A&P part 4

A neuron with one axon and several dendrites is a

multipolar neuron

The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract what?

muscles of the arm and forearm

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called

nodes of Ranvier

Visual perception is located in the ____ lobe

occipital

An action potential

occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level

A fracture of the ethmoid bone would result in damage to which cranial nerve?

olfactory

When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the

original polarity of the neuron is restored

Digestion of food is regulated by

parasympathetic division of the ANS

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of this right cerebral cortex. As a result the

patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg

Regulation of the body's biological clock and production of melatonin is performed by the

pineal body

Compared with the inside of the neurolemma outside of the the neurolemma membrane is

positive

Neurotransmitters are released from the

presynaptic terminal

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level L-4 to about S-5 form the:

sacral plexus

If an animal has had its cerebrum removed it cannot

see

The right cerebral hemisphere receives

sensory input from the left side of the body

Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of

sodium ions

The abducens nerve:

supplies innvervations to lateral rectus muscles of the eye

The junction between 2 neurons is a

synapse

The area of the cerebrum responsible for the perception of sound lies in the ____ lobe

temporal

What part of the brain helps in the association of sensations with emotions, as well as aiding in the arousal of alerting mechanism?

thalamus

The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to potassium ions because

there are more non-gated channels for K+ than Na+

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle

Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers includes:

vestibulcochlear

Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

vestibulocochlear

In short-term memory,

when new information is presented, old information is eliminated

____- symmetrical disturbances of movement present from birth

Cerebral Palsy

____- a chronic, repetitive seizure disorder of cerebral function causing a sudden lapse of consciousness and varying degrees of convulsion

Epilepsy

____- acute inflammation of the meanings of brain, and/or spinal cord

Meningitis

____- a group of symptoms characterized by recurrent attacks of sleep, or muscle tone collapse in extremities

Nacrolepsy

____- brain tumors of many kinds within the cranium

Neoplasms

____- inflammation of neurons at roots or along fibers

Neuritis

Long-term memory may involve

a change in the shape of the dendrite

The part of the neuron that acts as the receptor or impulse generator is called

a dendrite

Which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum? a. control the heart rate b. coordinate control of voluntary movements

a. control the heart rate

The cranial nerve with a dual origin (brain and spinal cord) is the:

accessory

"Fight or flight" physiologic changes include

constriction of respiratory airways

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

conveys action potentials to the CNS

The cerebrum has an outer surface of gray matter that is called the

cortex

The peripheral nervous system includes the

cranial nerves

What conduct impulses toward the cell body?

dendrites

What occurs in electrically excitable cells?

depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open

What transmitter substance has been impacted in Parkinson's disease?

dopamine

The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bones is the

dura mater

From superficial to deep, which is the correct order of location of the meninges

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

The tough, opaque meningeal layer in the:

dura meter

A patient who receives a blow to the side of the skull (parotid area) exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eyes and the corner of his mouth droops: which cranial nerve has been damaged?

facial

True/False: A function of the autonomic nervous system is conscious control of motor activities

false

True/False: A function of the brain stem is it contains centers for speed and memory

false

True/False: A function of the cerebellum is to associate sensations with emotions.

false

True/False: The cerebrum acts as a control center of the autonomic nervous system.

false

True/False: The pituitary is a major region of the brain

false

True/False: The sphenoidal is a lobe of the cerebrum.

false

True/False: The thoracic is a nerve plexus

false

True/False: There are 7 cervical nerve pairs

false

During brain surgery, the superior portion of the somesthetic cortex of a patient is stimulated. The patient is likely to

feeling pressure in his toes

White matter of the nervous system

forms conduction pathways called nerve tracts

What substance must pass through the blood-barrier in order for neurons to survive

glucose

The spinal cord has

gray matter on the inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root

Mr. J.H. was injured in an accident that completely severed his spinal cord at the level of T-12. You would expect to find which of the following:

loss of sensation below the level of injury

There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves.

12; 31

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

____- destruction of brain substance by anoxia as a result of interference of circulation

Apoplexy

____- inflammation or infection of the brain, many times leading to violent temperatures, brain damage, and death

Encephalitis

____- an acute viral infection of the CNS, orally introduced, but eventually reaching the grey matter of the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, the cerebellum, and the precentral (motor) area of the cerebrum

Poliomyelitis

____- An acute infection virus disease of the CNS of mammals following by paralysis and death

Rabies

____- Painful inflammation of the nerve of the leg

Sciatica

____- an acute viral infection of the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve causing neuralgic pain and skin eruptions in the areas the affected nerves serve

Shingles

____- the sensation of movement in circles, or of objects moving around in circles, while remaining still- resulting in tendency to loose balance

Vertigo

Neurotransmitter is being released at a synapse. What occurs last?

an action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called

an all-or-none response

What is not a part of the diencephalon? a. pineal gland b. cerebrum

b. cerebrum

Which in not part of the brainstem? a. medulla oblongata b. hypothalamus

b. hypothalamus

What is not a function of the hypothalamus? a. plays an essential role in maintaining the waking state b. regulates voluntary motor functions

b. regulates voluntary motor functions

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are

bipolar

A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na= ions. The use of this anesthetic will

block sensory input into the CNS

Reflex arcs are

capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response

Neurotransmitters

cause the production of action potenials in the postsynaptic membrane

Gray matter in the CNS consists of

cell bodies

What is responsible for problem-solving skills?

central nervous system

The largest section of the brain is the

cerebrum

A baseball pitcher was hit on the head by a line drive. Fortunately, the pitcher was not seriously injured but when he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter has. This was because

he lost both sensory and short-term memory

What would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?

inability to coordinate movements

A local potential

increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength.

The central nervous system

is the site for processing information

The portion of the brain stem that joins the spinal cord to the brain is the

medulla

The blood-brain barrier

protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.

A simple spinal reflex goes along with the what reflex arcs?

receptor, afferent neuron, internuncial neuron, efferent neuron, effector

What would not be normal in cerebrospinal fluid?

red blood cells

During depolarization of the plasma membrane,

sodium ions move rapidly into the cell.

The central nervous system includes the

spinal cord

A stimulus that results in a local potential that does not reach threshold is called a

subthreshold stimulus

The larger the diameter of a nerve fiber

the faster the speed of conduction

Dendrites are

the input part of the neuron

The spinal cord links

the peripheral nervous system to the brain

Chemical synapses are characterized by

the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal