A&P I Chapter 5 Organ Systems REVIEW QUESTIONS

What is a tendon and describe what function it serves.

a dense strap of regular dense fibrous connective tissue. attaches a muscle to a bone or to another muscle, which aids in movement and stability.

What is the role of drugs such as cyclosporine in organ transplantation?

given to organ transplant patients because it is an immunosuppressive drug that suppresses the rejection reaction without severely inhibiting infection control.

What is unique about the reproductive system?

is it not necessary for survival of the individual, but it is absolutely essential for the survival of species

Define organ and organ system.

organ: structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that tissues can together perform a more complex function than any tissue alone. organ system: group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than any organ alone.

List the eleven organ systems discussed in this chapter.

-integumentary -skeletal -muscular -nervous -endocrine -cardiovascular -lymphatic and immune -respiratory -digestive -urinary -reproductive

Name three artificial organs or prostheses. What organs do they replace or assist?

Cochlear implant—the ear contact lens—the eye pacemaker—the heart hemopump—the heart insulin infusion device—the pancreas artificial hip—the hip joint dialysis machine—the kidney artificial arm and hand—the upper extremity.

What explanation would you give to a friend who has recently has a kidney transplantation but can't believe it when a nurse told him that his old kidneys were left in place?

Failed kidneys are often left in place at the back of the ventral body cavity. The new kidney is placed in the curve of the pelvic bone, where it is attached to major blood vessels and to the bladder. The trauma of removing the damaged kidneys is avoided, and the transplanted kidney can still process blood efficiently

Name the organs that help rid the body of waste. What type of waste does each organ remove?

Food that enters the gastrointestinal tract is digested, its nutrients are absorbed, and the undigested residue is eliminated from the body as waste material called feces. The kidneys continually clean and filter the blood. The waste product produced is urine, which flows out of the kidneys through the ureters and into the urinary bladder, where it is stored before finally leaving the body through the urethra. Lungs rid the body of carbon dioxide. Skin eliminates water and some salts in perspiration.

The term balance is used throughout this chapter. This is another term for homeostasis. Review the functions of the body systems and list the homeostatic functions of each.

Integumentary system—protection and body temperature regulation Skeletal system—movement, mineral balance, and blood cell production Muscular system—movement, body posture, and body temperature Nervous system—general control of all body functions Endocrine system—metabolism and fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances Cardiovascular (circulatory) system—transportation, body temperature, and body defense Lymphatic system—movement of fluids; immune system Respiratory system—oxygen balance, carbon dioxide balance, and acid-base balance Digestive system—proper digestion and absorption of nutrients Urinary system—electrolyte, water, and acid-base balances Reproductive system—ensures survival of the species

Most of the organ systems have more than one function. List two functions for the following systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic and immune, respiratory, and urinary.

Integumentary system—protection, regulation of body temperature, synthesis of important chemicals, and sense organ. Skeletal system—support, protection, movement, storage for minerals, and formation of blood cells. Muscular system—movement and maintenance of body posture. Lymphatic and Immune system—movement of fluids and large molecules from the tissue spaces around the cell, movement of fat and related nutrients from the digestive system to the blood, and defense against disease. Respiratory system—exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the lungs, warming of the inspired air, and filtration of irritants from inspired air. Urinary system—cleaning blood of waste products, excretion of urine, maintenance of water balance, and maintenance of electrolyte and acid-base balances.

Explain how the use of stem cells will have a profound impact on human health.

Recent discoveries that have allowed scientists to culture adult or embryonic stem cells in the laboratory and then control the differentiation of these primitive cells into specific cell and tissue types are complex advances in biology that will have a profound impact on human health. The potential now exists for cell, tissue, and organ "engineering" that may well permit the repair or total replacement of diseased or damaged organs in a functioning organ system.

Explain the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems. Include what types of functions are regulated and the "message carriers" for each system.

The nervous system is composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. The functions of the nervous system are accomplished by specialized signals called nerve impulses. The primary functions are (1) communication between body functions, (2) integration of body functions, (3) control of body functions, and (4) recognition of sensory stimuli. In general, the functions of the nervous system result in rapid activity that lasts for a short duration. The nerve impulse permits the rapid and precise control of diverse body functions. The endocrine system is composed of specialized glands: pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the blood. The nervous system provides rapid, brief control by fast-traveling nerve impulses. The endocrine system provides slower, but longer-lasting, control by hormone secretion. Although the hormones secreted into the blood produce the same functions as the nervous system (communication, integration, and control), the hormones additionally regulate growth; metabolism; reproduction; and fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances.

With the exception of bone, what other types of tissue are included in the skeletal system, and what function do they serve for the body?

The skeletal system includes related tissues such as ligaments and cartilage. Ligaments help hold bones together, and cartilage cushions bones that are linked together and can act as the connection between one bone and another. The body contains other types of muscle tissue that form parts of organs in other systems of the body also.

What is the function of skin sense receptors?

permit the body to respond to pain, pressure, touch, texture, vibration and changes in the temperature

How is the skin able to assist in the body's ability to regulate temperature?

regulated body temperature through the process of perspiration. controls blood flow and thus heat loss at the body surface.

What is costal cartilage?

the large cartilage bands that connect the ribs to the sternum

What structure is part of the skeletal system, but is often considered to also be a lymphoid structure?

the red bone marrow is part of the skeletal system but is often considered to be a lymphoid structure