A&P II - Exam 2

How many lobes does the thymus have and where is it located?

2, in the mediastinum

How much blood does the average adult have?

5 liters

Which is not a function of the spleen? A. Filters lymph B. Recycles aged erythrocytes C. Filters blood D. Serves as a platelet reservoir E. Houses lymphocytes

A

Which is not correct regarding the spleen? A. It has an outer cortex and inner medulla. B. Its blood is supplied by the splenic artery and drained by the splenic vein. C. Its white pulp contains T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages. D. It is divided into sections by capsular extensions called trabeculae.

A

Which describes the endocardium? a: Has single layer of epithelium b: Has layer of areolar connective tissue c: Epithelial cells are squamous d: Epithelial cells are cuboidal e: Has layer of adipose connective tissue f: Has patches of myocardium

A, b, c

Which are not tonsils? A. Palatoglossal tonsils B. Lingual tonsils C. Adenoids D. Palatine tonsils E. Pharyngeal tonsils

A, palatoglossal tonsils

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

Above the opening of the coronary sinus within the right atrium

Which feature permits the compression necessary to pump large volumes of blood out of the ventricles?

Arrangement of cardiac muscle in the heart wall

The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the ... A. left leg. B. right arm. C. right foot. D. left shoulder. E. abdomen.

B

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

B, c, e

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

B, c, f

What happens to blood flow during exercise?

Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, flow to abdominal organs decreases.

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume? A. Afterload B. Inotropic agents C. Chronotropic agents D. Venous return

C

The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains ...

Calcium pumps that move calcium out of the cell

Higher carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate ...

Chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center

What do platelets stick to during platelet plug formation?

Collagen (with the assistance of von Willebrand factor)

If too much fluid escapes the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will __________.

Decrease

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported between the blood and interstitial fluid?

Diffusion from areas of high to low concentration

What is total blood flow?

Equals cardiac output and can vary over time with activity levels

Which vessels supply the lower limbs?

External iliac arteries

What kind of channels does the membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contain?

Fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels

Which heart layer is made of dense irregular connective tissue?

Fibrous pericardium

What is the difference between filtration and reabsorption?

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood and reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

Flat bones of the axial skeleton

Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to ...

Inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues

Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks

Which phase does the shutting of semilunar valves occur?

Isovolumic relaxation

Pulmonary circuit blood pressure is ...

Low and blood flows very slowly in order to maximize gas exchange.

Which artery is located at the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, and supplies the sacrum and coccyx?

Median sacral artery

Which leukocyte migrates in the blood and takes up residence in tissues as a macrophage?

Monocytes

Which artery supplies blood to the medial thigh muscles?

Obturator? Deep femoral?

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of...

Platelets and leukocytes

Which direction does the base of the heart face?

Posterior and superior

The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by ...

Pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle

As blood is pumped out of the heart and into the major arteries leaving the heart, it ...

Pushes against semilunar valves and opens them.

Which 2 arteries anastomose and form 2 arterial arches in the palm?

Radial and ulnar

Which would be the route taken by lymph traveling from lymphatic vessels in the right leg to the bloodstream?

Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

Which is not drained by the right lymphatic duct? A. Right side of thorax B. Right side of abdomen C. Right shoulder D. Right side of head and neck E. Right arm

Right side of abdomen

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approx. 5 mins)?

The intrinsic pathway

Where does the calcium that triggers contract of cardiac muscle come from?

The sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell

Where are agglutinogens/antigens that determine the ABO and Rh blood types located?

The surface of erythrocytes

What does agglutination after a blood transfusion indicate?

The wrong blood type was used

What are the lymphatic system's two main functions?

To assist in immunity and fluid balance.

A network of small arteries called the _____ _________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

Vasa vasorum

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers...

Vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate

Where is the foramen ovale located?

Within the interatrial septum in a fetal heart

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

You subtract the diastolic from systolic. Measured in mm Hg

Which are functions performed by the fibrous skeleton of the heart? a: Separates the atria and ventricles b: Anchors the heart valves c: Provides electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles d: Provides the framework for the attachment of the myocardium e: None of these are true functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

a, b, c, d

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the a: Internal jugular veins b: Right sigmoid sinus c: Left sigmoid sinus d: Subclavian veins e: Straight sinus

a, d

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the __________.

albumins

Which of the following vessel types typically has the thickest tunica media?

arteries

What happens to blood pressure when the cardiac output increases?

blood pressure increases

What is the first phase of hemostasis?

blood vessel constriction

Of the lymphatic trunks, which ones drain lymph from deep thoracic structures?

bronchomediastinal trunks

What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: Through the atria e: Through the ventricles f: Bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers

c, d, a, b, f, g, e

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

cervical lymph nodes

The hilum of the spleen is part of its ...

concave anteromedial border.

Blood is classified as a _______.

connective tissue

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely __________.

decrease

What is the main function of leukocytes?

defense against pathogens

The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.

directly, indirectly

What is the function of the postcapillary venule?

drain the capillary bed

Where is the AV node located?

floor of right atrium

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to____________________________.

increase the viscosity of the blood

What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called?

intercalated discs

lymphatic capillaries ...

lack a basement membrane.

Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?

left gastric artery

which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

left upper quadrant

After birth, what does the umbilical vein become?

ligamentum teres (round ligament of the liver)

Where are old erythrocytes phagocytized?

liver and spleen

What is systolic blood pressure?

maximum pressure exerted on arteries when ventricles contract

Which part of a thymic lobule contains mature lymphocytes?

medulla

With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for?

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a

negative inotropic agent

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

posterior wall of nasopharynx

When is the thymus at its maximum size?

puberty

What are the primary lymphoid structures?

red bone marrow and thymus

Which heart chamber contains deoxygenated blood?

right atrium and right ventricle

Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, __________ lymphoid structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated.

secondary

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the ________ _______.

tunica media