A&P final

Which of the following are examples of cytokines

(A and B) interferons Interleukins

Which of the following are pigments associated with the skin

(All of the above) Carotene Melanin Hemoglobin

Which of the following brain structures are found within the basal nuclei

(All of the above) Caudate nucleus Globus Pallidus Putamen

which of the following is/are phagocytic

(All of the above) Dendritic cells Macrophages Neutrophils

Which of the following are structures found in the brain stem

(All of the above) Medulla Oblongata Substantia Nigra pons

Which of the following nerves are NOT mixed nerves

(B and C) Optic Olfactory

During the inflammatory response a phagocyte will exit the bloodstream and navigate towards the site of injury. Place the events of this process in the correct order below 1. Leukocytosis 2. Diapedesis 3. Chemotaxis 4. Margination

1,4,2,3 ( I, IV, II, III )

Arrange the following arteries in order as they lead toward the glomerulus. 1. Arcuate artery 2. Segmental artery 3. Renal artery 4. Interlobar artery 5. Cortical radiate artery 6. Afferent arteriole Select one: a. 3, 4, 2, 5, 1, 6 b. 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6 c. 3, 2, 1, 5, 6, 4 d. 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6 e. 5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1

3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. Major calyx 2. Minor calyx 3. Nephron 4. Urethra 5. Ureter 6. Collecting ducts Select one: a. 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 b. 1, 2, 6, 3, 5, 4 c. 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 d. 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 e. 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

For the sake of convenience and compliance, which of the following routes of drug administration are preferred? Select one: a. Oral b. Topical c. Injection d. A and B e. All of the Above

A and B

The bulk of Phase I biotransformation reactions are carried out by enzymes like Select one: a. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) b. Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) c. N-Acetyltransferases (NATs) d. A and B e. All of the Above

A and B

Which of the following is/are typically found within the gastrointestinal tract mucosa? Select one: a. Lamina propria b. Muscularis mucosae c. Simple cuboidal epithelium d. A and B e. All of the Above

A and B

Which of the following substances are most likely to be found in the extracellular fluid compartment? Select one: a. Na+ b. K+ c. Cl- d. A and B e. A and C

A and C

The neurotransmitter released at peripheral motor endings at neuromuscular junctions is

Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Acetylcholine

An arterial blood pH of approximately 7.35 is considered to be ___________ Select one: a. Osmosis b. Alkalosis c. Ketosis d. Acidosis e. Neutral

Acidosis

What symptom results in an individual with shallow breathing, or when gas exchange is hampered by a disease like emphysema or pneumonia? Select one: a. Acidosis b. Dehydration c. Alkalosis d. Potosis e. Narcosis

Acidosis

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? Select one: a. Glucocorticoids. b. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) d. Water levels e. Aldosterone

Aldosterone

Which of the following physical structures form a mechanical filter at the glomerulus? Select one: a. Fenestrations b. Basement membrane c. Podocytes d. A and C e. All of the Above

All of the Above

Which of the following is/are a function(s) of the urinary system? Select one: a. Regulates water balance b. Excretes metabolic wastes c. Produces renin and erythropoietin d. Converts Vitamin D to active form e. All of the above

All of the above

T cells that bind antigen but not a co- stimulatory signal do not divide or secrete cytokines in an result known as

Anergy

The hormone that directly stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex is Select one: a. Angiotensin I b. Angiotensin II c. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) d. Angiotensinogen e. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Angiotensin II

Aquaporins are inserted into principal cells of the collecting duct when blood levels of ___________ are high. Select one: a. Aldosterone b. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) c. Cortisol d. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) e. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The specific portion of an antibody that is used to recognize an antigen is called the

Antigen-binding site

this gland is largely confined to axillary and an genital areas and produces a viscous yellowish yet odorless secretion it begins functioning at puberty in males and females

Apocrine sweat gland

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? Select one: a. K b. C c. D d. B12 e. A

B12

This buffer system is the only extracellular fluid buffer, yet also buffers intracellular fluid. Select one: a. Phosphate b. Bicarbonate c. Protein d. Acetate e. Ethanoate

Bicarbonate

Which secreted substance is used to make triglycerides more soluble in water? Select one: a. Bile salts b. Glucuronic acid c. Trypsin d. Lipases e. Amylase

Bile salts

Which component of bile is also a waste product of hemoglobin formed during the breakdown of erythrocytes? Select one: a. Bilirubin b. Triglycerides c. Cholesterol d. Bile salts e. Electrolytes

Bilirubin

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. Select one: a. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus b. the renal pyramid c. the descending nephron loop d. the cortical nephron and collecting duct e. the renal papilla

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

This phase of gastric secretion begins before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, taste, sight, and more. Select one: a. Pharyngeal - Esophageal phase b. Gastric phase c. Intestinal phase d. Cephalic phase e. Buccal phase

Cephalic phase

The thymus is most active during

Childhood

What is the major anion accompanying Na+ in the ECF? Select one: a. Bicarbonate (HCO3-) b. Sulfate (SO42-) c. Chloride (Cl-) d. Superoxide (O2ᣟ-) e. Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-)

Chloride (Cl-)

The ________ is a blood vessel-rich membrane that forms much of the posterior of the eye It contains melanocytes that help absorb light

Choroid

Which of the following enzymes is NOT involved in the digestion of carbohydrates? Select one: a. Chymotrypsin b. Glucoamylase c. Dextrinase d. Salivary amylase e. Pancreatic amylase

Chymotrypsin

Which of the following anatomical features are NOT present in the large intestine? Select one: a. Teniae coli b. Epiploic appendages c. Haustra d. Circular folds e. Appendix

Circular folds

antigens presented on ____________ proteins are endogenous antigens

Class I MHC

Which of the following is NOT true of saliva? Select one: a. Contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of carbohydrates b. Contains acids which aid in chemical digestion c. Cleanses the mouth d. Moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus e. Contains electrolytes like K+ and Na+

Contains acids which aid in chemical digestion

Which term is used to describe the control of the opposite side of the body by a brain hemisphere

Contralateral

Generally the sites of origin for parasympathetic fibers are

Craniosacral

Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? Select one: a. Na+ b. Creatinine c. Glucose d. K+ e. Amino acids

Creatinine

Which of the following conveys bile to and from the gallbladder? Select one: a. Bile duct b. Common hepatic duct c. Cystic duct d. Pancreatic duct e. Right hepatic duct

Cystic duct

Which of the following enzyme superfamilies' are known to be highly inducible? Select one: a. Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) b. Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) c. Epoxide Hydrolases (EHs) d. Methyltransferases (MTs) e. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs)

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs)

The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? Select one: a. Too much protein in the diet b. Damage to the renal tubules c. Damage to the filtration membrane d. Low glomerular filtration rate e. High levels of transcription and translation by body tissues

Damage to the filtration membrane

Which of the following are capable of activating a naive T lymphocyte

Dendritic Cell and Macrophage exam answer was ( A and B)

This lymphoid cell is found most frequently in epithelial tissues and after capturing an antigen with its long extensions travels to lymph nodes to present it to a T cell therby activating it

Dendritic cell

Which feature of the dermis is most responsible for the presence of fingerprints?

Dermal papillae

Which portion of the nephron is most permeable to H2O under normal circumstances (i.e. ignoring the influence of hormonal regulation)? Select one: a. Glomerulus b. Proximal convoluted tubule c. Descending limb d. Distal convoluted tubule e. Ascending limb

Descending limb

Most of the wall of the urinary bladder is made up of smooth muscle called the ______. Select one: a. Detrusor b. Urethra c. Trigone d. Diaphragm e. Oblique

Detrusor

which of the following is a result of sympathetic stimulation

Dilation of the pupils

First-order sensory neuron cell bodies are located in _______ and receive sensory inputs from peripheral nerve endings and other receptors

Doral root ganglia

This is the strongest and thickest menix consisting of a bi-layered sheet of fibrous tissue

Dura Mater

Vasodilation during the inflammatory response is responsible for local ________ that sweeps away foreign materials into lymphatic vessels

Edema

____________ are fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the surface of the large intestine. Select one: a. Zymogen granules b. Epiploic appendages c. Circular folds d. Haustra e. Teniae coli

Epiploic appendages

The esophagus passes through the diaphragm via the ____________. Select one: a. Esophageal hiatus b. Pyloric sphincter c. Cardial orifice d. Ileocecal valve e. Gastroesophageal sphincter

Esophageal hiatus

Which of the following is the least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption? Select one: a. Oral cavity b. Stomach c. Large intestine d. Small intestine e. Esophagus

Esophagus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the alimentary mucosa? Select one: a. Secretion b. Protection c. Excretion d. Absorption e. None of the Above

Excretion

Which of the following is not a function of the integumentary system

Filtration

Hepatic portal circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from digestive viscera and delivers it to the liver in a process called _________. Select one: a. First-Pass metabolism b. Colonic metabolism c. Digestive metabolism d. Early-Access metabolism e. Portal metabolism

First-Pass metabolism

Which of the following is an example of an accessory digestive organ? Select one: a. Stomach b. Pharynx c. Mouth d. Duodenum e. Gallbladder

Gallbladder

This phase of gastric secretion lasts 3-4 hrs and is defined by the secretion of gastrin and hydrochloric acid (HCl) Select one: a. Gastric phase b. Cephalic phase c. Buccal phase d. Intestinal phase e. Pharyngeal - Esophageal phase

Gastric phase

During the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, intestinal __________ is produced by mucosal cells to encourage gastric glands to continue secretory activity. Select one: a. Gastrin b. Secretin c. Ghrelin d. Cholecystokinin (CCK) e. Inhibin

Gastrin

Which of the following are NOT typically found in urine? Select one: a. Uric acid b. Urochrome c. Urea d. Creatinine e. Glucose

Glucose

Which cells of the juxtaglomerular complex are found in arteriolar walls, secrete renin, and effectively act as mechanoreceptors that detect arteriolar blood pressure? Select one: a. Macula Densa b. Granular Cells c. Intercalated Cells d. Principal cells e. Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Granular Cells

The ______________ forms a rigid surface at the roof of the mouth against which the tongue forces food during chewing. Select one: a. Uvula b. Soft palate c. Hyoid bone d. Epiglottis e. Hard palate

Hard palate

Segmentation-like movements of the large intestine are called ____________. Select one: a. Gastroileal reflex b. Mass movements c. Migrating motor complex (MMC) d. Colonic peristalsis e. Haustral contractions

Haustral contractions

which T lymphocyte subclass(es) tend to express the CD4 glycoprotein

Helper (T h ) T lymphocyte and Regulatory (T reg) T lymphocyte answer on exam was ( A and B)

This subtype of T lymphocyte is essential for amplification of the immune response. It releases cytokines, activates macrophages, B Lymphocytes, and other T lymphocytes

Helper T (T h) cells

Which cell type is responsible for storing fat-soluble vitamins, detoxifying substances and production of bile? Select one: a. Hepatocytes b. Acinar cells c. Parietal cells d. Alpha cells e. Beta cells

Hepatocytes

The main force determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is __________. Select one: a. Hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs) b. Hydrostatic pressure in the nephron loop (HPnl) c. Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPgc) d. Colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (OPgc) e. Colloid osmotic pressure in the collecting duct (OPcd)

Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

Which of the following is NOT an example of nonspecific immunity by our immune system?

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Which of the following is a structure of the midbrain

Inferior colliculi

The involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed is called the ________. Select one: a. Internal urethral sphincter b. External anal sphincter c. Internal anal sphincter d. Ileocecal sphincter e. External urethral sphincter

Internal urethral sphincter

_____________ is comprised mostly of mucus and water, making it relatively enzyme poor. Select one: a. Saliva b. Intestinal juice c. Gastric juice d. Pancreatic juice e. Orange juice

Intestinal juice

This structure of the kidney is essential for the control of filtration rate and systemic blood pressure. It is found almost exclusively in the renal cortex. Select one: a. Juxtaglomerular complex b. Vasa recta c. Peritubular capillaries d. Loop of Henle e. Efferent arteriole

Juxtaglomerular complex

These nephrons are the most important for the concentration of urine. Select one: a. Cortical b. Juxtamedullary c. Juxtaglomerular d. A and B e. All of the Above

Juxtamedullary

In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance? Select one: a. Kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide. b. Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions. c. Kidneys retain uric acid. d. Kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions. e. Kidneys retain hydrogen ions.

Kidneys retain bicarbonate ions.

Chylomicrons are absorbed via _____________, which carries them through lymph toward venous circulation. Select one: a. Goblet cells b. Venules c. Lacteals d. Arterioles e. Enteroendocrine cells

Lacteals

This multimodal association area includes the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus. it is critical for emotional sensation and responses to danger

Limbic

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? Select one: a. Lipase b. Chymotrypsin c. Pepsin d. Nuclease e. Amylase

Lipase

Insensible water loss encompasses that which escapes via the _____________. Select one: a. Lungs b. Feces c. Urine d. Sweat e. All of the Above

Lungs

Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue

Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.

At the site of nerve damage _______ clean out dead axon fragments distal to the injury

Macrophages

Regarding perceptual level processing the ability to detect how intense a sensory stimulus is known as

Magnitude estimation

Which of the following is/are (an) example(s) of mechanical breakdown in digestion? Select one: a. Mastication b. Deglutition c. Peristalsis d. A and B e. All of the Above

Mastication

This evolutionarily conserved brain region is essential for the maintenance of respiratory rhythm blood vessel diameter and force or rate of heart contraction.

Medulla Oblongata

the eye's vascular layer includes________ that help absorb light limiting scattering and reflection within the eyeball

Melanocytes

The __________ is a serous membrane that routes blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves around the organs of the GI tract. Select one: a. Mesothelium b. Adventitia c. Mesentery d. Endometrium e. Parietal peritoneum

Mesentery

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? Select one: a. Respiratory acidosis b. Metabolic acidosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory alkalosis e. Termites

Metabolic alkalosis

___________ make up the "brush border" of the small intestine, increasing surface area for membrane-bound enzymes to efficiently carry out hydrolytic digestion. Select one: a. Microvilli b. Cilia c. Lacteal d. Villi e. Circular folds

Microvilli

Motilin is a hormone that regulates waves of peristalsis within the small intestine called Select one: a. Enteric peristalsis b. Segmentation c. Migrating Motor Complex (MMC) d. Haustral contractions e. Mass movements

Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)

the walls of lymphatic vessels have flaplike _________ that allow interstitial fluid to enter the lymphatic system

Minivalves

Which of the following classes of teeth are best suited for grinding food? Select one: a. Felines b. Canines c. Molars d. Incisors e. Pleurodont

Molars

Which of the following is an example of an metabotropic receptor that responds to acetylcholine (ACh)

Muscarinic

Which layer of the Alimentary Canal is most responsible for peristalsis and segmentation? Select one: a. Serosa b. Adventitia c. Mucosa d. Muscularis Externa e. Submucosa

Muscularis Externa

This layer of smooth muscle is important for local movements within the mucosa and is generally not used for propulsion through the alimentary canal. Select one: a. Muscularis externa b. Muscularis interna c. Lamina propria d. Muscularis mucosae e. Adventitia

Muscularis mucosae

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.

NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response

The protein responsible for maintaining a concentration gradient that powers glucose absorption in the small intestinal mucosa is known as ____________. Select one: a. Na+-glucose symport transporter b. Glucose Transporter (GLUT2) c. Amino acid carrier d. Glucose-pump e. Na+-K+ ATPase ("Pump")

Na+-K+ ATPase ("Pump")

The countercurrent multiplier function of juxtamedullary nephrons requires that _________ be pumped out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Select one: a. H2O b. Glucose c. Urea d. Ca2+ e. NaCl

NaCl

The most controllable factor that affects glomerular filtration rate is _____________. Select one: a. Filtration membrane permeability b. Blood viscosity c. Net filtration pressure (NFP) d. Total available surface area for filtration e. Thirst

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

Which of the following receptors are ion channels

Nicotinic

this type of sensory receptor responds to damaging stimuli resulting in pain

Nociceptors

The peritubular capillaries are found around which portion(s) of the juxtamedullary nephron? Select one: a. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) b. Nephron loop c. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) d. A and C e. None of the Above

None of the Above

Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system? Select one: a. Bicarbonate b. Phosphate c. Nucleic acid d. Protein e. All of the Above are Buffer Systems

Nucleic acid

The wall of the stomach is unique compared with the rest of the GI tract because it contains a(n) ______________ of smooth muscle. Select one: a. Circular layer b. Latitudinal layer c. Mucosal layer d. Oblique layer e. Longitudinal layer

Oblique layer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels fall and the osmolality of urine drops when we're _____. Select one: a. Metahydrated b. Hydrated c. Dehydrated d. Overhydrated e. Hypohydrated

Overhydrated

Which of the following factors does NOT affect absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract Select one: a. Surface area for absorption b. Drug concentration at absorption site c. Drug solubility in water d. Blood flow to site of absorption e. Oxygen saturation of blood

Oxygen saturation of blood

Which of the following digestive secretions is typically the most alkaline? Select one: a. Pancreatic juice b. Saliva c. Intestinal juice d. Colonic juice e. Gastric juice

Pancreatic juice

This hormone increases reabsorption of Ca2+ by the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct Select one: a. Triiodothrionine (T3) b. Calmodulin c. Thyroxine (T4) d. Calcitonin e. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect sodium balance in the body? Select one: a. Estrogens b. Cortisol c. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) d. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) e. Progesterone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following? Select one: a. Mucous neck cells b. Chief cells c. Surface epithelial cells d. Parietal cells e. Enteroendocrine cells

Parietal cells

Which of the choices below is NOT a glomerular filtration rate control method? Select one: a. Neural regulation b. Myogenic mechanism c. Tubuloglomerular feedback d. Plasma Electrolyte levels e. Hormonal regulation

Plasma Electrolyte levels

The general purpose of biotransformation reactions is to make medications and toxins more Select one: a. Apolar b. Polar c. Lipophilic d. Hydrophobic e. Non-polar

Polar

Which of the following is NOT an important constituent of bile? Select one: a. Cholesterol b. Electrolytes c. Phospholipids d. Polysaccharides e. Bilirubin

Polysaccharides

Aldosterone functions by inserting Na+-K+ ATPases into _______ in the collecting duct. Select one: a. Macula densa b. Granular cells c. Endothelial cells d. Intercalated cells e. Principal cells

Principal cells

A nominally inactive drug that is made active by Phase I biotransformation reactions is known as a(n) _____________. Select one: a. Antioxidant b. Prodrug c. Vitamin d. Metabolite e. Supplement

Prodrug

Urea tends to be reabsorbed in which of the following portions of the renal tubule? Select one: a. Distal convoluted tubule b. Descending limb c. Proximal convoluted tubule d. Ascending limb e. Glomerulus

Proximal convoluted tubule

This portion of the renal tubule bears dense microvilli to increase surface area for reabsorption of materials from the filtrate. Select one: a. Collecting Duct b. Nephron loop c. Glomerular Corpuscle d. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) e. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary system? Select one: a. Rectum b. Kidneys c. Urinary bladder d. Ureters e. Urethra

Rectum

dilapidated erythrocytes and other bloodborne pathogens are destroyed by macrophages in this region of the spleen

Red pulp

This funnel-shaped tube collects urine and is continuous with the ureter. Select one: a. Renal plexus b. Renal medulla c. Renal cortex d. Renal tubule e. Renal pelvis

Renal pelvis

this lymphoid cell type produces stroma a reticular fiber that supports other cell types in the lymphoid tissues

Reticular cells

Lymphoid tissue is largely comprised of

Reticular connective tissue

The stomach has a unique function called _________, where small volumes of chyme enter the small intestine, leaving the remainder in the stomach. Select one: a. Churning b. Retropulsion c. Propulsion d. Enterogastric reflex e. Grinding

Retropulsion

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?

Right Lymphatic duct

Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order):

Root, Trunks, divisions, and cords

This substance softens and lubricates the hair and skin prevents hair and skin from becoming brittle slows water loss from skin and kills bateria

Sebum

This classification of burn is characterized by damage to the epidermis and upper dermis, as well as blistering. It typically takes at least 3 weeks to heal.

Second Degree

Which of the following hormones is responsible for upregulating secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice in response to acidic chyme entering the duodenum? Select one: a. Insulin b. Secretin c. Motilin d. Cholecystokinin (CCK) e. Gastrin

Secretin

Which of the following is NOT a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? Select one: a. Thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus b. Tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells c. Replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells d. Secretion of pepsinogen e. None of the Above

Secretion of pepsinogen

antigenic determinants are more easily recognized by the immune system due to their

Size and complexity answer on exam is (A and B)

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? Select one: a. Calcium ions b. Sodium ions c. Magnesium ions d. Hydrogen ions e. Potassium ions

Sodium ions

Primary Motor cortex is organized so that each region of the body is mapped _______ on the surface of the cerebral cortex

Spatially

which form of skin cancer arises from keratinocytes in the Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer) 1 ). Which form o s in ca and metastasizes if not removed?

Squamous cell carinoma

Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption? Select one: a. Rectum b. Transverse colon c. Sigmoid colon d. Stomach e. Esophagus

Stomach

This salivary gland is just inferior to the tongue and opens to the floor of the mouth. Select one: a. Submandibular gland b. Parotid gland c. Buccal glands d. Sublingual gland e. Serous glands

Sublingual gland

Decreasing blood pressure causes baroreceptors to stimulate which branch of the nervous system? Select one: a. Central nervous system b. Enteric nervous system c. Peripheral nervous system d. Sympathetic nervous system e. Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of

Sympathetic stimulation

which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? Select one: a. Regulation of total water volume b. Production of erythropoietin c. Synthesis of glucose d. Synthesis of cholesterol e. Regulation of plasma ion concentration

Synthesis of cholesterol

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? Select one: a. Synthesize vitamins C and D b. Absorb bilirubin c. Produce gas d. Metabolize medications e. Synthesis of vitamin K

Synthesis of vitamin K

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur? Select one: a. Glomerular filtration rate will increase. b. Net filtration pressure will increase. c. Urine output will increase. d. Systemic blood pressure will go up. e. All of the Above Will Occur

Systemic blood pressure will go up.

which of the following is/are example of encapsulated sensory receptors

Tactile (Meissner's ) corpuscles

Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle? Select one: a. The efferent arteriole b. Fenestrated capillaries c. Podocytes d. The afferent arteriole e. The vasa recta

The vasa recta

_________ in the endothelial lining of brain capillaries are a critical component of the blood brain barrier. Their production is signaled primarily by astrocytes

Tight junctions

Substances move through the apical membrane, cytosol, and basolateral membrane of the renal tubule in a process known as the ___________. Select one: a. Transcellular route b. Extracellular route c. Paracellular route d. Pancellular route e. Paper route

Transcellular route

When moving from an area of darkness to bright light rods turn off and ____ move to the inner segment of the cell

Transducin

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. Select one: a. Simple squamous b. Pseudostratified columnar c. Stratified squamous d. Transitional e. Simple cuboidal

Transitional

____________ reflects the limited number of carrier proteins in renal tubules available to ferry a particular substance. Select one: a. Transfer Rate (Tr) b. Transport Maximum (Tm) c. Transport Capacity (Tc) d. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) e. Maximal Transfer Rate (MTR)

Transport Maximum (Tm)

The openings to the ureters and the urethra in the urinary bladder collectively form the Select one: a. Trilobite b. Triforce c. Triad d. Triangle e. Trigone

Trigone

Most water is lost from the body in the form of ________. Select one: a. Sweat b. Insensible loss c. Feces d. Saliva e. Urine

Urine

Which cranial nerve is responsible for activation of skeletal muscles of the pharynx and larynx transmission of sensory information from aortic arch baroreceptors and transmission of impulses form thoracic and abdominal viscera

Vagus

Which of the following kidney structures serves as the countercurrent exchanger? Select one: a. Renal pelvis b. Vasa recta c. Loop of Henle d. Peritubular capillaries e. Bowman's capsule

Vasa recta

Brain______ are formed from the central canal and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Ventricles

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? Select one: a. Rugae and haustra b. Layers of muscularis externa c. Brunner's glands and Peyer patches d. The vast array of digestive enzymes e. Villi and microvilli

Villi and microvilli

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. Select one: a. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction b. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions c. the stomach overproduces HCl d. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids e. a runner has completed a very long marathon

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________. Select one: a. is easily broken and replaced often b. helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space c. aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste d. actively pumps NaCl out of the filtrate and into the interstitium e. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? Select one: a. trypsin b. pepsin c. gastrin d. amylase e. cholecystokinin (CCK)

amylase

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________. Select one: a. be metabolized by the liver more efficiently b. be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport c. be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells d. appear in the urine e. be actively secreted into the filtrate

appear in the urine

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. Select one: a. interlobar b. lobar c. cortical radiate d. segmental e. arcuate

arcuate

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. Select one: a. by a decrease in the blood pressure b. when the pH of the urine decreases c. by an increase in the blood pressure d. when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 e. when the peritubular capillaries are dilated

by a decrease in the blood pressure

The pH of blood decreases (pH < 7.4) under high concentration of CO2 due to the formation of which acid? Select one: a. HCO2 b. CO c. H2CO3 d. HCl e. HCO3-

c. H2CO3

The macula densa cells respond to ________. Select one: a. aldosterone b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. changes in pressure in the tubule d. changes in Na+ content of the filtrate e. cookies

changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. Select one: a. chemical digestion b. absorption c. mechanical breakdown d. secretion e. propulsion

chemical digestion

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. Select one: a. chief cells of the stomach b. parietal cells of the stomach c. goblet cells of the small intestine d. Brunner's glands in the duodenum e. mucous neck cells of the stomach

chief cells of the stomach

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. Select one: a. carry toxins to the kidney for disposal through the urinary tract b. distribute hormones throughout the body c. collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver d. return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low e. open a gateway to another dimension

collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

Angiotensin II functions to ________. Select one: a. decrease water absorption b. decrease thirst c. decrease arterial blood pressure d. decrease the production of aldosterone e. constrict arterioles and increase aldosterone levels

constrict arterioles and increase aldosterone levels

antibodies can target antigens through all of the following mechanisms except

crystallization

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. Select one: a. absorption b. propulsion c. digestion d. secretion e. ingestion

digestion

A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gallbladder removed would likely advise ________. Select one: a. increasing unsaturated fats while eliminating trans fats in their diets b. eating foods that are low in fat c. eating fewer, but larger meals d. eating a low to no carb diet e. cutting protein out of their diet

eating foods that are low in fat

Nerves that carry impulses away from the cns are

efferent nerves

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. Select one: a. portal vein b. pancreatic acini c. hepatopancreatic ampulla d. mesenteric artery e. bile canaliculus

hepatopancreatic ampulla

lymphocytes must be able to recognize a specific antigen this is called

immunocompetence

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. Select one: a. decrease in the production of ADH b. increase in the production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) c. decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma d. increase in the production of ADH e. increase in the production of aldosterone

increase in the production of ADH

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. Select one: a. decrease in the production of ADH b. increase in the production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) c. decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma d. increase in the production of ADH e. increase in the production of aldosterone

increase in the production of ADH

Generally, the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________. Select one: a. decrease the activities of the accessory digestive organs b. increase stomach emptying c. increase the force of stomach contractions d. slow defecation e. increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile

Interferons

interfere with viral replication within cells

Broca's area

is considered a motor speech area

The glomerulus differs from most other capillaries in the body in that it ________. Select one: a. is permeable to red blood cells b. has a basement membrane c. has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems d. is drained by an efferent arteriole e. is impermeable to most substances

is drained by an efferent arteriole

This cutaneous sensory receptor responds exclusively to deep pressure

lamellar ( Pacinian) corpuscles

Which epidermal component is largely made up of a lipid intended to limit water loss through the skin

lamellar granules

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. Select one: a. serosa b. lamina propria c. adventitia d. muscularis externa e. submucosa

lamina propria

The ______ is a "rams horn" -shaped space in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid that is continuous with other ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord

lateral ventricle

Which of the following anatomical features are not associated with both the hair and nail?

lenule

Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________. Select one: a. lipid ingestion b. lipid digestion c. lipid absorption d. lipid anabolism e. lipid emulsification

lipid emulsification

The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. Select one: a. liver b. pancreas c. duodenum d. stomach e. spleen

liver

When a strong acid such as HCl is added to the carbonic acid buffer system, ________. Select one: a. the blood plasma pH is reduced b. carbonic acid is converted into bicarbonate c. breathing rate is slowed d. more carbonic acid is formed e. hydrochloric acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide

more carbonic acid is formed

When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low, ________. Select one: a. aquaporins are inserted into the collecting duct principal cell apical membranes b. Na+/K+ pumps are inserted into the collecting duct principal cell apical membranes c. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed d. nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed e. a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted

most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. Select one: a. glomerular filtration membrane b. distal convoluted tubule c. collecting duct d. proximal convoluted tubule e. nephron loop

nephron loop

The primary visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

______ associate with specific carbohydrates on pathogens and greatly accelerate phagocytosis

opsonins

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________

overexposure to UV radiation

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. Select one: a. saliva b. intracellular fluid c. cerebrospinal fluid d. interstitial fluid e. plasma

plasma

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. Select one: a. bicarbonate b. calcium c. chloride d. potassium e. iron

potassium

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. Select one: a. the pH of the ICF b. the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. intracellular sodium levels d. the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells e. potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

Hepatocytes do NOT ________. Select one: a. detoxify toxic chemicals b. produce bile c. store fat-soluble vitamins d. process nutrients e. produce digestive enzymes

produce digestive enzymes

A rising blood pH and a falling partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to hyperventilation indicates ________. Select one: a. respiratory acidosis b. respiratory alkalosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis e. None of the Above are Indicated c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis e. None of the Above are Indicated

respiratory alkalosis

Paneth cells ________. Select one: a. secrete HCl b. secrete bicarbonate ions c. secrete enzymes that kill bacteria d. secrete digestive enzymes e. secrete hormones

secrete enzymes that kill bacteria

Hormones that INHIBIT gastric secretion include ________. Select one: a. ACh b. secretin c. gastrin d. histamine e. None of the Above

secretin

This organ is the largest lymphoid organ and has functions ranging from cleaning of blood to proliferation and training of lymphocytes

spleen

The bolus is liquefied in the ________ and it is now called chyme. Select one: a. mouth b. stomach c. small intestine d. esophagus e. large intestine

stomach

This layer accounts for 3/4 of the thickness of the epidermis and is made up of mostly keratin and remaining plasma membrane from dead keratinocytes

stratum corneum (Horny layer)

Reticular fibers are common to all lymphoid organs except

thymus

T lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the

thymus

Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.

tonsil

Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presence of high concentrations of protein fragments? Select one: a. amylase b. nuclease c. sucrase d. lipase e. trypsin

trypsin

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.

visual association