A&P Final
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is
epinephrine
The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (Module 24.17B)
external urethral sphincter
Identify the two classes of vitamins. (Module 23.14B)
fat-soluble and water-soluble
The outermost layer of the kidney is the
fibrous capsule / renal cortex
Materials can move across capillary walls by
filtration, reabsorption, and diffusion
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is
folic acid (folate).
After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the
functional residual capacity.
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called
juxtamedullary nephrons.
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the
lips
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the A) lips.B) nose.C) nasal cavity.D) pharynx.E) paranasal sinuses.
lips
Urea is formed in the
liver
An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.
oxygenated; systemic
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
Distinguish between phonation and articulation. (Module 21.4C)
phonation is the production of sound; articulation is the clarity of the sound and is provided by the involvement of the tongue, teeth, and lips
Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the
right atrium
Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into
right lymphatic duct
Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule.
terminal bronchioles
What is basal metabolic rate? (Module 23.17B)
the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.
the mitochondria
At the right colic flexure, the colon becomes the
transverse colon
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins
When will the blood pressure be greater?
when the peripheral vessels constrict
Define hemorrhoids. (Module 22.17B)
Hemorrhoids are distended veins in the distal portion of the rectum.
Name the major functions of the large intestine. (Module 22.16A)
REABSORBING WATER AND COMPACTING MATERIAL INTO FECES, ABSORBING VITAMINS, AND STORING FECAL MATERIAL
Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A)
RESPIRATORY RATE IS THE NUMBER OF BREATHS TAKEN EACH MINUTE
The vitamin that is part of coenzymes in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is
Riboflavin
Vitamin B 2 is
Riboflavin
A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders?
Rickets
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to
an antibody attached to an antigen.
When renin is released from the kidney,
angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except
antibodies
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaires
Identify the vein labeled "10."
inferior vena cava
Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except
inhibition of EPO secretion.
Absorption of O 2 from blood and release of CO 2 from tissue cells is known as
internal respiration
Describe the lining of the stomach. (Module 22.10C)
it is lined with rugae
A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.
2 alpha and 2 beta (4 subunits)
Which structure helps the stomach to stretch as it fills with food?
9 (rugae of mucosa)
Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)
A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following
A) sebaceous glands. B) epithelia. C) mucus. D) epidermal layers. E) All of the answers are correct.
Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?
ADH
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it
Activates B Cells
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.
Alkalosis
During deglutition,
All of the answers are correct. A) the soft palate elevates. B) the larynx elevates and the epiglottis closes. C) the lower esophageal sphincter opens. D) smooth muscle contracts.
Describe the structure of an antibody. (Module 20.18A)
An antibody molecule consists of two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains: a pair of long, heavy chains and a pair of short, light chains. Each chain contains both constant segments and variable segments. The constant segments of the heavy chains form the base of the antibody molecule; the free tips of each of the two variable segments form the antigen-binding sites.`
Summarize the relationship between P CO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C)
An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.
Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B)
Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.
Describe autoregulation at the kidneys. (Module 24.9A)
Autoregulation is the process of maintaining GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow by changing local responses in the kidney.
Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure. (Module 24.14A)
Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function.
Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. (Module 24.5B)
Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole. E
How is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity? (Module 19.4B)
Blood pressure is maintained in veins by the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart and the presence of valves which prevent backflow of the blood.
Define emulsification. (Module 22.22A)
Breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
Buffer
Deficiency in what vitamin can result in a condition called scurvy?
C
Compare catabolism and anabolism. (Module 23.1A)
Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks
Define chemotaxis. (Module 20.10B)
Chemotaxis is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli.
The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables and citrus fruits. Which vitamin is not particularly abundant in these food groups?
D
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin
D
Identify the segment of the nephron that makes the final adjustments to the composition of tubular fluid. (Module 24.10A)
Distal convoluted tubule
Define ingestion. (Module 22.5A)
Entry of food and liquids into the digestive tract through the mouth.
Compare glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. (Module 23.7A)
Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
Gout
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
Hilum
Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B)
Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2.
Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. (Module 25.5C)
Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.
The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the
Hypothalamus
Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)
Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.
Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A)
In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogensproduce a fever.activate antibodies.cause inflammation.opsonize pathogens.activate complement. Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A)
Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin
K
The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue.
Leptin
Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B)
Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.
Describe metabolic acidosis. (Module 25.9A)
Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.**
If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T Cells
Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T and B cells
Describe the anatomy of the intestinal mucosa. (Module 22.12B)
The intestinal mucosa has circular folds, villi, and intestinal glands.
Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity. (Module 21.6B)
The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively.
Compare the minor and major calyces. (Module 24.3B)
The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect urine from 4-5 minor calyces.
Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. (Module 21.14B)
The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.
________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system
Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)
The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.
Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C)
The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.
Compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory circuits. (Module 19.15A)
The two circulatory circuits of the cardiovascular system are the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Where are chemoreceptors located? (Module 19.11A)
They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.
Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A)
Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.
Define tonsil, and name the five tonsils. (Module 20.5B)
Tonsils are large lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx. The five tonsils are theleft and right palatine tonsils, a single pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), and a pair of lingualtonsils.
Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism. (Module 23.6B)
When ATP must be produced anaerobically.
A balanced diet would include all of the following, except
a. adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. b. both fat soluble and fat insoluble vitamins. c. adequate substrates for the production of energy. d. essential amino acids and fatty acids. e. enough calories to produce 100 million trillion ATPs.
When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.
acidemia
Identify the structure labeled "3."
afferent tubule
Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the
amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute
The process of filtration is driven by
blood hydrostatic pressure
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
blood vessels.
renal columns are
bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus.
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in
capillaries
Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to
changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH in the blood
Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except
decreased breath volumes on inhalation
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except
decreased vessel diameter
At the left colic flexure, the colon becomes the
descending colon
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than
either 37.2C or 99F.
Identify the structures of the renal corpuscle. (Module 24.4B)
glomerular capsule and glomerulus
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
glucagen
Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.
helper T
Describe hepatitis. (Module 22.24A)
hepatitis is inflammation of the liver
Antidiuretic hormone
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland which aids in water reabsorption by the kidney
A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as
hypervitaminosis
Antidiuretic hormone does not
increase ECF sodium concentration. (Wrong)
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
List the structures of the upper respiratory system. (Module 21.3A)
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except
proteins
What is the function of the structure labeled "6"?
regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum
In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways.
sphincters
Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes takes place in the
stomach