A&P II Exam 1

The average life span of a red blood cell is about A) 1 week. B) 1 month. C) 4 months. D) 6 months. E) 1 year.

4 months

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the human pituitary during fetal development in very young children and in pregnant women, but is not usually found in adults? A) MSH B) TSH C) ACTH D) LH E) PRL

MSH

Which statement is true about the adrenal glands? A) The adrenal cortex regulates the adrenal medulla. B) The hormones of the adrenal cortex rely on control by the autonomic nervous system. C) The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium, and glucose blood levels. D) The adrenal androgen hormones are found only in males. E) The main hormone of the adrenal medulla is norepinephrine.

The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium, and glucose blood levels.

Which statement is true regarding steroid hormones? A) They are carbohydrates. B) They cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane. C) They do not bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. D) They cannot change the nature or number of enzymes in the cytoplasm. E) They can alter the rate of mRNA transcription.

They can alter the rate of mRNA transcription.

Why might women be more prone to suffering from iron-deficient anemia than men? A) Women require about 50% more heme units per hemoglobin. B) Hemoglobin molecules break down more readily in women. C) Women have approximately half as many iron reserves. D) The RBCs in women have a shorter lifespan. E) Women absorb less iron from their diet.

Women have approximately half as many iron reserves.

Label I represents A) basophils. B) neutrophils. C) monocytes. D) eosinophils. E) lymphocytes.

basophils

An important second messenger in hormonal action is A) cAMP. B) calcitriol. C) insulin. D) calcium. E) glucagon.

cAMP

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood. A) thymosin B) parathyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) aldosterone E) cortisol

calcitonin

Generally, the actions of hormones A) tend to be less widespread than actions of the nervous system. B) can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes. C) are faster to react than the nervous system. D) are shorter-lasting than the actions of the nervous system. E) do not affect homeostasis.

can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes.

Peptide hormones are A) composed of chains of amino acids. B) released by the reproductive organs. C) derived from arachidonic acid. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.

composed of chains of amino acids

One adrenal hormone that affects glucose metabolism is A) thymosin. B) cortisol. C) aldosterone. D) epinephrine. E) gonadotropin.

cortisol

Which of the following is an agranulocyte? A) erythrocyte B) basophil C) neutrophil D) eosinophil E) monocyte

monocyte

During red blood cell development, what is the term given to the first anucleate cell? A) reticulocyte B) erythrocyte C) myeloid stem cell D) hemocytoblast E) proerythroblast

reticulocyte

Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells? A) sickle cell anemia B) thalassemia C) hematuria D) jaundice E) aplastic anemia

sickle cell anemia

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) MSH

ACTH

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced. A) Erythropoiesis B) Lymphopoiesis C) Anemia D) Leukopenia E) Leukemia

Anemia

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) MSH. D) LH. E) GH.

GH

As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs? A) Hemoglobin binds oxygen and releases its bound carbon dioxide. B) Hemoglobin releases carbon dioxide and oxygen. C) Hemoglobin binds oxygen and carbon dioxide. D) Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen. E) Hemoglobin gains an increase in its oxygen-carrying capacity.

Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen.

Without mitochondria, RBCs are relatively inefficient in terms of energy production. However, there is an advantage to RBC function. What is this advantage? A) It ensures that its iron component will interact with the plasma protein transferrin. B) It stimulates the conversion of yellow bone marrow to red bone marrow. C) It stimulates the absorption of vitamin B12. D) It ensures that its iron component is converted to bilirubin. E) It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues.

It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues.

The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

LH

Thyroid hormones are derived from the amino acid A) lysine. B) leucine. C) glycine. D) tyrosine. E) thyronine.

tyrosine

Blood is approximately ________ percent plasma by volume. A) 46-63 B) 37-54 C) 12-33 D) 25-39 E) 99.9

46-63

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to form A) calcitriol. B) renin. C) ADH. D) triiodothyronine. E) calcitonin.

calcitriol

Which statement is true regarding structure KIDNEY? A) This is the adrenal gland. B) This organ is a major endocrine gland. C) This organ makes no hormones. D) The organ is labeled just because the adrenal gland sits upon it. E) This organ has a secondary endocrine function.

This organ has a secondary endocrine function.

Neutrophils A) are agranulocytes. B) are not phagocytic. C) have multiple nuclei. D) are active in fighting bacterial infection. E) are responsible for specific defenses.

are active in fighting bacterial infection.

The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the A) neutrophils. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) lymphocytes. E) monocytes.

basophils

Label B represents A) electrolytes. B) albumins. C) globulins. D) fibrinogen. E) erythrocytes.

globulins

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries? A) inhibin B) estrogens C) progestins D) androgens E) testosterone

inhibin

Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise? A) growth hormone B) cortisol C) insulin D) glucagon E) erythropoietin

insulin

When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of A) erythrocytes. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) lymphocytes. E) thrombocytes.

lymphocytes

The outer zone of the adrenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) epinephrine. D) mineralocorticoids. E) steroids.

mineralocorticoids

During the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome, which hormones are responsible for maintaining blood volume and the conservation of salts and water? A) mineralocorticoids (with ADH) B) epinephrine and norepinephrine C) glucocorticoids D) growth hormone (with PRL) E) glucagon (with ADH)

mineralocorticoids (with ADH)

Label K represents A) basophils. B) neutrophils. C) monocytes. D) eosinophils. E) lymphocytes.

monocytes

Label G represents A) basophils. B) neutrophils. C) monocytes. D) eosinophils. E) lymphocytes.

neutrophils

The effect of prolactin closely interacts with the hormone A) oxytocin. B) renin. C) ADH. D) melatonin. E) calcitonin.

oxytocin

The hormone that inhibits osteoblasts is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.

parathyroid hormone

The endocrine system A) releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body. B) is regulated mainly by positive feedback. C) produces effects that last for seconds or minutes. D) is not involved in homeostasis. E) relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.

relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.

Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) parathyroid glands. D) hypothalamus. E) anterior pituitary.

thyroid gland

The function of hemoglobin is to A) bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. B) protect the body against pathogens. C) aid in the process of blood clotting. D) carry nutrients from the intestine to the body's cells. E) absorb and neutralize the acids generated by active tissues.

bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Platelets are A) giant, multinucleated cells. B) cellular fragments. C) immature leukocytes. D) fixed macrophages. E) surface antigens.

cellular fragments

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) ADH. C) corticosteroids. D) parathyroid hormone. E) insulin.

corticosteroids

Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions? A) during anemia B) when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are optimally enhanced C) when the carbon dioxide content of air in the lungs declines D) during erythrocytosis E) when blood flow to the thymus declines

during anemia

The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) renin. E) epinephrine.

erythropoietin

When blood glucose levels fall, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) skeletal muscle cells convert glucose into glycogen for storage. D) protein synthesis increases. E) fat cells increase their rates of triglyceride synthesis.

glucagon is released

Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called A) hemocytoblasts. B) lymphoblasts. C) monoblasts. D) myeloblasts. E) progenitor cells.

hemocytoblasts

When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called A) sickle cell anemia. B) hemoglobinuria. C) pernicious anemia. D) leucopenia. E) septicemia.

hemoglobinuria

The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed A) anemia. B) thalassemia. C) jaundice. D) hemophilia. E) leukopenia.

hemophilia

The nervous system A) is ideal for crisis management. B) communicates mainly by the release of hormones. C) has effects that are very long-lived. D) is regulated mainly by positive feedback. E) does not rely on the binding of receptors to target cells.

is ideal for crisis management.

Which organ synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins? A) kidney B) spleen C) liver D) bone marrow E) thymus

liver

Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by A) positive feedback. B) the quantity of circulating hormone. C) negative feedback. D) cellular demands. E) body temperature.

negative feedback

Preparation of the uterus for implantation results from stimulation by A) growth hormone. B) thyroid hormone. C) testosterone. D) mineralocorticoids. E) progesterone.

progesterone

Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called A) exocrine cells. B) first messengers. C) target cells. D) second messengers. E) G-proteins.

target cells.

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by A) decreased levels of insulin. B) decreased numbers of insulin receptors. C) failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH. D) increased numbers of ADH receptors. E) increased levels of ADH.

failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH.

In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli. A) hormonal B) cellular C) neural D) membrane E) humoral

humoral

Which of the following hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins? A) peptide hormones B) steroid hormones C) estrogen D) thyroid hormones E) cortisol

peptide hormones

Excessive urine production, which is a characteristic symptom of all forms of diabetes, is known as A) polyphagia. B) polydipsia. C) polyuria. D) polymyositis. E) diabetes mellitus.

polyuria.

In the disease mononucleosis ("mono"), the spleen enlarges because of increased macrophage activity. Common symptoms of this disease include pale complexion, premature muscle fatigue, weakness, and a lack of energy, sometimes to the point of not being able to get out of bed. What might cause these symptoms?

A major function of the spleen is to destroy old, defective, and worn-out red blood cells. As the spleen increases in size in cases of mononucleosis, so does its capacity to eliminate red blood cells, and this results in anemia. The decreased number of circulating red blood cells decreases the blood's ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues, and thus their metabolism is slowed down. This would account for the symptoms of muscle fatigue, weakness, and lack of energy. Because there are fewer red blood cells than normal, the blood circulating through the skin is not as red, and so the person has a pale or white skin coloration.

________ directly stimulates red blood cell production. A) Intrinsic factor B) Thyroxine C) EPO D) Vitamin B12 E) GH

EPO

Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are A) GH and TSH. B) FSH and LH. C) ADH and ACTH. D) PRL and OT. E) ADH and OT.

FSH and LH

The hormone leptin is secreted by (the) A) pancreas. B) kidneys. C) adipose tissue. D) hypothalamus. E) anterior pituitary.

adipose tissue

Agglutinins A) are surface antigens on RBCs. B) prevent blood clotting. C) are substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response. D) are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type. E) contain abundant stained "granules."

are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.

Platelets A) are phagocytic. B) are a major component of the vascular clotting system. C) are a component of the unformed elements of blood. D) are lymphocytes. E) have multi-lobed nuclei.

are a major component of the vascular clotting system.

Steroid hormones A) bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. B) function by way of a second messenger system. C) cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane. D) bind to intracellular receptors. E) function by activating cAMP.

bind to intracellular receptors

The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by A) thyroid hormone. B) TSH. C) the hypothalamus. D) blood calcium ion levels. E) cellular oxygen consumption.

blood calcium ion levels.

All hormones are A) steroids. B) cholesterol based. C) proteins. D) inorganic compounds. E) chemical messengers.

chemical messengers

This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH. A) diabetes mellitus B) diabetes insipidus C) pituitary dwarfism D) exophthalmos E) gigantism

diabetes insipidus

Label C represents A) electrolytes. B) albumins. C) globulins. D) fibrinogen. E) erythrocytes.

fibrinogen

Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen? A) thrombosis B) fibrinolysis C) agglutination D) intrinsic pathway E) extrinsic pathway

fibrinolysis

Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of amoeboid movement are A) leukocytes. B) chondrocytes. C) thrombocytes. D) erythrocytes. E) melanocytes.

leukocytes

During the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), there is A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin. B) decreased mental alertness. C) mobilization of glycogen and lipid reserves. D) increased urine production. E) decreased respiratory rate.

mobilization of glycogen and lipid reserves.

The white blood cells that are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas, are A) neutrophils. B) eosinophils. C) basophils. D) lymphocytes. E) monocytes.

monocytes

EPO is released when A) oxygen levels in the blood increase. B) oxygen levels in the blood decrease. C) carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase. D) carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease. E) protein levels in the blood increase.

oxygen levels in the blood decrease.

The posterior pituitary gland stores A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). D) oxytocin (OT). E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).

oxytocin (OT)

The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroid hormone. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

parathyroid hormone.

What is the chief difference between plasma and serum? A) amount of water B) quantity of electrolytes C) quantity of organic wastes D) presence/absence of clotting proteins E) concentration of glucose

presence/absence of clotting proteins

The process of blood clotting is an example of which function of blood? A) stabilizing body temperature B) transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes C) defending against toxins and pathogens D) regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids E) restricting fluid losses at injury sites

restricting fluid losses at injury sites

Which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion? A) steroid hormones B) epinephrine and norepinephrine C) amino acid derivatives D) peptide hormones E) oxytocin

steroid hormones

Hormone-producing cells of the testes produce A) estrogen. B) progesterone. C) leptin. D) testosterone. E) renin.

testosterone

The common pathway of coagulation ends with A) the sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B) the activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen. C) the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium. D) the activation of a clotting factor that converts prothrombin to thrombin. E) the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by A) the sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B) the activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen. C) the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium. D) the release of heparin from the liver. E) the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

the activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen.

Which statement is true regarding structure Heart? A) This organ produces only one hormone. B) This organ produces many hormones. C) This organ is an important endocrine gland. D) This organ is the thyroid gland. E) This organ is the pancreas.

This organ produces only one hormone (ANP)

________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall. A) Hemotaxis B) Positive chemotaxis C) Hemolysis D) Diapedesis E) Amoeboid movement

Diapedesis

________ are large phagocytic WBCs that remain in circulation for only about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues to become tissue macrophages. A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Basophils D) Lymphocytes E) Monocytes

Monocytes

Excess transferrins are removed in the ________, where the iron extracted from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes. A) liver and thymus B) liver and spleen C) thymus and bone marrow D) spleen and bone marrow E) thymus and spleen

liver and spleen

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a deficiency of A) antibodies. B) erythrocytes. C) platelets. D) eosinophils. E) neutrophils.

platelets

Which endocrine gland stores its hormone in follicle cavities? A) anterior pituitary B) pancreas C) thymus D) thyroid E) posterior pituitary

thyroid

Hormones from which of the following glands are responsible for the calorigenic effect? A) pituitary gland B) suprarenal gland C) parathyroid gland D) thyroid gland E) thymus

thyroid gland

Label J represents A) basophils. B) neutrophils. C) monocytes. D) eosinophils. E) lymphocytes.

lymphocytes

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation? A) stem cell, erythroblast, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC B) hemocytoblast, myeloblast, reticulocyte, megakaryocyte, RBC C) myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC D) monoblast, promonocyte, myelocyte, band cell, RBC E) lymphoblast, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, band cell, RBC

myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

Regarding pancreatic hormones, A) parasympathetic stimulation inhibits insulin release, and sympathetic stimulation enhances it. B) both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation inhibit insulin release. C) both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation enhance insulin release. D) sympathetic stimulation inhibits glucagon release. E) parasympathetic stimulation enhances insulin release, and sympathetic stimulation inhibits it.

parasympathetic stimulation enhances insulin release, and sympathetic stimulation inhibits it.

In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from which type of vessel? A) veins B) peripheral capillaries C) arteries D) lymphatic ducts E) venules

peripheral capillaries

The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n) A) antagonistic effect. B) synergistic effect. C) permissive effect. D) opposing effect. E) integrative effect.

permissive effect

As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of A) Factor X. B) thrombin. C) fibrinogen. D) prothrombin. E) plasminogen.

plasminogen

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by A) the sticking of platelets to damaged tissue. B) the activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen. C) the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium. D) the release of heparin from the liver. E) the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

the release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium.

Explain the interactions of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are antagonistic hormones, which are released in response to blood calcium levels. In other words, PTH acts on the same target organs as calcitonin, but produces the opposite effects. Parathyroid hormone is released from the parathyroid glands, and calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland. If blood calcium concentration is high, calcitonin is released. Calcitonin activates osteoblasts and causes calcium to be deposited in bone and thus removed from the blood, restoring normal concentration levels. Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium concentration is too low. PTH activates osteoclasts in bone. This causes reabsorption of calcium from the bone and release into the blood, restoring normal blood levels of calcium.

When you visit your 85-year-old grandmother, you always wonder why she keeps the temperature of her apartment so high. You sweat the entire time you are there while she wears a sweater. In addition, you notice that she seems to have no energy and never wants to go out with you. You know that it is not because she is not getting enough food because she seems to be gaining weight. What is the likely endocrinological problem that she has? Explain why each symptom is occurring, relative to the hormone that is related to the disorder.

Your grandmother has hypothyroidism due to a deficiency of thyroxine, perhaps due to an autoimmune problem. The thyroxine deficiency means that the metabolic rate of the body will be lower than normal. Her cells will be burning fewer calories and producing less heat (byproduct of metabolism). The weight gain is representative of the fewer calories being used by her cells, so the nutrients not being used are being stored as fat. This also relates to her lack of energy. Because her cells are metabolizing slower, they make less heat to be dispersed throughout her body. So, her body temperature is lower, and she is cold all of the time.

The hormone that dominates during the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is A) testosterone. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) thyroid hormone. E) epinephrine.

epinephrine

Formation of red blood cells is called A) thrombopoiesis. B) leukocytosis. C) leukopoiesis. D) erythropoiesis. E) erythrocytosis.

erythropoiesis

The hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells would result in A) decreased breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles. B) increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissues. C) increased rate of glucose utilization. D) increased rate of ATP generation. E) increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver.

increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver.

________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood. A) Erythrocytes B) Platelets C) Neutrophils D) Lymphocytes E) Monocytes

**Erythrocytes

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal: 1. coagulation phase 2. fibrinolysis 3. vascular phase 4. retraction 5. platelet phase The correct sequence of these steps is A) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3. B) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2. C) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4. D) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1. E) 4, 3, 5, 2, 1.

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes A) Cushing disease. B) cretinism. C) acromegaly. D) goiter. E) Addison's disease.

Cushing disease

In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound? A) urobilin B) bilirubin C) stercobilin D) transferrin E) biliverdin

biliverdin

Thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy results in which of the following? A) Addison's disease B) goiter C) Cushing disease D) acromegaly E) cretinism

cretinism

A drifting blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule is called A) thrombus. B) plaque. C) clotting factor. D) embolus. E) hemostatic element.

embolus

Label H represents A) basophils. B) neutrophils. C) monocytes. D) eosinophils. E) lymphocytes.

eosinophils

One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla is A) insulin. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) androgen. E) epinephrine.

epinephrine

Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)? A) growth hormone B) follicle-stimulating hormone C) prolactin D) insulin E) thyroxine

follicle-stimulating hormone

The hormones that dominate during the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) are the A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C) glucocorticoids. D) thyroid hormones. E) gonadotropins.

glucocorticoids

The primary function of white blood cells is to A) remove carbon dioxide from active cells. B) clump together and stick to the blood vessel walls. C) carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. D) carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells. E) help defend the body against pathogens.

help defend the body against pathogens.

The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called A) normovolemic. B) reticulocyte count. C) hematocrit. D) hemoglobin concentration. E) differential count.

hematocrit

The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) suprarenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus.

hypothalamus

Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made? A) thyroid B) anterior pituitary C) hypothalamus D) posterior pituitary E) suprarenal gland

hypothalamus

A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of eosinophils. This would indicate that the tissue was A) abscessed. B) inflamed. C) being rejected. D) infected by viruses. E) infected by parasites

infected by parasites

For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, protein synthesis requires adequate supplies of factors, such as vitamin B12, which is absorbed from the diet in the presence of which of the following? A) thyroxine B) intrinsic factor C) Factor X D) platelet factor E) EPO

intrinsic factor

Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood? A) hematuria B) hypoxia C) hemoglobinuria D) jaundice E) thalassemia

jaundice

The target organs for the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are A) bone. B) kidney. C) digestive system. D) kidneys, bone, and digestive system. E) none of these.

kidneys, bone, and digestive system

Cyclic AMP often causes activation of A) calcium ion channels. B) myosin kinase. C) phosphodiesterase. D) kinase enzymes. E) steroids.

kinase enzymes

The hormone responsible for daily changes in physiological processes that follow a day-night pattern is A) melanin. B) thyroxine. C) melatonin. D) corticosteroid. E) aldosterone.

melatonin

Which hormone is a very effective antioxidant, one that may protect CNS neurons from free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)? A) insulin B) melanin C) calcitonin D) glucagon E) melatonin

melatonin

Aldosterone is the principal A) mineralocorticoid. B) thyroid hormone. C) glucocorticoid. D) pancreatic hormone. E) androgen.

mineralocorticoid

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the A) liver. B) thymus. C) spleen. D) red bone marrow. E) yellow bone marrow.

red bone marrow

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called A) permissive hormones. B) synergistic hormones. C) regulating hormones. D) stimulating hormones. E) releasing hormones.

releasing hormones

Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process. A) vitamin K B) vitamin A C) vitamin D D) vitamin E E) thiamin

vitamin K

Disorders associated with thyroid hormone excess have symptoms related to A) weight loss. B) weight gain. C) diabetes. D) slow heartbeat. E) excess pigmentation of the skin.

weight loss

Which statement is true about the pituitary? A) The anterior pituitary controls the posterior pituitary. B) The alternate name for the pituitary is the infundibulum. C) The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary only. D) The pituitary hormones all work by activating G proteins and triggering cAMP within cells. E) The pituitary glands, both anterior and posterior, control every other endocrine gland.

The pituitary hormones all work by activating G proteins and triggering cAMP within cells.

Which statement is true regarding organ STOMACH or the organ system to which it belongs? A) This organ is a major endocrine gland. B) This organ is the pancreas. C) This organ system makes only one hormone. D) This organ belongs to the digestive system. E) This organ system has both digestive and endocrine functions.

This organ system has both digestive and endocrine functions. (glucose metabolism and appetite)

What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis? A) a reduction in blood loss B) an increase in peripheral blood flow C) the formation of collagen fibers D) an easier passage for neutrophils to the site of injury E) greater availability of calcium

a reduction in blood loss

When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, A) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) the plasma membrane becomes depolarized. C) a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) the cell becomes inactive. E) the hormone is transported to the nucleus, where it alters the activity of the DNA.

a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) are structurally similar to cholesterol. C) are the largest class of hormones. D) include pancreatic hormones. E) are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

are structurally similar to cholesterol

Which hormone's secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release? A) erythropoietin B) aldosterone C) thymosin D) atrial natriuretic peptide E) glucagon

atrial natriuretic peptide

Which cell population of WBCs migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids? A) monocytes B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) neutrophils

basophils

You are a 24-year-old woman who loves to run about 5 miles per day, every day. You are eating regularly and have the stamina to run long distances, but you are very slender. One of the problems that you might likely experience would be A) a heart attack. B) fluctuating blood glucose levels. C) erratic sodium blood levels. D) vision-related. E) becoming pregnant.

becoming pregnant

Insulin causes A) decreased rate of glucose transport into target cells. B) decreased amino acid absorption. C) conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles. D) increased breakdown of fats to fatty acids in adipose tissue. E) increased blood glucose levels.

conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.

Which of the following could cause ineffective synthesis of calcitriol? A) increased levels of thymosins B) decreased availability of vitamin D3 C) increased levels of MSH D) increased levels of gonadotropins E) inability to produce sufficient amounts of erythropoietin

decreased availability of vitamin D3

During their formation, RBCs A) flatten. B) multiply their mitochondria. C) eject their nucleus. D) are saturated with oxygen. E) recycle hemoglobin into iron and pigment molecules.

eject their nucleus.

A hemoglobin molecule contains A) three protein chains, four heme groups, and two iron ions. B) two protein chains, two heme groups, and four iron ions. C) four protein chains, two heme groups, and two iron ions. D) four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions. E) four protein chains, six heme groups, and two iron ions.

four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions.

A toxin that blocks the stomach's ability to release intrinsic factor would most likely cause A) hemophilia. B) an embolism. C) leukopenia. D) iron deficiency anemia. E) pernicious anemia.

pernicious anemia

Melatonin is the hormone produced by the A) anterior pituitary. B) thyroid. C) pineal gland. D) thymus. E) posterior pituitary.

pineal gland

Type AB blood contains A) A agglutinins on the red blood cells. B) agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B. C) B agglutinogens on the red blood cells. D) B agglutinins in the plasma. E) agglutinin A and B.

agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B.

Label A represents A) electrolytes. B) albumins. C) globulins. D) fibrinogen. E) erythrocytes.

albumins

Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are A) albumins. B) fibrinogens. C) globulins. D) fibrin. E) platelets.

albumins

Increased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) renin

aldosterone

During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule? A) amino acids B) stercobilins C) bilirubin D) transferrin E) urobilins

amino acids

Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the A) thymus gland. B) suprarenal gland. C) anterior pituitary. D) posterior pituitary. E) testes.

anterior pituitary

Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary? A) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C) growth hormone (GH) D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) rennin. D) ADH. E) parathyroid hormone.

glucagon

Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the A) infundibulum. B) hypophyseal portal system. C) hypothalamic axons. D) hypophysis. E) thymus.

hypophyseal portal system.

Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary. A) brain stem B) hypothalamus C) cerebellum D) thyroid E) thalamus

hypothalamus

Unlike other hormones, T3 and T4 hormones require ________ for production. A) iron B) carbon C) phosphorus D) iodine E) fluorine

iodine

Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative? A) ADH B) melatonin C) oxytocin D) growth hormone E) prolactin

melatonin

Label E represents A) organic wastes. B) globulins. C) electrolytes. D) leukocytes. E) organic nutrients.

organic nutrients

Label F represents A) organic wastes. B) globulins. C) electrolytes. D) leukocytes. E) organic nutrients.

organic wastes

During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot? A) Factor X B) clotting Factor VII C) thrombin D) fibrinogen E) plasmin

plasmin

These organs labeled GONADS produce hormones involved in A) digestion. B) respiration. C) reproduction. D) muscle contraction. E) calcium absorption from blood.

reproduction

Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of A) surface antibodies. B) channel proteins. C) leukocytes. D) surface antigens. E) agranulocytes.

surface antigens.

A blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel is called a(n) A) embolus. B) thrombus. C) plaque. D) coagulant. E) platelet plug.

thrombus

Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called A) acupuncture. B) transfusion. C) venipuncture. D) arterial puncture. E) hematocrit.

venipuncture

The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together. A) whole blood B) hematocrit C) thrombocyte D) hemopoiesis E) packed cell volume

whole blood

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means A) Bill could receive type B blood in a transfusion. B) Bill could donate blood to an individual with type AB blood. C) Bill is Rh-negative. D) Bill's plasma would cross-react with type O negative red blood cells. E) Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies.

Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies.

Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true? A) GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood. B) Liver cells respond to GH by releasing prostaglandins. C) Skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are extremely insensitive to GH. D) GH production is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the thyroid. E) In epithelial tissues, GH inhibits stem cell division.

GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.

Marissa has had her entire thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem? A) No, the synthetic thyroid hormone will also control the calcium. B) Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident. C) No, hormones from the liver and kidneys will regulate calcium through the intestinal tract. D) Yes, without the calcitonin, high blood levels of calcium will cause convulsions. E) Yes, without the calcitonin she may suffer heart failure.

Possibly, it depends on whether the parathyroid glands were taken with the thyroid by accident.

The hormone oxytocin A) reduces uterine contractions. B) is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex. C) regulates blood pressure. D) governs the ovarian cycle. E) stimulates melanocytes in the skin.

is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex.

The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of A) neural axons, directly. B) direct mechanical control. C) releasing and inhibiting hormones. D) altering ion concentrations in the anterior pituitary. E) gap junctions.

neural axons, directly

The most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample is the A) basophil. B) neutrophil. C) lymphocyte. D) eosinophil. E) monocyte.

neutrophil

Pus associated with infected wounds contains which type of white blood cell? A) basophils B) lymphocytes C) eosinophils D) monocytes E) neutrophils

neutrophils

Which of the following are the most active type of leukocytes, phagocytically, and are usually the first to arrive at an injury site? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) erythrocytes

neutrophils

A person's blood type is determined by the A) size and shape of red blood cells. B) number of antibodies in the plasma. C) chemical character of hemoglobin. D) presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane. E) type of oxygen- and carbon dioxide-binding sites on the hemoglobin molecules.

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.

The Exhaustion Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is characterized by A) the inability to produce glucocorticoids. B) increased ability to produce glucose from glycogen. C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. D) increased protein synthesis. E) increased sweat gland secretion.

the inability to produce glucocorticoids

Label D represents A) organic wastes. B) globulins. C) electrolytes. D) leukocytes. E) organic nutrients.

electrolytes

Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body. A) serum B) lymphatic fluid C) whole blood D) extracellular fluid E) packed blood

extracellular fluid

A normal WBC count is about ________ cells per microliter. A) 1,500-4,000 B) 1,800-7,300 C) 5,000-10,000 D) 150,000-500,000 E) 4.4 million-6 million.

5,000-10,000

How long do platelets circulate before being removed by phagocytes? A) 9-12 days B) 6-18 hours C) 2-3 days D) 4-8 weeks E) 1-2 months

9-12 days

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver? A) albumin B) fibrinogen C) Factor X D) calcium E) vitamin K

Factor X

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is A) cortisol. B) parathyroid hormone. C) thymosin. D) growth hormone. E) vasopressin.

Vasopressin