A&P I Ch. 7, 8, & 9 Test
A gomphosis is a ______ joint. A. fibrous B. cartilagenous C. synovial D. synchondrosis
A
A muscle fiber exposed to a series of stimuli of increasing frequency combines individual twitches (summation) which results in A. complete sustained contraction. B. muscle tone. C. a latent period. D. flaccid muscles
A
A suture is an example of a(n) A. fibrous joint. B. cartilagenous joint. C. synovial joint. D. plane joint.
A
A synchondrosis A. allows bone growth. B. equalizes pressure between vertebrae. C. includes a joint capsule. D. allows free movement.
A
Articular cartilage of a long bone is found A. on the outer surface of the epiphyses. B. inside the medullary cavity. C. on the outer surface of the diaphysis. D. in the spaces of the spongy bone.
A
Bacteria infecting the mucous membranes in the air cells of the mastoid process most likely spread from the A. middle ear. B. meninges. C. frontal sinus. D. maxillary sinus.
A
Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect A. smooth muscle contraction. B. skeletal muscle contraction. C. synthesis of actin and myosin. D. exercise tolerance.
A
Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle A. contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly. B.contracts more slowly and relaxes more rapidly. C. contracts more rapidly and relaxes more slowly. D. contracts more rapidly and relaxes more rapidly.
A
Endochondral ossification ______, whereas intramembranous ossification ______. A. replaces hyaline cartilage; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue B. forms bone in broad, flat areas of the skull; occurs in the limbs C. inhibits osteoblast activity; activates osteoclast activity D. activates osteoclasts; inhibits osteoblast activity
A
Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called A. menisci. B. bursae. C. tendons. D. ligaments.
A
Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called A. bursae. B. menisci. C. ligaments. D. tendons.
A
Greg trips over a toy and experiences a sharp pain. His physician diagnoses a torn meniscus. Greg has injured his A. knee joint. B. elbow joint. C. shoulder joint. D. hip joint.
A
Having extra digits is termed A. polydactyly. B. polyuria. C. polyploidy. D. polydipsia.
A
In which of the following is rotational movement possible? A. Ball-and-socket joint B. Condylar joint C. Hinge joint D. Pelvic joint
A
Movement that brings the foot farther from the shin is a(n) A. plantar flexion. B. hyperextension. C. rotation. D. dorsiflexion.
A
Myasthenia gravis is A. an autoimmune disorder. B. a bacterial infection. C. a form of cancer. D . the result of injury.
A
Myofibrils are composed primarily of A. actin and myosin. B. perimysium and endomysium. C. troponin and tropomyosin. D. fascia and tendons.
A
Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of A. the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two. B. the inability of myoglobin molecules to store enough oxygen when skeletal muscles are used strenuously for a minute or two. C. too much oxygen used in forming pyruvic acid when skeletal muscles are contracted strenuously for a minute or two. D. too high a concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere.
A
Red bone marrow functions in the formation of A. red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. B. red blood cells only. C. white blood cells only. D. red and white blood cells only.
A
Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called A. true ribs. B. false ribs. C. floating ribs. D. vertebrochondral ribs.
A
Short muscle cells with centrally located nuclei are A. smooth muscle fibers. B. skeletal muscle fibers. C. cardiac muscle fibers. D. striated muscle fibers.
A
Smooth muscle has ___________ and not troponin. A. calmodulin B. fibronectin C. norepinephrine D. titin
A
The acetabulum is A. a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur. B. a protuberance in the hip bone that attaches to the head of the femur. C. the prominence of the hip. D. the anterior portion of the hip bone.
A
The clavicles A. provide attachments for muscles of the back, chest, and upper limbs. B. are the strongest bones in the body. C. provide attachments for muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. D. are part of the axial skeleton.
A
The functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is a A. synapse. B. fascia. C. neuroma. D. dendrite.
A
The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies is a A. symphysis that is amphiarthrotic. B. symphysis that is synarthrotic. C. symphysis that is diarthrotic. D. synovial that is synarthrotic.
A
The muscle that adducts and flexes the arm is the A. coracobrachialis. B. pectoralis minor. C. levator scapulae. D. teres major.
A
The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the A. epimysium. B. perimysium. C. endomysium. D. sarcomysium.
A
The pituitary gland is located in the A. sella turcica. B. cribriform plate. C. sphenoidal sinus. D. mandibular fossa.
A
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that A. the bone is lengthening. B. the bone is no longer lengthening. C. the bone is increasing in diameter. D. the bone has completed ossification.
A
The secondary curves of the vertebral column are the A. cervical and lumbar curvatures. B. cervical and thoracic curvatures. C. thoracic and sacral curvatures. D. lumbar and sacral curvatures.
A
The soleus is a muscle that forms part of the A. calf. B. buttocks. C. thigh. D. shoulder.
A
The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the A. foot. B. hand. C. pelvis. D. skull
A
The term "bone" can refer to A. a tissue, an organ, or a type of cell. B. a tissue or an organ only. C. a tissue only D. an organ only.
A
The toxin that causes botulism A. prevents release of acetylcholine. B. promotes release of acetylcholine. C. decomposes acetylcholine. D. prevents decomposition of acetylcholine.
A
The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of A. the zygomatic and temporal bones. B. the zygomatic and maxillary bones. C. the maxillary and temporal bones. D. the temporal and parietal bones.
A
Which of the following are components of the pelvic girdle? A. hip bones. B. coxal bones. C. sacrum. D. all of the above.
A
Which of the following correctly lists the steps of fracture repair in sequence? A. A hematoma forms, granulation tissue and fibrocartilage develop, osteoclasts and phagocytes clear away debris, bony callus forms. B. A hematoma forms, osteoblasts arrive and produce new bone tissue, osteoclasts and phagocytes clear away debris, granulation tissue forms. C. Phagocytes clear away debris, osteoblasts remove damaged bone tissue, and a hematoma forms. D. A hematoma forms followed by formation of a bony callus that fibrocartilage replaces.
A
Which of the following describes a female's pelvis compared to a male's pelvis? A. A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with lighter bones. B. A cavity that is narrower in all dimensions, with lighter bones. C. A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with heavier bones. D. A cavity that is narrower in all dimensions, with heavier bones.
A
Which of the following is not a function of bones? A. Contraction B. Attachment for muscles C. Blood cell production D. Storage of inorganic salts
A
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint? A. Syndesmosis B. Coronal suture C. Gomphosis D. Symphysis
A
Which of the following is unique in that its insertion is to fascia and not bone? A. palmaris longus B. extensor carpi ulnaris C. flexor digitorum profundus D. extensor digitorum
A
Which of the following is(are) an example of an intramembranous bone? A. Broad, flat skull bones B. Phalanges of the fingers C. Humerus D. Femur
A
. The hip joint has less freedom of movement than the shoulder joint because A. the joint capsule of the hip is surrounded by muscles and the shoulder is not. B. the articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder. C. the hip joint capsule is less elastic than the shoulder. D. the hip has more supportive ligaments than the shoulder.
B
A cleft palate results from incomplete development of the A. ethmoid bone B. maxillae. C. mandible. D. vomer bone
B
A fibrous joint in which an interosseous ligament binds bones is a A. suture. B. syndesmosis. C. gomphosis. D. symphysis
B
A myogram is A. a chart that shows how many muscle cells a neuron synapses with. B. a recording of the events of a twitch. C. a measurement of muscle tone. D. a depiction of the results of a stress test.
B
A shift in metabolism that breaks down pyruvic acid to lactic acid is called A. aerobic threshold. B. lactic acid threshold. C. pyruvic acid threshold. D. glycogenic threshold.
B
A sign of aging of the muscular system is A. expansion of muscle fiber diameters. B. decreased supplies of myoglobin to muscles. C. excess ATP. D. increased creatine phosphate.
B
A sprain involves A. inflammation of bursae. B. overstretched or torn ligaments and tendons in a joint. C. dislocation of bones in joint. D. overuse of a joint
B
A weightlifter uses muscles so the muscles exert more than 75% of their maximum tension, This stimulates A. an increase in slow, fatigable white fibers. B. muscle fibers developing new filaments of actin and myosin. C. shrinking of skeletal muscle. D. conversion of skeletal to smooth muscle.
B
An example of a partial but sustained contraction is A. knee jerking. B. muscle tone. C. a twitch. D. eye blinking.
B
Artificial joints are built of A. glucosamine and chondroitin. B. silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints. C. silicone polymers for large joints and metals for small joints. D. proteins for small joints and carbohydrates for large joints.
B
Binding sites on the surface of actin allow the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of A. ATP. B. myosin. C. troponin. D. tropomyosin.
B
Bones A. are not living tissue. B. are multifunctional. C. do not contribute to homeostasis. D. have a matrix composed mostly of organic salts.
B
Bones and muscles function as mechanical devices called A. lifts. B. levers. C. syncytia. D. ladders.
B
Bones of a synovial joint are held together by A. a synovial membrane. B. a joint capsule. C. a meniscus. D. articular cartilage
B
Compact bone has ________, whereas spongy bone has __________. A. spaces that reduce the weight of bone; tightly packed matrix that is solid B. osteons; trabeculae C. trabeculae; osteons D. osteocytes; no osteocytes
B
Fibers of muscles whose motor neurons are severed A. hypertrophy. B. may be replaced by fat or fibrous connective tissue. C. cannot ever be reinnervated. D. die as their sarcomeres are progressively eliminated.
B
Height begins to decrease on average after age A. 25. B. 30. C. 50. D. 65.
B
In a child, a vitamin D deficiency results in ______, whereas a vitamin A deficiency results in ______. A. pituitary dwarfism; rickets B. rickets; retardation of bone development C. excess calcium absorption; osteomalacia D. soft bones; rickets
B
Joints are also called A. annotations. B. articulations. C. affectations. D. affiliations
B
Muscle fibers are basically a collection of A. muscles. B. sarcomeres. C. connective tissue fibers. D. synapses.
B
Regina began an exercise program six months ago, and the muscles of her upper limbs and lower limbs are more prominent. Exercise can lead to formation of new muscle by A. stimulating synthesis of myoglobin. B. stimulating skeletal muscle cells to release IL-6, which stimulates satellite cells to divide, producing more muscle cells. C. stimulating connective tissue to differentiate as muscle tissue. D. stimulating motor neurons to divide and innervate more muscle cells.
B
Rigor mortis affects skeletal muscles a few hours after death, due to A. an increase in ATP and decreased permeability to calcium. B. a decrease in ATP and increased permeability to calcium. C. an increase in ATP. D. impulses that produce sustained contractions.
B
Skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature in that A. the more active they are, the more heat is used up. B. the more active they are, the more heat is released. C. excess myosin is quickly metabolized to yield heat. D. they conserve actin and myosin in cold weather.
B
Smooth muscle lacks A. actin and myosin. B. transverse tubules and striations. C. myofibrils. D. nuclei and mitochondria.
B
The amount of oxygen liver cells require to support the conversion of lactic acid to produce glucose or glycogen is the A. refractory quantity. B. oxygen debt. C. anaerobic concentration. D. aerobic conversion.
B
The axial skeleton includes A. the upper and lower limbs and pelvic and pectoral girdles. B. the skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column. C. the radius, ulna, carpals, and phalanges. D. the femur, tibia, and fibula.
B
The capitulum and trochlea are located A. at the proximal end of the humerus. B. at the distal end of the humerus. C. at the distal end of the ulna. D. in the hand.
B
The increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is called A. latency. B. recruitment. C. threshold stimulation. D. sustained contraction.
B
The largest and most complex synovial joint is the A. hip joint. B. knee joint. C. elbow joint. D. shoulder joint
B
The muscle that opposes a particular action is called the A. synergist. B. antagonist. C. agonist. D. prime mover.
B
The three borders of the scapula are called A. the frontal, pivotal, and dorsal borders. B. the superior, lateral, and medial borders. C. the acromion process, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity. D. the supraspinous, infraspinous, and subscapular borders.
B
The triangle of auscultation, commonly used to hear sounds of respiratory organs, is located near the border of the A. pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. B. trapezius and latissimus dorsi. C. latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior. D. pectoralis major and serratus anterior.
B
The type of muscle cell that lacks transverse tubules, has a single nucleus, and is under involuntary control is A. skeletal muscle. B. smooth muscle. C. cardiac muscle. D. striated muscle.
B
Transverse tubules A. store sodium ions for the action potential at the cell surface. B. transmit muscle impulses into the cell interior. C. store calcium ions. D. connect actin and myosin.
B
Types of fibrous joints include A. synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints. B. syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints. C. synchondrosis, symphysis, and synovial joints. D. pivot, condylar, and ellipsoidal joints
B
When ATP levels are low, the relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that A. ATP supplies energy to synthesize creatine phosphate from creatine and phosphate. B. creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate. C. both have three phosphate groups. D. both are required to stimulate a muscle to contract.
B
Which of the following correctly pairs a term with its definition? A. Extension—bending the leg at the knee or decreasing the angle between the upper and lower leg B. Abduction—lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline C. Flexion—straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased D. Adduction—moving a part in a circle or returning the arm from the horizontal position to the front of the body
B
Which of the following describes the female pelvis compared to that of the male? A. The angle of the female pubic arch is smaller. B. The distance between the female ischial spines is greater. C. The obturator foramen is more oval in a female. D. The female iliac bones are less flared.
B
Which of the following is not found associated with spongy bone? A. Trabeculae B. Osteons C. Canaliculi D. Osteocytes
B
Which of the following is the most abundant form in which calcium is found in the inorganic matrix of the bone? A. Calcium oxalate B. Hydroxyapatite C. Calcium pyrophosphate D. Calcium carbonate
B
Which of the following statements is correct? A. Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on myosin filaments. B. Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments. C. Cross-bridges form between actin and the sarcolemma. D. Filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another.
B
Which one of the following is true? A. Osteoblasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down calcified bone matrix. B. Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae. C. Osteoclasts secrete bone matrix and become osteoblasts. D. Osteoclasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae.
B
A bone lengthens A. as a result of cell division in the medullary cavity. B. due to increased production of bone matrix by osteoclasts. C. as a result of increased activity within the epiphyseal plate. D. as compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis.
C
A gluteal gait, in which a person walks with a waddling limp, is usually caused by a disorder of the A. gluteus maximus and gluteus medius. B. gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus. C. gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. D. gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae.
C
A joint capsule is reinforced by A. tendons binding articular ends of bones together. B. articular cartilage cushioning ends of bones. C. ligaments binding articular ends of bones together. D. hyaline cartilage providing strength to the capsule walls.
C
A motor unit is A. many myofibrils in a sarcolemma. B. many motor end plates at a neuromuscular junction. C. a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it. D. the functional unit of a muscle fiber.
C
A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the A. symphysis. B. articulation. C. origin. D. insertion.
C
A plank position is part of a yoga/Pilates workout. The person supports the body on the floor in a prone position with the arms and feet supporting the body. It is a little like the "up" position of a push-up, held for 30 to 60 seconds. Contraction of the abdominal muscles in a plank is most likely A. isotonic. B. eccentric. C. isometric. D. concentric
C
A six-month-old baby is admitted to the hospital with a broken bone. This is the third fracture in the otherwise healthy child. The parents are arrested on charges of child abuse. The defense lawyer gets the charges dropped after the results of genetic tests indicate which of the following conditions? A. Polydactyly B. Osteoporosis C. Osteogenesis imperfecta D. Anemia
C
A sternal puncture is often used to obtain a sample of A. fibroblasts. B. osteoblasts. C. red bone marrow. D. yellow bone marrow.
C
A tendon is ______, whereas an aponeurosis is ______. A. cordlike and connects bones to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles B. a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles; cordlike and connects bones to bones C. cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles D. a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects bones to bones; cordlike and connects muscles to muscles
C
A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a _____ . A. synchondrosis B. syndesmosis C. gomphosis D. synovial joint
C
Activities such as distance swimming and distance running are most likely to stimulate development of A. slow fatigable muscle fibers. B. fast fatigable muscle fibers. C. slow fatigue-resistant fibers. D. fast fatigue-resistant fibers.
C
Activity and exercise A. make joints more vulnerable to injury. B. hasten osteoarthritis. C. keep joints functional longer. D. increase joint stiffness.
C
All of the following are functions of bones except A. to protect certain internal organs. B. to provide a source for red and white blood cells. C. to provide a set point for the control of blood pressure and body temperature. D. to store inorganic salts.
C
Arrange the following steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence. 1. The muscle impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released. 2. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments. 3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules leaving active sites. 4. The impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through the transverse tubules. 5. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts. 6. Myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin, forming cross-bridges. A.4, 1, 3, 5, 6, 2 B. 4, 1, 3, 2, 6, 5 C. 4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5 D. 4, 3, 6, 2, 5, 1
C
Articular cartilage receives oxygen and nutrients from A. a direct blood supply. B. blood vessels in underlying spongy bone. C. surrounding synovial fluid. D. chondrocytes.
C
At a neuromuscular junction A. actin and myosin filaments slide past one another. B. troponin and tropomyosin exchange places. C. neurotransmitters are released. D. intercalated discs are synthesized.
C
Bisphosphonates are drugs that slow the progress of A. rickets. B. heart disease. C. osteoporosis. D. menopause.
C
Cartilagenous joints are connected by A. synovial fluid. B. fibrous connective tissue. C. hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. D. a joint capsule.
C
Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets out of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to A. sprains. B. torn ligaments. C. changes in collagen structure. D. nerve damage.
C
Creatine phosphate A. causes the decomposition of ATP. B. causes the decomposition of ADP. C. supplies energy for the synthesis of ATP. D. supplies energy for the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
C
Curvatures of the spine produce all of the following except A. lordosis. B. scoliosis. C. increased height. D. kyphosis.
C
Displacement of a joint is called A. bursitis. B. sprain. C. dislocation. D. arthritis.
C
Disuse of the joints ____________ which hastens stiffening. A. causes arthritis B. causes injuries C. hampers blood flow D. degenerates cartilage
C
During muscle contraction ATP supplies energy for A. creatine phosphate synthesis. B. glycogen synthesis. C. myofilament movement. D. enzyme activity.
C
Eighty-year-old Evelyn takes a bisphosphonate drug once a month to keep her bones strong. She most likely has A. polydactyly. B. osteogenesis imperfecta. C. osteoporosis. D. a hematoma.
C
Exercise ______ and _______ bones. A. thickens; elongates B. elongates; weakens C. thickens; strengthens D. thins; atrophies
C
Glucosamine and chondroitin are A. dietary supplements from fish skeletons. B. proteins found in joints that are taken as dietary supplements. C. dietary supplements from shells and cow cartilage. D. dietary supplements from human cadavers.
C
In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the time the muscle responds is called the A. refractory period. B. relaxation period. C. latent period. D. contraction period.
C
It is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the A. diaphysis. B. medullary cavity. C. epiphyseal plate. D. articular cartilage.
C
Most of the joints in the ankle and wrist are A. hinge joints. B. pivot joints. C. plane joints. D. condylar joints
C
Movements permitted by the elbow joint between the humerus and the ulna are A. adduction, flexion, and extension. B. movement in any plane. C. flexion and extension. D. rotation and circumduction.
C
Osteoblasts are ______, whereas osteocytes are ______. A. bone-forming cells; bone-dissolving cells B. mature bone cells; bone-forming cells C. bone-forming cells; mature bone cells D. bone-dissolving cells; mature bone cells
C
People with myasthenia gravis have a deficiency of A. titin molecules. B. troponin molecules. C. acetylcholine receptors D. sarcomeres.
C
Phalanges are A. finger bones only. B. toe bones only. C. both finger and toe bones. D. wrist and ankle bones.
C
Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of A. actin. B. myosin. C. ATP. D. ADP.
C
The atlas is one of the A. lumbar vertebrae. B. thoracic vertebrae. C. cervical vertebrae. D. sacral vertebrae.
C
The characteristic reddish brown color of skeletal muscle comes from which substance? A. Actin B. Myosin C. Myoglobin D. Calcium
C
The enzyme acetylecholinesterase causes acetylcholine to A. bind to actin. B. be secreted from the motor end plate. C. decompose. D. form cross-bridges.
C
The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that A. the muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules. B. acetylcholine diffuses across a gap at a neuromuscular junction. C. acetylcholine is released from the end of the motor neuron. D. calcium ions diffuse from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and bind to troponin molecules.
C
The more movable end of a muscle is its A. origin. B. fulcrum. C. insertion. D. source.
C
The muscle that causes an action is the A. synergist. B. antagonist. C. agonist. D. mediator.
C
The primary curves of the vertebral column are the A. cervical and lumbar curvatures. B. cervical and thoracic curvatures. C. thoracic and sacral curvatures. D. lumbar and sacral curvatures.
C
The sternum is part of the A. pectoral girdle. B. pelvic girdle. C. axial skeleton. D. appendicular skeleton.
C
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers results from the A. transverse tubule pattern. B. sarcoplasmic reticulum network. C. sarcomere organization. D. cisternae placement.
C
The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are A. intervertebral discs. B. neuromuscular junctions. C. intercalated discs. D. motor end plates.
C
The thyroid hormone thyroxine ______. A. increases cartilage production in the epiphyseal plate B. stimulates osteoclasts C. stimulates replacement of cartilage with bone in the epiphyseal plate D. removes calcium from bone
C
Which is true of sex hormones? A. They inhibit osteoblast activity. B. They have no effect on bone. C. They stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates. D. Their action on bone growth is stronger in males than in females.
C
Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis? A. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are autoimmune diseases. B. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are caused by effects of aging. C. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging. D. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by effects of aging and osteoarthritis is an autoimmune disease.
C
Which of the following bones is not part of the orbit of the skull? A. Ethmoid B. Sphenoid C. Vomer D. Frontal
C
Which of the following groups of bones, based on shape, is associated with an incorrect example? A. Long bones - forearm bones B. Short bones - wrist and ankle bones C. Flat bones - thigh bones D. Irregular bones - vertebrae
C
Which of the following is not a step in endochondral bone formation? A. Hyaline cartilage develops into the shape of the future bone. B. Periosteum forms from connective tissue outside the developing bone. C. Hyaline cartilage changes to adipose tissue. D. Osteoblasts deposit osseous tissue in place of disintegrating cartilage.
C
Which of the following is not true? A. Red fibers contract more slowly than white . B. Red fibers contain more myoglobin than white. C. Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white. D. Red fibers fatigue more slowly than white.
C
compound fracture A. incompletely breaks the bone in more than one place. B. is caused by a disease. C. exposes the broken bone to the outside. D. completely breaks the bone in more than one place.
C
A bone thickens A. as a result of cell division in the medullary cavity. B. due to increased production of bone matrix by osteoclasts. C. as a result of increased activity within the epiphyseal plate. D. as compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis.
D
A movement that brings the foot closer to the shin is a(n) A. extension. B. abduction. C. plantar flexion. D. dorsiflexion.
D
A muscle that assists the agonist is a(n) A. antagonist. B. prime mover. C. mediator. D. synergist.
D
A sarcomere is best described as A. a part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. a group of fascicles. C. a group of muscle fibers. D. a unit within a muscle fiber.
D
A synovial membrane A. is very thick with many layers of cells. B. secretes serous fluid. C. secretes mucus. D. secretes synovial fluid.
D
Articular cartilage is A. fibrocartilage. B. found only in the knees and elbows. C. elastic cartilage. D. hyaline cartilage.
D
At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a A. motor neuron. B. neurotransmitter. C. motor unit. D. motor end plate.
D
At what age are nearly all bones completely ossified? A. Birth B. 5 years C. 15 years D. 25 years
D
Athletes usually experience muscle fatigue less quickly than nonathletes because they A. convert glucose to lactic acid. B. tolerate high concentrations of carbon dioxide. C. make more efficient use of ATP. D. produce less lactic acid.
D
Cardiac muscle A. contracts as a syncytium. B. excites itself. C. is only in the heart. D. all of the above
D
Cells that remove excess bone tissue after fracture repair are A. fibroblasts and osteoblasts. B. chondrocytes and osteocytes. C. osteoblasts and osteoclasts. D. osteoclasts and phagocytes.
D
Classifying joints as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic represents A. location in the body. B. the composition of the joint. C. the number of bones that the joint affects. D. the degree of movement possible at the joint.
D
Functions of muscles include A. heartbeat. B. muscle tone. C. moving bones. D. all of the above
D
In rheumatoid arthritis A. the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens, forming a mass. B. articular cartilage is damaged and fibrous tissue invades. C. fibrous tissues ossify and bones fuse. D. all of the above.
D
Joints A. bind bones. B. allow bones to grow. C. enable body parts to move. D. all of the above.
D
Muscle atrophy that progresses with aging is caused by reduction in A. ATP. B. myoglobin. C. the sizes of muscle fibers. D. all of the above.
D
Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in A. myofibrils. B. motor units. C. motor end plates. D. motor neuron endings.
D
Osteoclasts are A. cells that secrete bone matrix. B. mature bone cells that maintain the matrix. C. immature bone cells that give rise to osteocytes. D. cells that break down bone matrix.
D
Pituitary dwarfism results from a decreased secretion of ______ , which as a result decreases the rate of cell division of ______. A. thyroid hormones; osteocytes in the periosteum B. growth hormone; fat cells in the medullary cavity C. thyroid hormones; osteoclasts in the compact bone D. growth hormone ; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate
D
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome causes A. headache. B. ringing in the ears. C. clicking sound from the jaw. D. all of the above
D
The buccinator muscle is in the A. buttocks. B. chest. C. bladder. D. cheek.
D
The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the A. knee joint. B. hip joint. C. elbow joint. D. shoulder joint.
D
The discoloration and swelling of a muscle strain is due to A. excess myofibrils. B. separated tendons .C. severed nerves. D. ruptured blood vessels.
D
The femur A. is the longest bone in the body. B. extends from the hip to the knee. C. articulates with the patella. D. is all of the above.
D
The functional unit of muscle contraction is A. the muscle. B. the muscle fiber. C. the myosin cross-bridge. D. the sarcomere.
D
The hard palate is composed of the A. sphenoid and ethmoid bones. B. nasal conchae and vomer bones. C. zygomatic and lacrimal bones. D. maxillary and palatine bones.
D
The linea alba is A. a muscle extending from the ischial spine to the coccyx and sacrum. B. a curved, broad muscle on the side of the chest. C. a muscle beneath the skull. D. a band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach.
D
The number of bones in the skeletal system is A. the same for everyone. B. more for males than females. C. more for females than males. D. variable.
D
The radial collateral ligament is associated with the A. hip joint. B. shoulder joint. C. knee joint. D. elbow joint.
D
The rotator cuff of the shoulder is composed mainly of A. adipose and epithelial tissue. B. articular cartilage. C. epithelium and loose connective tissue. D. tendons and fibrous connective tissue.
D
The zygomatic bone is an example of a(n) A. long bone. B. flat bone. C. short bone. D. irregular bone.
D
Threshold stimulus is the A. maximum stimulus required to release acetylcholine. B. minimum stimulus required to produce ATP. C. maximum stimulus required to contract a muscle. D. minimum strength of stimulation required to contract a muscle fiber.
D
Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are well developed in A. smooth muscle fibers. B. skeletal muscle fibers. C. cardiac muscle fibers. D. skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers.
D
When a muscle undergoes atrophy in response to disuse A. there is a reduction in capillary networks. B. the size of actin and myosin filaments decreases. C. the muscle gets smaller. D. all of the above.
D
Which of the following describes the function(s) of the skeletal system? A. It interacts with muscles, providing movement. B. It stores inorganic salts. C. It protects organs, especially in the head and thorax. D. All of the above describe skeletal system functions.
D
Which of the following increases the risk of developing osteoporosis? A. Low intake of dietary calcium B. Lack of physical exercise C. Family history of the condition D. All of the above
D
Which of the following is an infection? A. Osteoarthritis B. A sprain C. Bursitis D. Lyme disease
D
Which of the following is not a muscle of mastication? A. Medial and lateral pterygoid B. Masseter C. Temporalis D. Zygomaticus
D
Which of the following is not a synovial joint? A. Condylar B. Ball-and-socket C. Hinge D. Symphysis
D
Which of the following movements could occur at the hip joint? A. Abduction and adduction B. Rotation C. Flexion and extension D. All of the above
D
Which three bones fuse to form the hip bone? A. the ilium, the femur, and the pubis. B. the ilium, the sacrum, and the pubis. C. the ischium, the coccyx, and the pubis. D. the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis.
D
__________ degrades acetylcholine, keeping it from accumulating in the synapse. A. ATPase B. Myosinase C. Actinase D. Acetylcholinesterase
D
