A&P II REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: MEIOSIS; ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MALES

GnRH

(gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is the trigger that starts menstrual cycle

Citrate, Prostate specific antigen, Antimicrobial chemicals

3 substances in prostatic secretions

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

4 phases of meiosis II

ductus deferens, Seminal glands, Prostate gland, Urethra, Epididymis

5 male accessory organs

acrosome, head, neck, midpiece, tail

5 parts of a spermatozoon

early prophase I, mid to late prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I

5 steps of Meiosis I

motile, capacitation

Alkaline pH of semen helps to make sperm fully ______ and to begin process of ________

46, 23

All human somatic cells have a nucleus with _____ chromosomes (_____ pairs)

base of penis, membranous

Bulbourethral glands or Cowper's gland are marble-sized paired glands found at _____ ___ ______ on either side of ____________ urethra

mitosis, meiosis

Cell division can occur either by ________ or ________

meiosis

Cell division that produces gametes

mitosis

Cell division that produces identical daughter cells

ductus deferens

Conducts sperm between the epididymis and prostate gland

sperm, egg, zygote

Fertilization is a process by which a _______ and ______ cell fuse to form a new cell called a ________

coagulates, clotting proteins, enzymes, leaking out

Five minutes post-ejaculation: semen _______ due to activities of _______ _______ from seminal vesicles and _________ from prostate; it prevents semen from ______ ______ of female reproductive tract

seminiferous tubules, androgens, interstitial

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) are found between _______ _______, and produce and secrete _______ into surrounding _______ fluid

Testes or testicles

Male gonads are called ______ or _______

semen

Male reproductive tract transports _______

reproduction, half chromosome, doubled

Meiosis produces sperm and ova for ________; cells need to have _____ __________ number of original cell so that when they combine to form a new cell, chromosome number will not be ________

tissue growth, repair, identical

Mitosis occurs because new cells are needed for ______ ______ or _______; new cells must be genetically ______ to original

3, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum

Most of the penis is made up of ____ parallel cylinders of erectile tissue. The _____ ______ to the left and right and superior to the urethra, and the _______ ___________ surrounding the urethra

prostate specific antigen

PSA

Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis, exit

Path of spermatozoa _______ to the ___________ to the ______ _______ to the _______ _______ to the _______ which passes through the ______ to ______ the body

gland, urinary bladder, urethra, ejaculatory ducts

Prostate is an egg-sized ______ found inferior to _____ _______; surrounds _______ and ________ _______

spermatocytes

STEP 1 of SPERMATOGENESIS spermatogonium undergoes mitosis to produce diploid primary __________

meiosis I, 2

STEP 2 of SPERMATOGENESIS one primary spermatocyte undergoes ______ ____ to produce ______ haploid secondary spermatocytes

meiosis II, four, spermatids

STEP 3 of SPERMATOGENESIS the two secondary spermatocytes each undergo _______ ____ to produce a total of _______ haploid _______

spermiogenesis

STEP 4 of SPERMATOGENESIS spermatids elongate as they begin _________

distance from body

Scrotum temperature can be increased or decreased by altering _______ _____ _______

sticky, sperm, all fluids, sperm

Semen is a somewhat ______, whitish mixture of _______ and ___ _______ from different anatomical structures that the ______ traveled through

fluid forming, semen volume

Seminal glands secrete _____ _____ bulk of _____ ______

haploid

Sex cells are ______ (1 of each chromosome) so they contain 23 total chromosomes

23

Sex cells are haploid (1 of each chromosome) so they contain _____ total chromosomes

nonmotile, maturation, 12, months

Sperm are still _________ as they migrate to epididymis where they will complete ________ process; trip takes about ____ days to reach epididymis tail where sperm cells will remain viable for _______

minimized, decrease, increases

Surface area of scrotum is _______ in cold weather to ________ heat loss and temperature _______

spermatozoa

Testes to the epididymis to the ductus deferens to the ejaculatory duct to the urethra which passes through the penis to exit the body-- this is the path of ________

Fertilization

Zygote - cell that divides to produce all of cells in a new individual Must contain correct number of chromosomes; half from ovum and half from sperm

divides, individual

Zygote is a cell that ________ to produce all of cells in a new ______

5

______ minutes post-ejaculation: semen coagulates due to activities of clotting proteins from seminal vesicles and enzymes from prostate; prevents semen from leaking out of female reproductive tract

sensory, motor, sympathetic, parasympathetic

_______ and _______ fibers from both _______ and _________ nervous systems innervate penis

bulbourethral, cowper's

________ glands or ________ glands are marble-sized paired glands found at base of penis on either side of membranous urethra

Interstitial, leydig

_________ cells or ________ cells are found between seminiferous tubules

chromosomes, ovum, sperm

a zygote must contain correct number of _________; half from ______ and half from ______

flagellum

another word for tail of spermatozoon

sustentacular, inner capsule, lumen

before spermiogenesis, _________ cells surround the developing sperm, and extend from the _______ _______ of the tubule all the way to the apical surface at the end of the ________

gonads, gametes

both males and females have these primary sex organs and these sex cells that are produced by them

penetrate, fertilize, gamete

capacitation is the process that enables sperm to _________ and _______ an immature female _______

Zygote

cell that divides to produce all of cells in a new individual

sustentacular

cells that support sperm production

Urethra

conducts semen to the exterior of the body

sperm duct, sperm, epididymis, prostate gland

ductus deferens is the _____ ______ that conducts ______ between the _________ and _____ ______

Prostate

egg-sized gland found inferior to urinary bladder; surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts

penis, scrotum

external male genitalia

gametes

gonads produce these through meiosis

hormones, testosterone, estrogen

gonads secrete sex _______, including _________ and ___________

testes

in males, _______ produce hormones

tactile, pressure, temperature

in the penis, ______, ________, and _________ receptors are found in abundance

sperm, ova, egg cells

male gametes are _______ and female gametes are _________, or _____ ______

special cell

meiosis is ______ _______ division

half number, gametes

meiosis is a process during which a cell divides to form daughter cells with ____ _______ of chromosomes; ensures correct number in ________ and eventually zygote

four, haploid

meiosis produces __(#)__ genetically unique, _______ daughter cells

haploid, different

meiosis produces four _______ daughter cells that are genetically ________ from the mother cell and each other

gonads

meiosis produces gametes (sex cells) here

acrosome

membranous compartment of spermatozoon containing enzymes needed for fertilization

complete, one copy of DNA

mitosis occurs by first making a _______ copy of DNA and then dividing cells so that each cell gets ______ _____ ____ ______

identical daughter

mitosis produces ______ _______ cells

2, identical, mother

mitosis produces ______ diploid daughter cells that are genetically ________ to the _______ cell

phagocytize, cytoplasm, spermatids

one function that sustentacular cells perform that is vital for normal spermatogenesis: ________ damaged spermatogenic cells and excess _______ released from maturing ________

nutrients, hormones

one function that sustentacular cells perform that is vital for normal spermatogenesis: provide _________ for dividing cells and produce _______ which help regulate spermatogenesis

stem cell development, testicular fluid, sperm

one function that sustentacular cells perform that is vital for normal spermatogenesis: provide structural support for ______ _____ _______ and secrete ______ _______; helps transport _______ in seminiferous tubule

seminal vesicles

paired exocrine glands found on posterior surface of urinary bladder

Neck

part of spermatozoon that contains both centrioles of the original spermatid

Midpiece

part of spermatozoon that contains mitochondria to provide ATP for tail movement

erectile, sperm, vagina

penis contains ________ tissue and deposits ______ into the female _______

erection, ejaculation, emission, expulsion, orgasm, resolution, refractory period

phases of male sexual response

gonads

primary sex organs in both sexes

Meiosis

process during which a cell divides to form daughter cells with half number of chromosomes; ensures correct number in gametes and eventually zygote

spermatogenesis

process in which male gametes, or sperm cells, develop; regulated by hormones from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary glands

Spermiogenesis

process of sperm maturation; involves cellular shape and size changes

capacitation

process that enables sperm to penetrate and fertilize an immature female gamete

contractions, thin, fertilization

prostaglandins stimulate ________ in female reproductive tract and possibly ______ mucus; allow sperm access further into female tract increasing probability of _________

fluid

prostate gland secretes _______

20, 30, milky

prostatic secretions make up _____-_____% of semen volume; it is a ______ fluid

cold

scrotum is drawn closer to body when warm or cold?

warm

scrotum is relaxed and moves away from body when warm or cold?

sperm, accessory glands

semen is _____ with secretions of ________ ________

exocrine, urinary bladder

seminal vesicles are paired _______ glands found on posterior surface of ______ _______

gametes

sex cells

epididymis

site of sperm maturation

Semen

somewhat sticky whitish mixture of sperm and all fluids from different anatomical structures that sperm traveled through

5

sperm makes up about ____% of semen volume

semen

sperm with secretions of accessory glands

spermatogenic

sperm-forming cells

hormones, hypothalamus, pituitary

spermatogenesis is regulated by _______ from the ________ and anterior _______ glands

gametes, sperm

spermatogenesis is the process in which male ______, or ______ cells, develop

spermatogenesis, 46, seminiferous tubules

spermatogonia are stem cells that initiate __________; they have ___ chromosomes (diploid, 2n); located in basement membrane of ________ ________

sperm maturation, cellular

spermiogenesis is the process of ______ ________; involves ________ shape and size changes

spermatogonia

stem cells that initiate spermatogenesis; 46 chromosomes (diploid, 2n); located in basement membrane of seminiferous tubules

increased, greater, decreases

surface area of scrotum is ________ when too warm; allows for _______ heat loss and temperature _______

scrotum

surrounds the testes

spermatozoa, sperm

testes produce gametes called _________ or _______

ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts

the duct of each seminal vesicle converges with ______ _______ to form _______ _______

maturation

the epididymis is the site of sperm ________

alkaline, acids, urethra, female

the pH of semen is _______ to neutralize ______ in ______ and _______ reproductive tract

hibernation, puberty, mature, functional

the reproductive system is in a state of ________ in humans until _______ (period in childhood) when reproductive organs _______ and become _______

false

the reproductive system is necessary for survival of an individual TRUE or FALSE

testes

the scrotum surrounds the _______

seminiferous, two

the testes are ________ tubules that contain ______ cell types

exterior

the urethra conducts semen to the ________ of the body

accessory reproductive organs

these are the additional organs and structures that both genders have that contribute to functioning of their respective reproductive systems

Interstitial

these cells produce and secrete androgens into surrounding interstitial fluid

Seminal glands

these secrete fluid forming bulk of semen volume

prostaglandins

these stimulate contractions in female reproductive tract and possibly thin mucus; allow sperm access further into female tract increasing probability of fertilization

Head

this part of spermatozoon contains nucleus with densely packed chromosomes

Male reproductive tract

this transports semen (sperm with secretions of accessory glands)

spermatogenic, sustentacular

two cell types that the seminiferous tubules contain

seminiferous tubule lumen

when spermatids separate from sustentacular cells, they are released into _______ _______ _______