A&P Final

The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is

epinephrine

The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (Module 24.17B)

external urethral sphincter

Identify the two classes of vitamins. (Module 23.14B)

fat-soluble and water-soluble

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

fibrous capsule / renal cortex

Materials can move across capillary walls by

filtration, reabsorption, and diffusion

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

folic acid (folate).

After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the

functional residual capacity.

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called

juxtamedullary nephrons.

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the

lips

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the A) lips.B) nose.C) nasal cavity.D) pharynx.E) paranasal sinuses.

lips

Urea is formed in the

liver

An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.

oxygenated; systemic

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Distinguish between phonation and articulation. (Module 21.4C)

phonation is the production of sound; articulation is the clarity of the sound and is provided by the involvement of the tongue, teeth, and lips

Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the

right atrium

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into

right lymphatic duct

Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.

terminal bronchioles

What is basal metabolic rate? (Module 23.17B)

the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

the mitochondria

At the right colic flexure, the colon becomes the

transverse colon

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the

tunica media

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

When will the blood pressure be greater?

when the peripheral vessels constrict

Define hemorrhoids. (Module 22.17B)

Hemorrhoids are distended veins in the distal portion of the rectum.

Name the major functions of the large intestine. (Module 22.16A)

REABSORBING WATER AND COMPACTING MATERIAL INTO FECES, ABSORBING VITAMINS, AND STORING FECAL MATERIAL

Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A)

RESPIRATORY RATE IS THE NUMBER OF BREATHS TAKEN EACH MINUTE

The vitamin that is part of coenzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is

Riboflavin

Vitamin B 2 is

Riboflavin

A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders?

Rickets

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

an antibody attached to an antigen.

When renin is released from the kidney,

angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

antibodies

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaires

Identify the vein labeled "10."

inferior vena cava

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except

inhibition of EPO secretion.

Absorption of O 2 from blood and release of CO 2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration

Describe the lining of the stomach. (Module 22.10C)

it is lined with rugae

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.

2 alpha and 2 beta (4 subunits)

Which structure helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food?

9 (rugae of mucosa)

Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)

A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following

A) sebaceous glands. B) epithelia. C) mucus. D) epidermal layers. E) All of the answers are correct.

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

ADH

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

Activates B Cells

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.

Alkalosis

During deglutition,

All of the answers are correct. A) the soft palate elevates. B) the larynx elevates and the epiglottis closes. C) the lower esophageal sphincter opens. D) smooth muscle contracts.

Describe the structure of an antibody. (Module 20.18A)

An antibody molecule consists of two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains: a pair of long, heavy chains and a pair of short, light chains. Each chain contains both constant segments and variable segments. The constant segments of the heavy chains form the base of the antibody molecule; the free tips of each of the two variable segments form the antigen-binding sites.`

Summarize the relationship between P CO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C)

An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B)

Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

Describe autoregulation at the kidneys. (Module 24.9A)

Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney.

Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure. (Module 24.14A)

Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function.

Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. (Module 24.5B)

Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole. E

How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)

Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.

Define emulsification. (Module 22.22A)

Breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

Buffer

Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy?

C

Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A)

Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks

Define chemotaxis. (Module 20.10B)

Chemotaxis is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli.

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables and citrus fruits. Which vitamin is not particularly abundant in these food groups?

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin

D

Identify the segment of the nephron that makes the final adjustments to the composition of tubular fluid. (Module 24.10A)

Distal convoluted tubule

Define ingestion. (Module 22.5A)

Entry of food and liquids into the digestive tract through the mouth.

Compare glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. (Module 23.7A)

Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

Gout

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

Hilum

Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B)

Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2.

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. (Module 25.5C)

Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

Hypothalamus

Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)

Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A)

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogensproduce a fever.activate antibodies.cause inflammation.opsonize pathogens.activate complement. Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

K

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue.

Leptin

Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B)

Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.

Describe metabolic acidosis. (Module 25.9A)

Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.**

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T Cells

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells

Describe the anatomy of the intestinal mucosa. (Module 22.12B)

The intestinal mucosa has circular folds, villi, and intestinal glands.

Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity. (Module 21.6B)

The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively.

Compare the minor and major calyces. (Module 24.3B)

The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces.

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. (Module 21.14B)

The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.

________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system

Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)

The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C)

The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

Compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory circuits. (Module 19.15A)

The two circulatory circuits of the cardiovascular system are the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Where are chemoreceptors located? (Module 19.11A)

They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A)

Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

Define tonsil, and name the five tonsils. (Module 20.5B)

Tonsils are large lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx. The five tonsils are theleft and right palatine tonsils, a single pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), and a pair of lingualtonsils.

Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism. (Module 23.6B)

When ATP must be produced anaerobically.

A balanced diet would include all of the following, except

a. adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. b. both fat soluble and fat insoluble vitamins. c. adequate substrates for the production of energy. d. essential amino acids and fatty acids. e. enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs.

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

Identify the structure labeled "3."

afferent tubule

Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

The process of filtration is driven by

blood hydrostatic pressure

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessels.

renal columns are

bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus.

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in

capillaries

Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to

changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH in the blood

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except

decreased breath volumes on inhalation

Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except

decreased vessel diameter

At the left colic flexure, the colon becomes the

descending colon

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

either 37.2C or 99F.

Identify the structures of the renal corpuscle. (Module 24.4B)

glomerular capsule and glomerulus

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is

glucagen

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

Describe hepatitis. (Module 22.24A)

hepatitis is inflammation of the liver

Antidiuretic hormone

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland which aids in water reabsorption by the kidney

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

hypervitaminosis

Antidiuretic hormone does not

increase ECF sodium concentration. (Wrong)

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

List the structures of the upper respiratory system. (Module 21.3A)

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except

proteins

What is the function of the structure labeled "6"?

regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum

In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways.

sphincters

Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes takes place in the

stomach