A&P II REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: MEIOSIS; ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MALES
GnRH
(gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is the trigger that starts menstrual cycle
Citrate, Prostate specific antigen, Antimicrobial chemicals
3 substances in prostatic secretions
prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
4 phases of meiosis II
ductus deferens, Seminal glands, Prostate gland, Urethra, Epididymis
5 male accessory organs
acrosome, head, neck, midpiece, tail
5 parts of a spermatozoon
early prophase I, mid to late prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I
5 steps of Meiosis I
motile, capacitation
Alkaline pH of semen helps to make sperm fully ______ and to begin process of ________
46, 23
All human somatic cells have a nucleus with _____ chromosomes (_____ pairs)
base of penis, membranous
Bulbourethral glands or Cowper's gland are marble-sized paired glands found at _____ ___ ______ on either side of ____________ urethra
mitosis, meiosis
Cell division can occur either by ________ or ________
meiosis
Cell division that produces gametes
mitosis
Cell division that produces identical daughter cells
ductus deferens
Conducts sperm between the epididymis and prostate gland
sperm, egg, zygote
Fertilization is a process by which a _______ and ______ cell fuse to form a new cell called a ________
coagulates, clotting proteins, enzymes, leaking out
Five minutes post-ejaculation: semen _______ due to activities of _______ _______ from seminal vesicles and _________ from prostate; it prevents semen from ______ ______ of female reproductive tract
seminiferous tubules, androgens, interstitial
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) are found between _______ _______, and produce and secrete _______ into surrounding _______ fluid
Testes or testicles
Male gonads are called ______ or _______
semen
Male reproductive tract transports _______
reproduction, half chromosome, doubled
Meiosis produces sperm and ova for ________; cells need to have _____ __________ number of original cell so that when they combine to form a new cell, chromosome number will not be ________
tissue growth, repair, identical
Mitosis occurs because new cells are needed for ______ ______ or _______; new cells must be genetically ______ to original
3, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum
Most of the penis is made up of ____ parallel cylinders of erectile tissue. The _____ ______ to the left and right and superior to the urethra, and the _______ ___________ surrounding the urethra
prostate specific antigen
PSA
Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis, exit
Path of spermatozoa _______ to the ___________ to the ______ _______ to the _______ _______ to the _______ which passes through the ______ to ______ the body
gland, urinary bladder, urethra, ejaculatory ducts
Prostate is an egg-sized ______ found inferior to _____ _______; surrounds _______ and ________ _______
spermatocytes
STEP 1 of SPERMATOGENESIS spermatogonium undergoes mitosis to produce diploid primary __________
meiosis I, 2
STEP 2 of SPERMATOGENESIS one primary spermatocyte undergoes ______ ____ to produce ______ haploid secondary spermatocytes
meiosis II, four, spermatids
STEP 3 of SPERMATOGENESIS the two secondary spermatocytes each undergo _______ ____ to produce a total of _______ haploid _______
spermiogenesis
STEP 4 of SPERMATOGENESIS spermatids elongate as they begin _________
distance from body
Scrotum temperature can be increased or decreased by altering _______ _____ _______
sticky, sperm, all fluids, sperm
Semen is a somewhat ______, whitish mixture of _______ and ___ _______ from different anatomical structures that the ______ traveled through
fluid forming, semen volume
Seminal glands secrete _____ _____ bulk of _____ ______
haploid
Sex cells are ______ (1 of each chromosome) so they contain 23 total chromosomes
23
Sex cells are haploid (1 of each chromosome) so they contain _____ total chromosomes
nonmotile, maturation, 12, months
Sperm are still _________ as they migrate to epididymis where they will complete ________ process; trip takes about ____ days to reach epididymis tail where sperm cells will remain viable for _______
minimized, decrease, increases
Surface area of scrotum is _______ in cold weather to ________ heat loss and temperature _______
spermatozoa
Testes to the epididymis to the ductus deferens to the ejaculatory duct to the urethra which passes through the penis to exit the body-- this is the path of ________
Fertilization
Zygote - cell that divides to produce all of cells in a new individual Must contain correct number of chromosomes; half from ovum and half from sperm
divides, individual
Zygote is a cell that ________ to produce all of cells in a new ______
5
______ minutes post-ejaculation: semen coagulates due to activities of clotting proteins from seminal vesicles and enzymes from prostate; prevents semen from leaking out of female reproductive tract
sensory, motor, sympathetic, parasympathetic
_______ and _______ fibers from both _______ and _________ nervous systems innervate penis
bulbourethral, cowper's
________ glands or ________ glands are marble-sized paired glands found at base of penis on either side of membranous urethra
Interstitial, leydig
_________ cells or ________ cells are found between seminiferous tubules
chromosomes, ovum, sperm
a zygote must contain correct number of _________; half from ______ and half from ______
flagellum
another word for tail of spermatozoon
sustentacular, inner capsule, lumen
before spermiogenesis, _________ cells surround the developing sperm, and extend from the _______ _______ of the tubule all the way to the apical surface at the end of the ________
gonads, gametes
both males and females have these primary sex organs and these sex cells that are produced by them
penetrate, fertilize, gamete
capacitation is the process that enables sperm to _________ and _______ an immature female _______
Zygote
cell that divides to produce all of cells in a new individual
sustentacular
cells that support sperm production
Urethra
conducts semen to the exterior of the body
sperm duct, sperm, epididymis, prostate gland
ductus deferens is the _____ ______ that conducts ______ between the _________ and _____ ______
Prostate
egg-sized gland found inferior to urinary bladder; surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts
penis, scrotum
external male genitalia
gametes
gonads produce these through meiosis
hormones, testosterone, estrogen
gonads secrete sex _______, including _________ and ___________
testes
in males, _______ produce hormones
tactile, pressure, temperature
in the penis, ______, ________, and _________ receptors are found in abundance
sperm, ova, egg cells
male gametes are _______ and female gametes are _________, or _____ ______
special cell
meiosis is ______ _______ division
half number, gametes
meiosis is a process during which a cell divides to form daughter cells with ____ _______ of chromosomes; ensures correct number in ________ and eventually zygote
four, haploid
meiosis produces __(#)__ genetically unique, _______ daughter cells
haploid, different
meiosis produces four _______ daughter cells that are genetically ________ from the mother cell and each other
gonads
meiosis produces gametes (sex cells) here
acrosome
membranous compartment of spermatozoon containing enzymes needed for fertilization
complete, one copy of DNA
mitosis occurs by first making a _______ copy of DNA and then dividing cells so that each cell gets ______ _____ ____ ______
identical daughter
mitosis produces ______ _______ cells
2, identical, mother
mitosis produces ______ diploid daughter cells that are genetically ________ to the _______ cell
phagocytize, cytoplasm, spermatids
one function that sustentacular cells perform that is vital for normal spermatogenesis: ________ damaged spermatogenic cells and excess _______ released from maturing ________
nutrients, hormones
one function that sustentacular cells perform that is vital for normal spermatogenesis: provide _________ for dividing cells and produce _______ which help regulate spermatogenesis
stem cell development, testicular fluid, sperm
one function that sustentacular cells perform that is vital for normal spermatogenesis: provide structural support for ______ _____ _______ and secrete ______ _______; helps transport _______ in seminiferous tubule
seminal vesicles
paired exocrine glands found on posterior surface of urinary bladder
Neck
part of spermatozoon that contains both centrioles of the original spermatid
Midpiece
part of spermatozoon that contains mitochondria to provide ATP for tail movement
erectile, sperm, vagina
penis contains ________ tissue and deposits ______ into the female _______
erection, ejaculation, emission, expulsion, orgasm, resolution, refractory period
phases of male sexual response
gonads
primary sex organs in both sexes
Meiosis
process during which a cell divides to form daughter cells with half number of chromosomes; ensures correct number in gametes and eventually zygote
spermatogenesis
process in which male gametes, or sperm cells, develop; regulated by hormones from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary glands
Spermiogenesis
process of sperm maturation; involves cellular shape and size changes
capacitation
process that enables sperm to penetrate and fertilize an immature female gamete
contractions, thin, fertilization
prostaglandins stimulate ________ in female reproductive tract and possibly ______ mucus; allow sperm access further into female tract increasing probability of _________
fluid
prostate gland secretes _______
20, 30, milky
prostatic secretions make up _____-_____% of semen volume; it is a ______ fluid
cold
scrotum is drawn closer to body when warm or cold?
warm
scrotum is relaxed and moves away from body when warm or cold?
sperm, accessory glands
semen is _____ with secretions of ________ ________
exocrine, urinary bladder
seminal vesicles are paired _______ glands found on posterior surface of ______ _______
gametes
sex cells
epididymis
site of sperm maturation
Semen
somewhat sticky whitish mixture of sperm and all fluids from different anatomical structures that sperm traveled through
5
sperm makes up about ____% of semen volume
semen
sperm with secretions of accessory glands
spermatogenic
sperm-forming cells
hormones, hypothalamus, pituitary
spermatogenesis is regulated by _______ from the ________ and anterior _______ glands
gametes, sperm
spermatogenesis is the process in which male ______, or ______ cells, develop
spermatogenesis, 46, seminiferous tubules
spermatogonia are stem cells that initiate __________; they have ___ chromosomes (diploid, 2n); located in basement membrane of ________ ________
sperm maturation, cellular
spermiogenesis is the process of ______ ________; involves ________ shape and size changes
spermatogonia
stem cells that initiate spermatogenesis; 46 chromosomes (diploid, 2n); located in basement membrane of seminiferous tubules
increased, greater, decreases
surface area of scrotum is ________ when too warm; allows for _______ heat loss and temperature _______
scrotum
surrounds the testes
spermatozoa, sperm
testes produce gametes called _________ or _______
ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts
the duct of each seminal vesicle converges with ______ _______ to form _______ _______
maturation
the epididymis is the site of sperm ________
alkaline, acids, urethra, female
the pH of semen is _______ to neutralize ______ in ______ and _______ reproductive tract
hibernation, puberty, mature, functional
the reproductive system is in a state of ________ in humans until _______ (period in childhood) when reproductive organs _______ and become _______
false
the reproductive system is necessary for survival of an individual TRUE or FALSE
testes
the scrotum surrounds the _______
seminiferous, two
the testes are ________ tubules that contain ______ cell types
exterior
the urethra conducts semen to the ________ of the body
accessory reproductive organs
these are the additional organs and structures that both genders have that contribute to functioning of their respective reproductive systems
Interstitial
these cells produce and secrete androgens into surrounding interstitial fluid
Seminal glands
these secrete fluid forming bulk of semen volume
prostaglandins
these stimulate contractions in female reproductive tract and possibly thin mucus; allow sperm access further into female tract increasing probability of fertilization
Head
this part of spermatozoon contains nucleus with densely packed chromosomes
Male reproductive tract
this transports semen (sperm with secretions of accessory glands)
spermatogenic, sustentacular
two cell types that the seminiferous tubules contain
seminiferous tubule lumen
when spermatids separate from sustentacular cells, they are released into _______ _______ _______