A&P part 4
A neuron with one axon and several dendrites is a
multipolar neuron
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract what?
muscles of the arm and forearm
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
nodes of Ranvier
Visual perception is located in the ____ lobe
occipital
An action potential
occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level
A fracture of the ethmoid bone would result in damage to which cranial nerve?
olfactory
When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the
original polarity of the neuron is restored
Digestion of food is regulated by
parasympathetic division of the ANS
A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of this right cerebral cortex. As a result the
patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg
Regulation of the body's biological clock and production of melatonin is performed by the
pineal body
Compared with the inside of the neurolemma outside of the the neurolemma membrane is
positive
Neurotransmitters are released from the
presynaptic terminal
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level L-4 to about S-5 form the:
sacral plexus
If an animal has had its cerebrum removed it cannot
see
The right cerebral hemisphere receives
sensory input from the left side of the body
Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
sodium ions
The abducens nerve:
supplies innvervations to lateral rectus muscles of the eye
The junction between 2 neurons is a
synapse
The area of the cerebrum responsible for the perception of sound lies in the ____ lobe
temporal
What part of the brain helps in the association of sensations with emotions, as well as aiding in the arousal of alerting mechanism?
thalamus
The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to potassium ions because
there are more non-gated channels for K+ than Na+
The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers includes:
vestibulcochlear
Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
vestibulocochlear
In short-term memory,
when new information is presented, old information is eliminated
____- symmetrical disturbances of movement present from birth
Cerebral Palsy
____- a chronic, repetitive seizure disorder of cerebral function causing a sudden lapse of consciousness and varying degrees of convulsion
Epilepsy
____- acute inflammation of the meanings of brain, and/or spinal cord
Meningitis
____- a group of symptoms characterized by recurrent attacks of sleep, or muscle tone collapse in extremities
Nacrolepsy
____- brain tumors of many kinds within the cranium
Neoplasms
____- inflammation of neurons at roots or along fibers
Neuritis
Long-term memory may involve
a change in the shape of the dendrite
The part of the neuron that acts as the receptor or impulse generator is called
a dendrite
Which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum? a. control the heart rate b. coordinate control of voluntary movements
a. control the heart rate
The cranial nerve with a dual origin (brain and spinal cord) is the:
accessory
"Fight or flight" physiologic changes include
constriction of respiratory airways
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
conveys action potentials to the CNS
The cerebrum has an outer surface of gray matter that is called the
cortex
The peripheral nervous system includes the
cranial nerves
What conduct impulses toward the cell body?
dendrites
What occurs in electrically excitable cells?
depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open
What transmitter substance has been impacted in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bones is the
dura mater
From superficial to deep, which is the correct order of location of the meninges
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
The tough, opaque meningeal layer in the:
dura meter
A patient who receives a blow to the side of the skull (parotid area) exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eyes and the corner of his mouth droops: which cranial nerve has been damaged?
facial
True/False: A function of the autonomic nervous system is conscious control of motor activities
false
True/False: A function of the brain stem is it contains centers for speed and memory
false
True/False: A function of the cerebellum is to associate sensations with emotions.
false
True/False: The cerebrum acts as a control center of the autonomic nervous system.
false
True/False: The pituitary is a major region of the brain
false
True/False: The sphenoidal is a lobe of the cerebrum.
false
True/False: The thoracic is a nerve plexus
false
True/False: There are 7 cervical nerve pairs
false
During brain surgery, the superior portion of the somesthetic cortex of a patient is stimulated. The patient is likely to
feeling pressure in his toes
White matter of the nervous system
forms conduction pathways called nerve tracts
What substance must pass through the blood-barrier in order for neurons to survive
glucose
The spinal cord has
gray matter on the inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root
Mr. J.H. was injured in an accident that completely severed his spinal cord at the level of T-12. You would expect to find which of the following:
loss of sensation below the level of injury
There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
12; 31
How many spinal nerve pairs are there?
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
____- destruction of brain substance by anoxia as a result of interference of circulation
Apoplexy
____- inflammation or infection of the brain, many times leading to violent temperatures, brain damage, and death
Encephalitis
____- an acute viral infection of the CNS, orally introduced, but eventually reaching the grey matter of the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, the cerebellum, and the precentral (motor) area of the cerebrum
Poliomyelitis
____- An acute infection virus disease of the CNS of mammals following by paralysis and death
Rabies
____- Painful inflammation of the nerve of the leg
Sciatica
____- an acute viral infection of the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve causing neuralgic pain and skin eruptions in the areas the affected nerves serve
Shingles
____- the sensation of movement in circles, or of objects moving around in circles, while remaining still- resulting in tendency to loose balance
Vertigo
Neurotransmitter is being released at a synapse. What occurs last?
an action potential is produced in the postsynaptic membrane
A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called
an all-or-none response
What is not a part of the diencephalon? a. pineal gland b. cerebrum
b. cerebrum
Which in not part of the brainstem? a. medulla oblongata b. hypothalamus
b. hypothalamus
What is not a function of the hypothalamus? a. plays an essential role in maintaining the waking state b. regulates voluntary motor functions
b. regulates voluntary motor functions
Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are
bipolar
A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na= ions. The use of this anesthetic will
block sensory input into the CNS
Reflex arcs are
capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response
Neurotransmitters
cause the production of action potenials in the postsynaptic membrane
Gray matter in the CNS consists of
cell bodies
What is responsible for problem-solving skills?
central nervous system
The largest section of the brain is the
cerebrum
A baseball pitcher was hit on the head by a line drive. Fortunately, the pitcher was not seriously injured but when he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter has. This was because
he lost both sensory and short-term memory
What would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?
inability to coordinate movements
A local potential
increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength.
The central nervous system
is the site for processing information
The portion of the brain stem that joins the spinal cord to the brain is the
medulla
The blood-brain barrier
protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.
A simple spinal reflex goes along with the what reflex arcs?
receptor, afferent neuron, internuncial neuron, efferent neuron, effector
What would not be normal in cerebrospinal fluid?
red blood cells
During depolarization of the plasma membrane,
sodium ions move rapidly into the cell.
The central nervous system includes the
spinal cord
A stimulus that results in a local potential that does not reach threshold is called a
subthreshold stimulus
The larger the diameter of a nerve fiber
the faster the speed of conduction
Dendrites are
the input part of the neuron
The spinal cord links
the peripheral nervous system to the brain
Chemical synapses are characterized by
the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal