A&P test 3

what is the earliest event in the endochondral ossification

a bone collar forms around the cartilage model

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

an ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue

the growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface

appositional growth

the process of bones increasing in width is known as

appositional growth

which hormone is not matched with its correct function

calcitonin--- increases blood calcium levels

normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of

calcium, phosphate, vitamin D

By interconnecting the lacunae and the blood supply, ____________ allow osteocytes to transfer nutrients and wastes through an otherwise impenetrable solid matrix.

canaliculi

the cells responsible for the early stages of the endochondral ossification

chondrocytes

most bones of the skeletal system are form through

endochondral ossification

the lining of the marrow cavity in a ling bone is the

endosteum

most sun burns are this type of burn, involving only the epidermis, marked by redness, slight edema and pain

first degree

decreased levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of

parathyroid hormone

which of the following bone diseases is caused defective mineralization of bone in children as a result of insufficient vitamin D

rickets

skin color is determined by

the amount of blood, pigments, oxygenation level of the blood

Sites of hematopoiesis include all but

the diploe of flat bone

The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

T/F The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

true

T/F: An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

true

T/F: Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

true

T/F: due to not having nerves or blood vessels, the periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect bone

true

T/F: flat bones consist of a thin plate of spongy bone, called diploe, sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

true

T/F: infants have more bones than adults

true

T/F: the collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting

true

cranial bones develop

within fibrous membranes

Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following?

18 year old male

the most common type of skin cancer arises from the stratum basale

basal cell carcinoma

a needle would penetrate the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

order of 5 "strata" of the epidermal layers of your skin from deep to superficial is

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

the canal that run through the core of each osteon is the site of ________

blood vessels and nerve fibers

osteoblasts are ________, whereas osteoclasts are __________

bone forming cell, bone destroying cells

in the epiphyseal plate cartilage grows

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

the structure of bone tissue suits the function. which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses

compact bone

fossa

depression

meatus

depression

a fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the

diaphysis

shaft of long bone

diaphysis

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

Which of the following statements is true?

during endo chondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone

at what age do bones reach their peak density

early adulthood

the presence of an epiphyseal line indicates

epiphyseal growth has ended

the appearance of this structure signals the end of long bone growth

epiphyseal line

the area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells

epiphyseal plate

which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood ,as well as shaping the articular surfaces

epiphyseal plate

T/F closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth

false

T/F: Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

false

T/F: all bone formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones

false

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

fat

which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood

growth hormone

Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.

hip bone

the most abundant skeletal cartilage type is __________

hyaline

through the process of endochondral ossification, a fetal ____________ model transforms into bone

hyaline cartilage

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called ________.

interstitial growth

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

which of the following statement about functions of the integumentary system is not true

it absorbs water and salts

In addition to protection, the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?

it converts a modified epidermal lipid to a vitamin D precursor important in calcium metabolism

which of the following statement regarding bone tissue is false

it is one of the four main tissue types

the epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of

keratin

What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?

lacunae

an archaeologist discovers a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. what classification does this bone fit

long

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

lucidum

foremen

opening/ passage

which of the following are not matched with their appropriate function

osteocytes-- produce new bone cells

the inner layer of the protective periosteum covering bones, consists primarily of

osteogenic cells

the two hormones that have opposite effects on the rate of osteolysis are

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

the periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called

perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

condyle

projection/ process

spine

projection/ process

trochanter

projection/ process

tubercle

projection/ process

tuberosity

projection/ process

which of the following is not a function of the periosteum

provides a smooth surface for articulation between bones

Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.

resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to invades and present them to the immune system

Ironically, high levels of ____________ at puberty not only accelerate lengthwise bone growth but also trigger its ultimate end.

sex hormone

the epidermal layer that is dead and keratinized is the

stratum corneum

what is the structural unit of compact bone?

the osteon

Wolff's las is concerned with

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

a major difference between compact and spongy bone is that

there are no osteons in spongy bone

which of the following is not true about thick skin compared to thin skin

thick skin has a thicker dermis

this type of burn usually destroys nerve endings, and therefore produces less pain that the other types

third degree

which of following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment

trochanter