A&P Lab Exam 4
eye: scleral venous sinus
-aka canal of schlemm -drain for aqeuous humor
ear: tympanic membrane
-aka eardrum -separates outer ear from middle ear -vibrates in response to sound waves
brain: somatosensory association area
-allows us to identify location of touch or pain or identify objects by touch -behind primary somatosensory cortex
eye: ora serrata
-anterior edge of neural tunic -one of two places where retina attaches
eye: vitreous chamber
-area between lens and retina -contains vitreous humor gel
smell: olfactory tract
-axons of mitral cells -carries sensory info to primary olfactory complex
brain: primary somatosensory cortex
-behind central sulcus -receives sensory impulses from receptors of general sense, involved in perception of senses (touch, pressure, pain)
eye: anterior chamber
-between cornea and iris -contains aqueous humor
2 inner ear components
-bony labyrinth: carved into temporal bone -membranous labyrinth: flexible system oof ducts
smell: olfactory bulb
-bulge formed by somas and glumeruli -location of synapses between olfactory cells and olfactory mitral cells
ear: external auditory meatus
-canal that captures and carries sound waves to tympanic membrane -secretes ear wax
ear: vestibule
-chamber contains utricle and saccule -each sac house has sensory cells for equilibrium -hair cells found in maculae
proprioreceptor
-change in body position -mechanoreceptor -ex: muscle spindles
olfactory receptor
-chemicals in air -chemoreceptor -ex: hair cells in nasal epithelium
taste receptor
-chemicals in food -chemoreceptor -ex: hair cells on tongue
diencephalon: pituitary gland
-connected to hypothalamus -endocrine gland -secretion regulated by hypothalamus
diencephalon: corpus callosum
-connects cerebral hemispheres -white matter
ear: auditory (eustachian) tube
-connects middle ear to pharynx -opens when you swallow to equalize air pressure
tongue: taste buds
-contain chemoreceptors for taste -embedded in wall of papilla -five primary taste: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
brainstem: medulla oblongota
-continuous with spinal cord -regulates cardiac, BP, breathing, autonomic reflexes- important life functions
brainstem: inferior colliculi
-controls auditory reflexes -forms corpora quadrigemina with superior colliculi
ear: cupula
-cupula pushed by endolymph -movement of head causes endolymph to move in opposite direction -when cupula moves, cilia bends
nociceptor
-damaging stimuli / pain -mechanoreceptor or thermoreceptor, or chemoreceptor -ex: free nerve endings
pressure receptor
-deep pressure -mechanoreceptor -ex: lamellar corpuscles
visual acuity test
-determines sharpness of vision -as light passes through cornea and lens, they are refracted
ear: oval window
-divides middle and inner ear -covered by footplate of stapes
smell: glumerus
-each one activated by particular odorant -odors composed of numerous oderants activate particular set of glumeruli
eye suspensory ligaments
-extend from ciliary process to lens capsule -tension on lens depends on degree of contraction of ciliary muscle
eye: choroid
-extensive capillary network -supplies oxygen and nutrients to internal eye
eye: hyperopia
-farsightedness -light rays focus behind retina -eye might be shortened or lens too flat -fuzzy near vision, normal distance vision
eyeball three layers
-fibrous tonic (outer) -vascular tonic (middle) -neural tonic (inner): photoreceptors in here
brainstem: superior colliculi
-form corpora quadrigemina with inferior colliculi -controls visual reflexes
tongue: vallate papillae
-form v shape -each surrounded by deep depression -all have taste buds
general senses
-found all over body -touch -deep pressure -temp -pain -stretch -vibration
tongue: filiform papillae
-found over entire tongue surface -no taste buds -produces friction to help tongue push food
smell: olfactory epithelium
-houses olfactory receptor neurons -area of nasal epithelium, size of postage stamp
brainstem: midbrain
-includes corpora quadrigemina and cerebral penduncles -path for descending fibers to cerebellum and medulla
diencephalon: hypothalamus
-inferior to thalamus -regulates appetite, thirst, body temp -produces and regulates hormones
diencephalon: fornix
-interconnects cerebrum with mammillary bodies -tract of white matter along border of septum pellucidum
eye: ciliary muscle
-intrinsic eye muslce -changes shape of lens by acting on suspensatory ligaments
diencephalon: mammillary body
-involved in memory formation -part of hypothalamus
inductive method
-largely used to gain info about anatomy -scientists observe specimens and draw generalizations from the observations
vision receptor
-light -photoreceptor -ex: rods and cones of retina
touch receptor
-light touch -mechanoreceptor -ex: tactile corpuscles
special senses
-limited to the head -hearing -vision -taste -smell -equilibrium
brain insula
-lobe folded deep in lateral sulcus -only be seen when frontal and parietal lobe pulled away
Diencephalon
-located in center of brain -thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
brain: primary motor cortex
-located in front of central sulcus -controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
near vision
-looking at a close object -ciliary muscle contracts, suspensatory ligaments slacken -lens "round up" and light rays bent more sharply
far vision
-looking at distant object -ciliary muscle relaxes, pulls suspensatory ligament -lens flatten, light rays not bent as strongly
eye: trochlea
-loop of fibrous tissue -tendon of superior oblique passes through
brainstem 3 parts
-midbrain -pons -medulla oblongota
eye: conjunctiva
-moist membrane that lines sclera and eyelid -resists entrance of dust and microorganisms -inflammation can lead to pink eye
eye: iris
-muscles that contracts or relax to regulate amount of light entering eye -color of eye
eye: myopia
-nearsightedness -light rays focus in front of retina -eyeball may be lengthed or lens is too curved -normal near vision, fuzzy distance vision
eye: optic disc
-no photoreceptors, blind spot -where retina attaches
eye: emmetropia
-normal vision -light rays reflected so image is focused on fovea centralis
eye: pupil
-opening in iris -instrinsic muscles can constrict or dilate
dura mater 2 layers
-outer: periosteal dura: attached to cranium -inner: meningeal dura: continuation of dura mater of spinal cord
retina two layers
-outer: pigment epithelium, contains melanin -inner: contains photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
inner ear: oval window
-oval shaped opening in bony labyrinth of inner ear -flexible membrane covered by stapes
eye: fovea centralis
-produces sharpest vision -only cones -almost no convergence -shallow pit in macula lutea
diencephalon: interthalamic adhesion
-projection of gray matter from thalamus into third ventricle -aka intermediate mass
smell: olfactory hairs
-projections from dendritic knob -site of binding with dissolved odorants -extend out into mucus layer
brain precentral gyrus
-prominent gyrus in frontal lobe -anterior to central sulcus
brain postcentral gyrus
-prominent gyrus in parietal love -posterior to central sulcus
cochlea: organ of corti
-receptor organ for hearing -between cochlear duct and perilymph (scala tympani)
diencephalon: thalamus
-relays sensory impulses to cerebrum -forms walls of third ventricle
eye: retina
-rods: active in dim night light, no color -cones: active in colorful bright light
tongue: fungiform papillae
-scattered over tongue, small mushroom shap -most contain taste buds -surrounded by depression
diencephalon: choroid plexus
-secretes cerebrospinal fluid -vascular tissue in third ventricle
equilibrium sent to brain by
-semicircular canals -vestibule
cranial nerve V: trigeminal
-sensory: cutaneous sensations from face and mouth -motor: chewing
cranial nerve VII: facial
-sensory: taste -motor: facial expression, saliva and tear productioon
cranial nerve IX: glossopharyngeal
-sensory: taste -motor: swallowing and speech
cranial nerve X: vagus
-sensory: taste and visceral discomfort -motor: swallowing, coughing, speech, heart rate and BP, respiratory pathways
diencephalon: septum pellucidum
-separates each lateral ventricle -one lateral ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere
eye: lens
-transparent cells -changes shape to focus light rays on retina
eye: cornea
-transparent, allows light to enter eye -most refraction of light happens here
eye: inferior rectus
-turns eye inferiorly -oculomotor nerve
eye: superior oblique
-turns eye inferiorly and laterally -trochlear nerve
eye: lateral rectus
-turns eye laterally -abducens nerve
eye: medial rectus
-turns eye medially -oculomotor nerve
eye: inferior oblique
-turns eye superiorly and laterally -oculomotor nerve
eye: superior rectus
-turns eyeball superiorly -oculomotor nerve
hypothetico-deductive method
-used to gain info about physiology -direct observation is not possible, instead you ask a question and form a probable answer and use practices to test answer
hearing receptor
-vibrations produced by soundwaves -mechanoreceptor -ex: hair cells in inner ear
ear: auricle
-visible outer portion of ear -also called pinnna
eye: sclera
-white of the eye -dense fibrous tissue that supports shape of eeye -extrinsic eye muscles insert into it
scientific method steps
1) hypothesis (if...then) 2) design experiment 3) perform experiment and record results 4) interpret resultd
pathway for sound
1) soundwaves enter external auditory meatus through external auditory canal 2) soundwaves cause tympanic membrane to vibrate 3) vibrations transferred from tympanic membrane to auditory ossicles 4) vibration of ossicles causes stapes to push against oval window 5) movement of oval window causes movement of perilymph in cochlea 6) movement of perilymph lead to bending of stericilia of hair cells as they are pushed against tectorial membrane 7) hair cells stimulated associated neurons (cochlear nerve) 8) nerve signals travels via vestibulocochlear nerve 9) signal interpreted in primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe
stimulus to image order
1). light passes through cornea and is refracted 2) light passes through aqeuous. humor 3) light passes through pupil 4) light passes through lens and is refracted 5) light falls on macula lutea of retina; photoreceptors stimulatd 6) optic nerve carries sensory info to brain 7) occipital lobe of brain interprets sensory info
cranial nerve mnemonic
1. Oh (olfactory) 2. Once (optic) 3. One (oculomotor) 4. Takes (trochlear) 5. The (trigeminal) 6. Anatomy (abducens) 7. Final (facial) 8. Very (vestibulocochlear) 9. Good (glossopharyngeal) 10. Vacations (vagus) 11. Are (accessory) 12. Heavenly (hypoglossal)
cerebellum
2 cortexes -cerebellar cortex: superficial gray matter -arbor vitae: deep white matter -has surface ridges called folia -attached to brain by cerebellar penduncles -contains half of neurons of brain -coordination of skeletal musvles
cranial nerve function mnemonic
Some (olfactory: sensory) Say (optic: sensory( Marry (oculomotor: motor) Money (trochlear: motor) But (trigeminal: both) My (abducens: motor) Brother (facial: both) Says (vestibulocochlear: sensory) Big (glossopharyngeal: both) Brains (vagus: both) Matter (accessory: motor) More (hypoglossal: motor)
outer ear
auricle external auditory meatus tympanic membrane
sensation
becoming aware of the stimulus
brain: fourth ventricle
between cerebellum and pons
smell: olfactory receptor cell
bipolar neuron
labeled line code
brain assigns meaning to each modality based on projection pathway used
smell: olfactory nerve
bundles of axons from olfactory receptor cells
glossopharyngeal nerve and tongue
carries info on posterior 1/3 of tongue
brain: third ventricle
center of diencephaalon
cerebellum: 2 cortexes
cerebellar cortex: gray arbor vitae: white
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
ventricles in brain
chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid
brain: intraventricular foramen
channel segments between ventricles
inner ear
cochlea semicircular canals
brain corpus callosum frontal view
connects cerebral hemisphere
brain: broca area
controls muscles involved in speech production motor
each hair cell in ear project out into
cupula which is surrounded by endolymph
sensorineural hearing loss
damage to delicate structures of inner ear, usually hair cells
meninge: arachnoid mater
deep to dura mater
ear: utricle
detects horizontal acceleration riding in car
ear: anterior semicircular canal
detects nodding yes movement
ear: lateral semicircular canal
detects rotating of head in "no" movement
ear: posterior semicircular canals
detects tilting of head to side
ear: saccule
detects vertical acceleration riding elevator
modality
each form of stimulus
tongue: taste pore
faces depression surrounding papillae
facial nerve and tongue
facial nerve carries info on anterior 2/3 of tongue
eye: macula lutea
highest concentration of photoreceptors
inner ear: round window
inferior to oval window, covered by flexible membrane that can be displaced by perilymph movement
brain cerebral cortex
integration occurs gray matter superficiak
brain basal nuclei
integration occurs here
brain: olfactory association area
interprets and gives meaning to odors
brain: auditory association area
interprets and gives meaning to sounds
brain: visual association area
interprets and gives meaning to what we see
astigmatism
irregular curvature in cornea
meninge: superior sagittal sinus
largest dural sinus
brainstem: pons
linked cerebellum with rest of brain
brainstem: fourth ventricle
located anterior to cerebellum
middle ear auditory ossicles
malleus incus stapes: delivers vibrations to oval window and inner ear
sensory info for taste travels
medulla oblongota > thalamus > primary gustatory cortex
brain frontal lobe
most anterior lobe of brain
brain occipital lobe
most posterior lobe of brain
cranial nerve VI: abducens
motor lateral movement of eyeball
cranial nerve IV: trochlear
motor superior movement of eyeball
cranial nerve III: oculomotor
motor, eyelid and eyeball movement pupil constriction
cranial nerve XII: hypoglossal
motor: movement of tongue, swallowing and speech
cranial nerve XI: accessory
motor: swallowing and movement of head
brainstem: arbor vitae
network of white matter inside cerebellum
middle ear
oval window auditory ossiicles has temporal bone
taste buds aka
papillae detects chemical stimulant tastant
projection pathway
pathway from the sensory receptor to a primary cortical area in the brain
brain: motor association area
plans, integrates, coordinates motor nerve impulses
diencephalon: optic chiasm
point at which optic nerves decussate
brain: primary visual cortex
receives impulses from photoreceptors in each eye and involved in perception of sight
brain: primary auditory complex
receives sensory inputs from auditory receptors and is involved in perception of sound
color blindness
results from deficiency in conees
conductive hearing loss
results from inability of sound wave to reach inner ear
brain gyri
ridges in the brain
smell: olfactory gland
secretes mucus
brain: cerebral aqueduct
segment between third and fourth ventricle
cranial nerve I: olfactory nerve
sensory smell
each semicircular canal has its own
sensory structure called crista ampullaris
cranial nerve II: optic nerve
sensory vision
cranial nerve VIII: vestibulocochlear
sensory, hearing and equilibrium
brain central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
brain: septum pellucidum
separates lateral ventricles
brain lateral sulcus
separates temporal and parietal lobe
meninge: falx cerebri
separates the two cerebral hemispheres
brain longitudinal fissure
separates two cerebral hemispheres makes right and left cerebral hemispheres
scientific method
set of standards and practices scientists have developed in order to ensure scientific inquiry involves observation, logical thought, unbiased analysis
brain sulci
shallow grooves in brain
meninge: subarchnoid space
space between arachnoid mater and pia mater filled wiith CSF
extrinsic eye muscles
superior rectus medial rectus inferior rectus lateral rectus superior oblique inferior oblique
cerebellum: folia
surface ridges
weber test
test for hearing loss place tuning fork on head
rinne test
test for hearing loss tuning fork on ear then remove
two point discrimination
the ability to feel touch of two objects on skin as two separate stimuli rather than just on
meninge: pia mater
thin and adhered to brain
brain: wernicke area
understanding written and spoken language
vagus nerve and tongue
vagus nerve carries info from taste receptors to other areas of oral cavity
receptive field
where sensory neurons detect stimuli within a specific area experiment w poke thing
brainstem: cerebellum
works with cerebrum to coordinate skeletal muscles