A&P Respiratory and Digestive System
Which of the following are functions of the liver: 1. synthesize digestive enzymes 2. synthesize bile 3. synthesize plasma proteins 4. form VLDL and HDL structures 5. synthesize insulin a. 2 and 3 only b. 1, 2, 3, 4 c. 2, 3, 4, 5 d. 2, 3, 4 e. 2 only
D. 2. synthesize bile 3. synthesize plasma proteins 4. form VLDL and HDL structures
Which of the following serve as receptors to regulate breathing? 1. chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries 2. chemoreceptors that monitor cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 3. proprioceptors in the joints and muscles 4. irritant receptors wihtin the respiratory passageway 5. baroreceptors within the lungs Select one: a. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 b. 1, 2, 3, 4 c. 1, 2, 3 d. 2 only e. 3, 4, and 5
a. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Defecation involves: 1. elimination of undigested food, bacteria and other substances from the digestive tract 2. relaxing the internal and external sphincter 3. closing off the airway by the false vocal cords and epiglottis as part of the Valsalva maneuver 4. contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum Select one: a. 1, 2, 3, and 4 b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 1, 2, and 4 d. 1, 3, and 4 e. 2, 3, and 4
a. 1, 2, 3, and 4
The pharyngeal reflex of swallowing includes: 1. stimulating receptors in the uvula 2. the deglution center in the brainstem 3. closing off the nasal cavity by the soft palate and uvula 4. closing off the layngeal opening by the epiglottis Select one: a. 1, 2, 3, and 4 b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 1, 2, and 4 d. 1, 3, and 4 e. 2, 3, and 4
a. 1, 2, 3, and 4
Choose the following that correctly differentiates the following respiratory structures. 1. The pharynx is the common pathway for food and air. 2. The larynx regulates air into the trachea and food into the esophagus. 3. The false vocal cords can create a closed thoracic cavity allowing for an increased pressure and the true vocal cords are for voice production. 4. The conducting zone is a passive conduit (passageway) for air and the respiratory zone allows for gas exchange at the alveoli. Select one: a. 1,2,3 and 4 b. 1,3 and 4 c. 1 and 2 d. 1,2 and 3 e. 1 and 3
a. 1,2,3 and 4
Choose the CORRECTLY matched pair for site of attachment. 1. Greater omentum - fatty apron that drapes from the stomach over transverse colon 2. Lesser omentum - attach stomach to liver 3. Falciform ligament - attach liver to diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall and to the diaphragm 4. Mesocolon anchors the large intestine to abdominal wall 5. mesentery fan-shaped serous membrane that anchors the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. Select one: a. 1,2,3, 4 and 5 b. ,2 and 3 c. 1,2 and 5 d. 1, 2 and 4 e. 2,3 and 4
a. 1,2,3, 4 and 5
Which of the following are accurate about mucus? 1. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the epithelium and the mucous glands of the lamina propria. 2. Mucus contain mucin, lysozyme and antibodies (IgA) 3. Mucus is produced by mucous membranes 4. Mucus helps condition the air by moistening the air and with its viscosity trapping microbes Select one: a. 1,2,3,4 b. 1,2,3 c. 1, 2, 4 d. 1,3,4 e. 2,3,4
a. 1,2,3,4
Emphysema involves the loss of alveoli. The following would be accurate statements: 1. Emphysema impairs systemic gas exchange 2. Emphysema impairs alveolar gas exchange 3. Emphysema would result in blood gas readings that show elevated carbon dioxide 4. Emphysema would result in blood gas readings that show elevated oxygen Select one: a. 2 and 3 only b. 1, 2, 3, 4 c. 1, 2, 3 d. 2, 3, and 4 e. 1 and 3 only
a. 2 and 3 only
Which of the following is an accurate description regarding liver lobules a. Hepatocytes produce bile that is dumped into bile canaliculi b. Bile is stored and concentrated in the liver c. The liver is positioned in the upper left quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity d. The liver assists the pancreas in producing enzymes for digestion. e. All of the options are accurate
a. Hepatocytes produce bile that is dumped into bile canaliculi
The correct order for the passageway of food would be: Select one: a. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus b. Mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus c. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, anus d. Mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, anus e. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine, anus
a. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
All of the following features are accurate about the GI wall EXCEPT? Select one: a. The stomach has three layers of muscularis including an oblique layer. b. muscularis mucosa propels food along the digestive tract. c. capillaries and lymphatic vessels are located in the lamina propria and submucosa. d. The epithelial layer of the mucosa is made of either stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium. e. The serosa layer, made of areolar and simple squamous epithelium, forms serous fluid to lubricate the outer wall of the intestinal tract.
a. The stomach has three layers of muscularis including an oblique layer.
A gas is moving across the respiratory membrane into the blood until the partialpressure is the same in the blood as it is in the alveoli. This is describing Select one: a. alveolar gas exchange of oxygen b. systemic gas exchange of oxygen c. alveolar gas exchange of carbon dioxide d. systemic gas exchange of carbon dioxide
a. alveolar gas exchange of oxygen
All of these enzymes must be activated EXCEPT: a. pancreatic lipase b. trypsin c. pepsin d. chymotrypsin e. carboxypeptidase
a. pancreatic lipase
The purpose of the mucus coating of the stomach is: Select one: a. to protect the stomach from destruction by hydrochloric acid and protein digestion by enzymes. b. to lubricate the stomach so the food moves easily through it. c. to protect it from the high pH of the stomach. d. to lubricate the outer layer of the stomach in order to decrease the friction when the stomach moves. e. All of the choices are accurate.
a. to protect the stomach from destruction by hydrochloric acid and protein digestion by enzymes
Central chemoreceptors: 1. monitor CSF 2. detect H+ that was produced when CO2 moved from the blood 3. monitor blood H+ levels 4. monitor blood oxygen levels Select one: a. 1,2,3, and 4 b. 1, 2, and 3 c. 1, 2, and 4 d. 2, 3, and 4 e. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 2
Hyperventilation results in: 1. decreased blood carbon dioxide 2. increased blood carbon dioxide 3. less oxygen reaching the brain 4. blood oxygen levels remaining the same Select one: a. 2, 3, and 4 b. 1, 3, and 4 c. 1 only d. 1 and 4 only e. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 3, and 4
Place the structures in the correct sequence for blood flow through the liver. 1. hepatic portal vein 2. hepatic vein 3. liver sinusoids 4. central vein a. 2,3,4,1 b. 1,3,2,4 c. 3,4,1,2 d. 1,2,3,4 e. 1,3,4,2
b. 1,3,2,4
The percent saturation of hemoglobin at 104 mm Hg (the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs at sea level) is: Select one: a. 5% b. 98% c. 100% d. 67% e. 78%
b. 98%
The tracheal rings are C-shaped rather than complete circles because Select one: a. C-shaped rings are stronger b. Allows for the distension of the esophagus when swallowing c. the trachea needs to remain patent (open) d. the underlying muscle needs protection e. in order to be similar in structure to the esophagus
b. Allows for the distension of the esophagus when swallowing
Which of the following is NOT a brush border enzyme? a. Trypsin b. Disaccharidases (e.g., maltase) c. Phophatase d. Nucleosidase e. Aminopeptidase
b. Disaccharidases (e.g., maltase)
The structure that transports lipids from the peripheral tissues to the liver is: a. VLDL b. HDL c. LDL d. micelles e. chylomicrons
b. HDL
The anatomic dead space is so-called because: Select one: a. It is the amount of air left in the lungs after death b. There is no exchange of gases between the air in these spaces and the blood c. The air in these spaces cannot be moved either into the lungs or into the outside air d. It results from pathological changes in the respiratory tract decreasing the lifespan of the individual e. It describes areas into which air can only flow after death
b. There is no exchange of gases between the air in these spaces and the blood
All of these enzymes participate in the digestion of starch to individual glucose molecules EXCEPT: a. pancreatic amylase b. enteropeptidase c. salivary amylase d. dextrinase e. maltase
b. enteropeptidase
This enzyme digest triglycerides in the stomach: a. bile b. lingual lipase c. pancreatic lipase d. pancreatic amylase e. pepsin
b. lingual lipase
The passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory system is the: Select one: a. trachea b. pharynx c. larynx d. esophagus
b. pharynx
A large portion (about 80%) of all absorption takes place in the __________________. Select one: a. stomach b. small intestine c. large intestine d. pancreas e. mouth
b. small intestine
The purpose of alkaline material (bicarbonate) being a component of pancreatic juice and bile is: Select one: a. to decrease the pH of the small intestine. b. to neutralize the pH of the acidic chyme coming from the stomach. c. to form micelles. d. to chemically digest cholesterol. e. to decrease the pH of the blood.
b. to neutralize the pH of the acidic chyme coming from the stomach.
The small intestine's role in chemical digestion is: a. to produce hydrochloric acid b. to produce brush border enzymes that complete the digestion of nucleotides, carbohydrates and peptides c. to produce bicarbonate to decrease pH d. to produce salivary amylase, pepsin and trypsin e. The small intestine does not produce any substances to aid in chemical digestion.
b. to produce brush border enzymes that complete the digestion of nucleotides, carbohydrates and peptides
The septum of the nose is composed of: Select one: a. vomer, palantine bone, perpendicular plate of ethmoid b. vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, septal cartilage c. palantine bone, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, septal cartilage d. vomer, palatine bone, septal cartilage e. conchae
b. vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, septal cartilage
Partial pressure gradients: 1. drive the movement of respiratory gases between the blood and alveoli 2. drive the movement of respiratory gases between the blood and the systemic cells 3. result in all gases diffusing in the same direction 4. are dependent upon the relative percentage of each gas Select one: a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 1, 2, 3 c. 1, 2, 4 d. 1, 3, 4 e. 2, 3, and 4
c. 1, 2, 4
Choose the following that are examples of chemical digestion 1. Protein digested into amino acids 2. Large fat droplets emulsified into smaller fat droplets 3. Nucleic acids digested into nucleotides 4. Complex carbohydrates digested into glucose 5. Triglycerides becoming glycerol and free fatty acids a. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 b. 1, 2, 3, and 4 c. 1, 3, 4 and 5 d. 1, 3, and 4 e. 4 only
c. 1, 3, 4 and 5
Choose the following that apply to the bronchi: 1. Divisions of the bronchial tree that extend from the trachea 2. Contain cartilage 3. Component of the upper respiratory tract 4. Component of the conducting zone Select one: a. 1,2,3,4 b. 1,2,3 c. 1,2,4 d. 1 and 2 only e. 1 only
c. 1,2,4
Place the following steps in order as they would occur at the level of the cell. during systemic gas exchange. 1. Bicarbonate (HCO3-) diffuses out of the red blood cell 2. Carbon dioxide joins with water and with the help of carbonic anhydrase is converted to carbonic acid. 3. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the red blood cell 4. Carbonic acid splits into H+ and HCO3-) Select one: a. 1,2,3,4 b. 3, 4,2,1 c. 3,2,4,1 d. 3,4,2,1 e. 3,1,2,4
c. 3,2,4,1
If the tidal volume is 500 mL and the breathing rate is 10 and the air passageway contains 150 mL, the total pulmonary ventilation is ____________ and the alveolar ventilation is ______________ per minute. Select one: a. 500 mL...350 mL b. 5000 mL..1500 mL c. 5000 mL...3500 mL d. 3500 mL...5000 mL e. 3500 mL...1500 mL
c. 5000 mL...3500 mL
An accurate description of true vocal cords would be: Select one: a. Inward projections of the larynx forming an slit called the vestibule. b. Structures designed to close off the thoracic cavity in order to develop pressure in the thoracic cavity. c. Nonvascularized ligaments that extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage creating an opening called the glottis. d. A structure composed of nine cartilages, numerous ligaments and muscles located at the superior end of the trachea.
c. Nonvascularized ligaments that extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage creating an opening called the glottis.
The correct order for air to move into the alveoli would be: Select one: a. Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, bronchi b. Nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchiole, bronchi c. Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole d. Nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole
c. Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole
Which of the following is an ACCURATE statement(s) about the gallbladder? a. The gallbladder releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine. b. The gallbladder is located underneath the stomach. c. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. d. The gallbladder produces bile. e. All of the options are accurate about the gallbladder.
c. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile
All of the following features are accurate concerning the stomach EXCEPT: Select one: a. The stomach has three layers of muscularis including an oblique layer. b. The stomach contains gastric pits that produce a variety of substances that are dumped into the GI tract or into the bloodstream. c. The stomach receives a variety of substances from accessory glands that aid in digestion of food. d. The stomach is connected to the esophagus at one end and to the duodenum at the other end. e. The stomach has internal temporary folds called stomach folds
c. The stomach receives a variety of substances from accessory glands that aid in digestion of food.
The lumen in the respiratory passageway where there is NO cartilage to support it includes: Select one: a. primary bronchi, secondary bronchi and tertiary bronchi b. all bronchi and bronchioles c. bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli d. tertiary bronchi and terminal bronchioles e. trachea
c. bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
Which enzyme or substance is accurately matched with its function? a. pancreatic lipase...breakdown of starch b. pepsin...breakdown of nucleic acids c. enteropeptidase...activation of trypsinogen d. maltase...breakdown of sucrose e. bile...chemical breakdown of triglycerides
c. enteropeptidase...activation of trypsinogen
The significant difference between fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin is that fetal hemoglobin: Select one: a. has a greater affinity for carbon dioxide b. has a lower affinity for carbon dioxide c. has a higher affinity for oxygen d. has a lower affinity for oxygen e. cannot bind hydrogen ion
c. has a higher affinity for oxygen
Breathing changes in the following way during exercise: Select one: a. increased breathing rate b. decreased breathing rate c. increased depth of breathing d. increase in both depth and rate of breathing e. decrease in depth of breathing and increase in rate of breathing
c. increased depth of breathing
Pernicious anemia is the inability to absorb B12 from the GI tract into the bloodstream. This condition results from the inability of the individual to produce: Select one: a. HCl b. trypsin c. intrinsic factor d. erythropoietin e. rennin
c. intrinsic factor
The upper GI tract includes: 1. the oral cavity 2. esophagus 3. pancreas 4. pharynx 5. stomach Select one: a. 1,2,3 and 4 b. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 c. 2, 4, and 5 d. 1, 2, 4, and 5 e. e. 2 and 4 only f. 1, 4, and 5
d. 1, 2, 4, and 5
Which of the following are accurate about oxygen? 1. oxygen dissolves readily in water (blood) 2. oxygen has a lower solubility coefficient than carbon dioxide 3. oxygen does not dissolve readily in water (blood) 4. oxygen has a higher solubility coefficient than carbon dioxide Select one: a. 1, 2 b. 3, 4 c. 1,4 d. 2, 3 e. 1, 3
d. 2, 3
Choose the correct order for the absorption of fat. 1. formation of chylomicrons 2. formation of micelles 3. efficient digestion by pancreatic lipase 4. absorption into the lymph a. 1,2,3,4 b. 2,3,4,1 c. 1,3,2,4 d. 2,3,1,4 e. 4,2,3,1
d. 2,3,1,4
During systemic gas exchange, oxygen moves: 1. across the respiratory membrane until the blood PO2 is 104 mmHg. 2. across the respiratory membrane until the blood PO2 is 40 mmHg. 3. into the cells until the blood PO2 is 104 mmHg. 4. into the cells until the blood PO2 is 40 mmHg. Select one: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. both 3 and 4
d. 4
Which of the following is an ACCURATE statement regarding the neural control of digestion? Select one: a. Activation of stretch receptors in stomach cause decrease motility and secretions of the stomach. b. Gastrin inhibits stomach motility and release of gastric secretions. c. Digestion is activated by the sympathetic nervous system. d. Activation of stretch receptors in the small intestine results in decreasing stomach motility and secretions.
d. Activation of stretch receptors in the small intestine results in decreasing stomach motility and secretions.
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood Select one: a. dissolved in the plasma as carbon dioxide b. attached to the globin protein of the hemoglobin molecule. c. in association with the iron of hemoglobin d. as the bicarbonate ion
d. as the bicarbonate ion
The movement of material from the ileum into the cecum (and the relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter) in response to food in the stomach is called: Select one: a. cecocolic reflex b. gastrojejunal reflex c. ileocecal reflex d. gastroileal reflex e. gastrocolic reflex
d. gastroileal reflex
In response to acidic chyme that enters the small intestine, the small intestinal mucosa releases _____________. Select one: a. gastrin b. cholecystokinin c. insulin d. secretin
d. secretin
All of the following are accessory glands of the digestive system EXCEPT: Select one: a. liver b. gallbladder c. pancreas d. spleen e. salivary glands
d. spleen
The substances that bind to hemoglobin include: 1. H+ 2. carbon dioxide 3. oxygen Select one: a. 3 only b. 2 and 3 only c. 1 and 3 only d. 2 only e. 1, 2, and 3
e. 1, 2, and 3
The venous blood coming out of your leg muscles probably has ___ as/than the arterial blood going into it. 1. the same amount of oxygen 4. the same amount of carbon dioxide 2. less oxygen 5. less carbon dioxide 3. more oxygen 6. more carbon dioxide Select one: a. 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 b. 2 and 4 c. 1 and 4 d. 3 and 5 e. 2 and 6
e. 2 and 6
Which of the following would result in a shift right of the hemoglobin oxygen saturation curve: 1. increase in pH 2. increase in temperature 3. increase in carbon dioxide 4. increase in 2,3-BPG Select one: a. 1, 2, 3, 4 b. 1, 2, 3 c. 1, 2, 4 d. 1, 3, 4 e. 2, 3, 4
e. 2, 3, 4
During systemic gas exchange, oxygen moves: 1. across the respiratory membrane through the alveoli layer and then the capillary layer 2. across the respiratory membrane through the capillary layer and then the alveolar layer 3. down its partial pressure gradient 4. up its partial pressure gradient 5. Into blood by diffusion 6. Out of blood by diffusion Select one: a. 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 b. 1, 3 and 6 c. 2,3,6 d. 2,3,5 e. 3 and 6
e. 3 and 6
A person in respiratory failure could have which of the following difficulties: Select one: a. Production of lactic acid due to an increased need to rely on glycolysis b. Increased carbon dioxide in the bloodstream c. Decreased oxygen in the bloodstream. d. Being tired, due to impaired ability to synthesize ATP e. All of the answers include difficulties a person in respiratory failure would exhibit
e. All of the answers include difficulties a person in respiratory failure would exhibit
To move digested material from the lumen of the digestive tract into the bloodstream, the material must cross what layers of the digestive tract? Select one: a. mucosa and submucosa b. all three layers of mucosa c. all four layers of GI tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa d. muscosa, submucosa, and muscularis e. epithelial layer of mucosa
e. epithelial layer of mucosa
The bacteria of the large intestine are responsible for: Select one: a. absorbing water out of the large intestine b. producing electrolytes c. absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream d. All of the selections are accurate. e. producing vitamins B and K
e. producing vitamins B and K
The extrinsic muscles of the larynx are involved in _________________ and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are involved with ______________: Select one: a. closing the rima glottidis...swallowing b. voice production...closing the rima glottidis c. closing the rima glottidis...closing the rima vestibule d. voice production...swallowing e. swallowing...voice production
e. swallowing...voice production