuted - medial - oblique - transverse - linear

linear

Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by _______ levels of calcium in the blood. - low - high

low

A synarthrotic joint would have - low mobility and low stability. - high mobility and low stability. - low mobility and high stability. - high mobility and high stability.

low mobility and high stability.

Which is a secondary curvature of the vertebral column that develops as a child begins to stand and walk? - cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral

lumbar

The hyoid bone is located between the - cranium and the axilla. - pharynx and the nasal cavity. - mandible and the larynx. - maxilla and the mandible. - larynx and the trachea.

mandible and the larynx.

The hard palate is composed of the - sphenoid and ethmoid bones. - nasal conchae and vomer bones. - zygomatic and lacrimal bones. - maxillary and palatine bones. - nasal conchae and palatine bones.

maxillary and palatine bones.

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the - medullary cavity. - epiphyseal plate. - endosteum. - lacuna.

medullary cavity.

Common, wear-and-tear arthritis, in which repeated use of a joint gradually wears down the articular cartilage, is known as - osteopenia. - articular porosis. - osteoarthritis. - gout. - rheumatoid arthritis.

osteoarthritis.

Bone-producing cells are - osteoprogenitor cells. - chondrocytes. - chondroblasts. - osteoclasts. - osteoblasts.

osteoblasts.

Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix. - osteoprogenitor cells - osteocytes - osteoclasts - osteoid cells - osteoblasts

osteoclasts

Activity of ____________ results in the formation of hydrochloric acid used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called ____________. - osteoclasts; mineral deposition - osteoblasts; mineral resorption - osteoclasts; mineral resorption - osteoblasts; mineral deposition

osteoclasts; mineral resorption

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by - osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid. - osteoblasts, which then communicate to osteocytes and osteoclasts to deposit more hydroxyapatite. - chondrocytes, which then trigger osteoblasts to increase bone in a lengthwise fashion. - osteoclasts, which then communicate to osteocytes to increase the size of lacunae.

osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by - osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid. - osteoblasts, which then communicate to osteocytes and osteoclasts to deposit more hydroxyapatite. - osteoclasts, which then communicate to osteocytes to increase the size of lacunae. - chondrocytes, which then trigger osteoblasts to increase bone in a lengthwise fashion.

osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.

Bone cells that become surrounded by bone matrix and are located in cavities called lacunae are - osteogenic cells. - osteoblasts. - osteoclasts. - osteocytes.

osteocytes.

The ___________ subdivides the pelvis into the "true pelvis" and the "false pelvis". - pelvic brim - pelvic inlet - sacral promontory - pelvic outlet - pubic symphysis

pelvic brim

The periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called _____ fibers. - penetrating - transverse - connecting - perforating - cementing

perforating

The joint formed by the axis and atlas that permits the "no" shaking of the head is a _____ joint. - pivot - condylar - plane - hinge - saddle

pivot

Flat bones - have a diaphysis and an epiphysis. - have elaborate shapes, and sometimes resemble sesame seeds. - protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved. - include the bones of the wrist that glide across each other. - are, by definition, not at all curved.

protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved.

In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the - sternum - radius of forearm. - ribs. - vertebrae.

radius of forearm.

If a heavy load is at one end of a lever, the distance between the fulcrum and that load is called the - resistancearm - lever length. - effort arm.

resistancearm

If the humerus is pivoting on its own longitudinal axis, it is exhibiting - rotation - flexion - adduction - extension

rotation

The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ________ curves, and they arch ________. - primary; anteriorly - primary; posteriorly - secondary; anteriorly - secondary; posteriorly

secondary; anteriorly

The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ________ curves, and they arch ________. - primary; posteriorly - secondary; posteriorly - secondary; anteriorly - primary; anteriorly

secondary; anteriorly

Chronically high levels of ___________ inhibit(s) bone growth. - thyroid hormone - growth hormone - estrogen and testosterone - serotonin - calcitonin

serotonin

The bones of the wrist are classified as _____ bones. - regular - irregular - short - long - flat

short

The axial skeleton includes the - upper and lower limbs and pelvic and pectoral girdles. - skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column. - radius, ulna, carpals, and phalanges. - femur, tibia, and fibula.

skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

The bony projections that can be palpated medially and laterally at the wrist are the - medial and lateral malleoli. - spinous processes. - styloid processes. - greater and lesser trochanters. - medial and lateral epicondyles.

styloid processes.

Rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomic position) is called - pronation - supination - protraction - abduction - eversion

supination

Rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomic position) is called - protraction. - pronation. - supination. - abduction. - eversion.

supination.

Which is not a type of synovial joint? - suture - saddle - ball-and-socket - pivot

suture

Functionally, a gomphosis is categorized as a - diarthrosis. - cartilagenous joint. - synovial joint. - synarthrosis

synarthrosis

The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a - syndesmosis. - suture - synostosis. - synchondrosis. - synarthrosis.

syndesmosis.

The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a - syndesmosis. - synarthrosis. - suture - synostosis. - synchondrosis.

syndesmosis.

The deltoid ligament, lateral ligament, and tibiofibular ligaments belong to the ________ joint. - humeroradial - talocrural - tarsometatarsal - fibulometatarsal - knee

talocrural

Which bone is not a facial bone? - temporal - maxilla - mandible - zygomatic - nasal

temporal

In a first-class lever - there is no effort arm. - the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum. - the resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort. - the fulcrum is in the middle, between the effort and the resistance.

the fulcrum is in the middle, between the effort and the resistance.

The vertebral column protects - the spleen. - the kidneys. - All of the choices are correct. - the spinal cord.

the spinal cord.

When considering joints in the human body, the most common lever type is the - second-class lever. - first-class lever. - third-class lever.

third-class lever.

The ossicles are - six of the fourteen cranial bones. - neck bones that articulate with the larynx (voice box). - three of the fourteen facial bones. - three small bones within each ear.

three small bones within each ear.

The glenohumeral ligaments are - weak and indistinct. - strong and distinct.

weak and indistinct.

Synovial fluid is found - between the fibrous and synovial layers of the articular capsule. - between the articular cartilage and bone. - within the synovial cavity. - deep to the periosteum.

within the synovial cavity.