A&P II Lecture exam 3 study set (review questions)

Describe Celiac disease:

Autoimmune disorder in which gluten stimulates an immune response in affected individuals that damages the villi of the small intestine, which interferes with absorption. Symptoms include abdominal pain and chronic diarrhea leading to nutrient deficiencys because of malabsorption.

What is a chief cell?

Chief cells (aka peptic cells) are the most numerous secretory cells within the gastric glands, hence the name "chief." These cells produce and secrete packets of zymogen granules primarily containing pepsinogen. Pepsin must be produced in an inactive form to prevent the destruction of chief cell proteins. Pepsinogen is activated following its release into the stomach where it chemically digests denatured proteins into smaller peptide fragments. (oligopeptides)

What is the function of the esophagus?

Conducts the swallowed bolus (chewed food) and drink to the stomach.

What is a G-cell?

G-cells are enterendocrine (gut, intestine) cells that are widely distributed in the gastric glands of the stomach. G-cells secrete gastrin hormone into the blood which stimulates stomach secretions and motility.

Describe Gastrin:

G-cells secrete gastrin hormone into the blood which stimulates stomach secretions and motility.

Describe Ghrelin:

Ghrelin, the "hunger hormone", also known as lenomorelin, is a peptide hormone produced by ghrelinergic cells in the gastrointestinal tract

What is Hemoglobin? What does it do?

Hemoglobin transports 3 substances relative to respiration activities: (1) oxygen attached to iron, (2) carbon dioxide bound to the goblin, and (3) hydrogen ions bound to the goblin.

What does High Altitude do to your body?

High altitude, with its accompanying large decrease in alveolar PO2, results in large decreases in hemoglobin saturation. The adverse affects are referred to as altitude sickness.

Describe CKK (Cholecystokinin):

Hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme. One of the primary functions is smooth muscle contraction in the gallbladder wall causing the release of concentrated bile.

What triggers Hyperventilation?

Increased levels of CO2 or low amounts of oxygen. (for ex. due to high altitude).

Whats in pancreatic juice?

Pancreatic juice is an alkaline fluid containing mostly water, HCO3-, and a versatile mixture of hydrolytic enzymes including: -Pancreatic amylase to digest starch -Pancreatic lipase for the digestion of fats -Inactive proteases that, when activated, digest protein -Nucleases for the digestion of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

What is a parietal cell?

Parietal cells are responsible for the addition of two substances into the lumen of the stomach: Intrinsic factor (required for absorption of vitamin B12) and Hydrochloric acid (breaks down proteins, kills microorganisms)

What is a micelle and what's its function?

A micelle is like a spiked ball with a nonpolar tail positioning itself around fat with a polar head next to the aqueous fluid in the lumen, the function is to emulsify (mix) fats so that pancreatic lipase has greater "access" to the triglyceride molecules and may more effectively chemically digest the fat.

What is the function of the colon?

The colon is part of the large intestine which absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining digested material that enters from the small intestine.

Describe Bile:

The liver secretes a hormone called bile, an alkaline fluid containing mostly water, bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lecithin, and mucin. Bile salts and lecithin function in the mechanical digestion of lipids, allowing more efficient chemical digestion of triglycerides.

What is the function of the stomach? What does it produce?

The stomach is a holding sac in the superior left quadrant of the abdomen where mechanical and chemical digestion continues on the bolus (chewed food). Specifically, the chemical digestion of protein and fat begin in the stomach. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor required for the absorption of vitamen B12.