A&P Lab Exam 4

eye: scleral venous sinus

-aka canal of schlemm -drain for aqeuous humor

ear: tympanic membrane

-aka eardrum -separates outer ear from middle ear -vibrates in response to sound waves

brain: somatosensory association area

-allows us to identify location of touch or pain or identify objects by touch -behind primary somatosensory cortex

eye: ora serrata

-anterior edge of neural tunic -one of two places where retina attaches

eye: vitreous chamber

-area between lens and retina -contains vitreous humor gel

smell: olfactory tract

-axons of mitral cells -carries sensory info to primary olfactory complex

brain: primary somatosensory cortex

-behind central sulcus -receives sensory impulses from receptors of general sense, involved in perception of senses (touch, pressure, pain)

eye: anterior chamber

-between cornea and iris -contains aqueous humor

2 inner ear components

-bony labyrinth: carved into temporal bone -membranous labyrinth: flexible system oof ducts

smell: olfactory bulb

-bulge formed by somas and glumeruli -location of synapses between olfactory cells and olfactory mitral cells

ear: external auditory meatus

-canal that captures and carries sound waves to tympanic membrane -secretes ear wax

ear: vestibule

-chamber contains utricle and saccule -each sac house has sensory cells for equilibrium -hair cells found in maculae

proprioreceptor

-change in body position -mechanoreceptor -ex: muscle spindles

olfactory receptor

-chemicals in air -chemoreceptor -ex: hair cells in nasal epithelium

taste receptor

-chemicals in food -chemoreceptor -ex: hair cells on tongue

diencephalon: pituitary gland

-connected to hypothalamus -endocrine gland -secretion regulated by hypothalamus

diencephalon: corpus callosum

-connects cerebral hemispheres -white matter

ear: auditory (eustachian) tube

-connects middle ear to pharynx -opens when you swallow to equalize air pressure

tongue: taste buds

-contain chemoreceptors for taste -embedded in wall of papilla -five primary taste: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

brainstem: medulla oblongota

-continuous with spinal cord -regulates cardiac, BP, breathing, autonomic reflexes- important life functions

brainstem: inferior colliculi

-controls auditory reflexes -forms corpora quadrigemina with superior colliculi

ear: cupula

-cupula pushed by endolymph -movement of head causes endolymph to move in opposite direction -when cupula moves, cilia bends

nociceptor

-damaging stimuli / pain -mechanoreceptor or thermoreceptor, or chemoreceptor -ex: free nerve endings

pressure receptor

-deep pressure -mechanoreceptor -ex: lamellar corpuscles

visual acuity test

-determines sharpness of vision -as light passes through cornea and lens, they are refracted

ear: oval window

-divides middle and inner ear -covered by footplate of stapes

smell: glumerus

-each one activated by particular odorant -odors composed of numerous oderants activate particular set of glumeruli

eye suspensory ligaments

-extend from ciliary process to lens capsule -tension on lens depends on degree of contraction of ciliary muscle

eye: choroid

-extensive capillary network -supplies oxygen and nutrients to internal eye

eye: hyperopia

-farsightedness -light rays focus behind retina -eye might be shortened or lens too flat -fuzzy near vision, normal distance vision

eyeball three layers

-fibrous tonic (outer) -vascular tonic (middle) -neural tonic (inner): photoreceptors in here

brainstem: superior colliculi

-form corpora quadrigemina with inferior colliculi -controls visual reflexes

tongue: vallate papillae

-form v shape -each surrounded by deep depression -all have taste buds

general senses

-found all over body -touch -deep pressure -temp -pain -stretch -vibration

tongue: filiform papillae

-found over entire tongue surface -no taste buds -produces friction to help tongue push food

smell: olfactory epithelium

-houses olfactory receptor neurons -area of nasal epithelium, size of postage stamp

brainstem: midbrain

-includes corpora quadrigemina and cerebral penduncles -path for descending fibers to cerebellum and medulla

diencephalon: hypothalamus

-inferior to thalamus -regulates appetite, thirst, body temp -produces and regulates hormones

diencephalon: fornix

-interconnects cerebrum with mammillary bodies -tract of white matter along border of septum pellucidum

eye: ciliary muscle

-intrinsic eye muslce -changes shape of lens by acting on suspensatory ligaments

diencephalon: mammillary body

-involved in memory formation -part of hypothalamus

inductive method

-largely used to gain info about anatomy -scientists observe specimens and draw generalizations from the observations

vision receptor

-light -photoreceptor -ex: rods and cones of retina

touch receptor

-light touch -mechanoreceptor -ex: tactile corpuscles

special senses

-limited to the head -hearing -vision -taste -smell -equilibrium

brain insula

-lobe folded deep in lateral sulcus -only be seen when frontal and parietal lobe pulled away

Diencephalon

-located in center of brain -thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

brain: primary motor cortex

-located in front of central sulcus -controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

near vision

-looking at a close object -ciliary muscle contracts, suspensatory ligaments slacken -lens "round up" and light rays bent more sharply

far vision

-looking at distant object -ciliary muscle relaxes, pulls suspensatory ligament -lens flatten, light rays not bent as strongly

eye: trochlea

-loop of fibrous tissue -tendon of superior oblique passes through

brainstem 3 parts

-midbrain -pons -medulla oblongota

eye: conjunctiva

-moist membrane that lines sclera and eyelid -resists entrance of dust and microorganisms -inflammation can lead to pink eye

eye: iris

-muscles that contracts or relax to regulate amount of light entering eye -color of eye

eye: myopia

-nearsightedness -light rays focus in front of retina -eyeball may be lengthed or lens is too curved -normal near vision, fuzzy distance vision

eye: optic disc

-no photoreceptors, blind spot -where retina attaches

eye: emmetropia

-normal vision -light rays reflected so image is focused on fovea centralis

eye: pupil

-opening in iris -instrinsic muscles can constrict or dilate

dura mater 2 layers

-outer: periosteal dura: attached to cranium -inner: meningeal dura: continuation of dura mater of spinal cord

retina two layers

-outer: pigment epithelium, contains melanin -inner: contains photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

inner ear: oval window

-oval shaped opening in bony labyrinth of inner ear -flexible membrane covered by stapes

eye: fovea centralis

-produces sharpest vision -only cones -almost no convergence -shallow pit in macula lutea

diencephalon: interthalamic adhesion

-projection of gray matter from thalamus into third ventricle -aka intermediate mass

smell: olfactory hairs

-projections from dendritic knob -site of binding with dissolved odorants -extend out into mucus layer

brain precentral gyrus

-prominent gyrus in frontal lobe -anterior to central sulcus

brain postcentral gyrus

-prominent gyrus in parietal love -posterior to central sulcus

cochlea: organ of corti

-receptor organ for hearing -between cochlear duct and perilymph (scala tympani)

diencephalon: thalamus

-relays sensory impulses to cerebrum -forms walls of third ventricle

eye: retina

-rods: active in dim night light, no color -cones: active in colorful bright light

tongue: fungiform papillae

-scattered over tongue, small mushroom shap -most contain taste buds -surrounded by depression

diencephalon: choroid plexus

-secretes cerebrospinal fluid -vascular tissue in third ventricle

equilibrium sent to brain by

-semicircular canals -vestibule

cranial nerve V: trigeminal

-sensory: cutaneous sensations from face and mouth -motor: chewing

cranial nerve VII: facial

-sensory: taste -motor: facial expression, saliva and tear productioon

cranial nerve IX: glossopharyngeal

-sensory: taste -motor: swallowing and speech

cranial nerve X: vagus

-sensory: taste and visceral discomfort -motor: swallowing, coughing, speech, heart rate and BP, respiratory pathways

diencephalon: septum pellucidum

-separates each lateral ventricle -one lateral ventricle in each cerebral hemisphere

eye: lens

-transparent cells -changes shape to focus light rays on retina

eye: cornea

-transparent, allows light to enter eye -most refraction of light happens here

eye: inferior rectus

-turns eye inferiorly -oculomotor nerve

eye: superior oblique

-turns eye inferiorly and laterally -trochlear nerve

eye: lateral rectus

-turns eye laterally -abducens nerve

eye: medial rectus

-turns eye medially -oculomotor nerve

eye: inferior oblique

-turns eye superiorly and laterally -oculomotor nerve

eye: superior rectus

-turns eyeball superiorly -oculomotor nerve

hypothetico-deductive method

-used to gain info about physiology -direct observation is not possible, instead you ask a question and form a probable answer and use practices to test answer

hearing receptor

-vibrations produced by soundwaves -mechanoreceptor -ex: hair cells in inner ear

ear: auricle

-visible outer portion of ear -also called pinnna

eye: sclera

-white of the eye -dense fibrous tissue that supports shape of eeye -extrinsic eye muscles insert into it

scientific method steps

1) hypothesis (if...then) 2) design experiment 3) perform experiment and record results 4) interpret resultd

pathway for sound

1) soundwaves enter external auditory meatus through external auditory canal 2) soundwaves cause tympanic membrane to vibrate 3) vibrations transferred from tympanic membrane to auditory ossicles 4) vibration of ossicles causes stapes to push against oval window 5) movement of oval window causes movement of perilymph in cochlea 6) movement of perilymph lead to bending of stericilia of hair cells as they are pushed against tectorial membrane 7) hair cells stimulated associated neurons (cochlear nerve) 8) nerve signals travels via vestibulocochlear nerve 9) signal interpreted in primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe

stimulus to image order

1). light passes through cornea and is refracted 2) light passes through aqeuous. humor 3) light passes through pupil 4) light passes through lens and is refracted 5) light falls on macula lutea of retina; photoreceptors stimulatd 6) optic nerve carries sensory info to brain 7) occipital lobe of brain interprets sensory info

cranial nerve mnemonic

1. Oh (olfactory) 2. Once (optic) 3. One (oculomotor) 4. Takes (trochlear) 5. The (trigeminal) 6. Anatomy (abducens) 7. Final (facial) 8. Very (vestibulocochlear) 9. Good (glossopharyngeal) 10. Vacations (vagus) 11. Are (accessory) 12. Heavenly (hypoglossal)

cerebellum

2 cortexes -cerebellar cortex: superficial gray matter -arbor vitae: deep white matter -has surface ridges called folia -attached to brain by cerebellar penduncles -contains half of neurons of brain -coordination of skeletal musvles

cranial nerve function mnemonic

Some (olfactory: sensory) Say (optic: sensory( Marry (oculomotor: motor) Money (trochlear: motor) But (trigeminal: both) My (abducens: motor) Brother (facial: both) Says (vestibulocochlear: sensory) Big (glossopharyngeal: both) Brains (vagus: both) Matter (accessory: motor) More (hypoglossal: motor)

outer ear

auricle external auditory meatus tympanic membrane

sensation

becoming aware of the stimulus

brain: fourth ventricle

between cerebellum and pons

smell: olfactory receptor cell

bipolar neuron

labeled line code

brain assigns meaning to each modality based on projection pathway used

smell: olfactory nerve

bundles of axons from olfactory receptor cells

glossopharyngeal nerve and tongue

carries info on posterior 1/3 of tongue

brain: third ventricle

center of diencephaalon

cerebellum: 2 cortexes

cerebellar cortex: gray arbor vitae: white

largest part of the brain

cerebrum

ventricles in brain

chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid

brain: intraventricular foramen

channel segments between ventricles

inner ear

cochlea semicircular canals

brain corpus callosum frontal view

connects cerebral hemisphere

brain: broca area

controls muscles involved in speech production motor

each hair cell in ear project out into

cupula which is surrounded by endolymph

sensorineural hearing loss

damage to delicate structures of inner ear, usually hair cells

meninge: arachnoid mater

deep to dura mater

ear: utricle

detects horizontal acceleration riding in car

ear: anterior semicircular canal

detects nodding yes movement

ear: lateral semicircular canal

detects rotating of head in "no" movement

ear: posterior semicircular canals

detects tilting of head to side

ear: saccule

detects vertical acceleration riding elevator

modality

each form of stimulus

tongue: taste pore

faces depression surrounding papillae

facial nerve and tongue

facial nerve carries info on anterior 2/3 of tongue

eye: macula lutea

highest concentration of photoreceptors

inner ear: round window

inferior to oval window, covered by flexible membrane that can be displaced by perilymph movement

brain cerebral cortex

integration occurs gray matter superficiak

brain basal nuclei

integration occurs here

brain: olfactory association area

interprets and gives meaning to odors

brain: auditory association area

interprets and gives meaning to sounds

brain: visual association area

interprets and gives meaning to what we see

astigmatism

irregular curvature in cornea

meninge: superior sagittal sinus

largest dural sinus

brainstem: pons

linked cerebellum with rest of brain

brainstem: fourth ventricle

located anterior to cerebellum

middle ear auditory ossicles

malleus incus stapes: delivers vibrations to oval window and inner ear

sensory info for taste travels

medulla oblongota > thalamus > primary gustatory cortex

brain frontal lobe

most anterior lobe of brain

brain occipital lobe

most posterior lobe of brain

cranial nerve VI: abducens

motor lateral movement of eyeball

cranial nerve IV: trochlear

motor superior movement of eyeball

cranial nerve III: oculomotor

motor, eyelid and eyeball movement pupil constriction

cranial nerve XII: hypoglossal

motor: movement of tongue, swallowing and speech

cranial nerve XI: accessory

motor: swallowing and movement of head

brainstem: arbor vitae

network of white matter inside cerebellum

middle ear

oval window auditory ossiicles has temporal bone

taste buds aka

papillae detects chemical stimulant tastant

projection pathway

pathway from the sensory receptor to a primary cortical area in the brain

brain: motor association area

plans, integrates, coordinates motor nerve impulses

diencephalon: optic chiasm

point at which optic nerves decussate

brain: primary visual cortex

receives impulses from photoreceptors in each eye and involved in perception of sight

brain: primary auditory complex

receives sensory inputs from auditory receptors and is involved in perception of sound

color blindness

results from deficiency in conees

conductive hearing loss

results from inability of sound wave to reach inner ear

brain gyri

ridges in the brain

smell: olfactory gland

secretes mucus

brain: cerebral aqueduct

segment between third and fourth ventricle

cranial nerve I: olfactory nerve

sensory smell

each semicircular canal has its own

sensory structure called crista ampullaris

cranial nerve II: optic nerve

sensory vision

cranial nerve VIII: vestibulocochlear

sensory, hearing and equilibrium

brain central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

brain: septum pellucidum

separates lateral ventricles

brain lateral sulcus

separates temporal and parietal lobe

meninge: falx cerebri

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

brain longitudinal fissure

separates two cerebral hemispheres makes right and left cerebral hemispheres

scientific method

set of standards and practices scientists have developed in order to ensure scientific inquiry involves observation, logical thought, unbiased analysis

brain sulci

shallow grooves in brain

meninge: subarchnoid space

space between arachnoid mater and pia mater filled wiith CSF

extrinsic eye muscles

superior rectus medial rectus inferior rectus lateral rectus superior oblique inferior oblique

cerebellum: folia

surface ridges

weber test

test for hearing loss place tuning fork on head

rinne test

test for hearing loss tuning fork on ear then remove

two point discrimination

the ability to feel touch of two objects on skin as two separate stimuli rather than just on

meninge: pia mater

thin and adhered to brain

brain: wernicke area

understanding written and spoken language

vagus nerve and tongue

vagus nerve carries info from taste receptors to other areas of oral cavity

receptive field

where sensory neurons detect stimuli within a specific area experiment w poke thing

brainstem: cerebellum

works with cerebrum to coordinate skeletal muscles