A&P test 3
what is the earliest event in the endochondral ossification
a bone collar forms around the cartilage model
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
an ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue
the growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface
appositional growth
the process of bones increasing in width is known as
appositional growth
which hormone is not matched with its correct function
calcitonin--- increases blood calcium levels
normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of
calcium, phosphate, vitamin D
By interconnecting the lacunae and the blood supply, ____________ allow osteocytes to transfer nutrients and wastes through an otherwise impenetrable solid matrix.
canaliculi
the cells responsible for the early stages of the endochondral ossification
chondrocytes
most bones of the skeletal system are form through
endochondral ossification
the lining of the marrow cavity in a ling bone is the
endosteum
most sun burns are this type of burn, involving only the epidermis, marked by redness, slight edema and pain
first degree
decreased levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of
parathyroid hormone
which of the following bone diseases is caused defective mineralization of bone in children as a result of insufficient vitamin D
rickets
skin color is determined by
the amount of blood, pigments, oxygenation level of the blood
Sites of hematopoiesis include all but
the diploe of flat bone
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
T/F The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
true
T/F: An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
true
T/F: Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
true
T/F: due to not having nerves or blood vessels, the periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect bone
true
T/F: flat bones consist of a thin plate of spongy bone, called diploe, sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
true
T/F: infants have more bones than adults
true
T/F: the collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting
true
cranial bones develop
within fibrous membranes
Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following?
18 year old male
the most common type of skin cancer arises from the stratum basale
basal cell carcinoma
a needle would penetrate the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
order of 5 "strata" of the epidermal layers of your skin from deep to superficial is
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
the canal that run through the core of each osteon is the site of ________
blood vessels and nerve fibers
osteoblasts are ________, whereas osteoclasts are __________
bone forming cell, bone destroying cells
in the epiphyseal plate cartilage grows
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
the structure of bone tissue suits the function. which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses
compact bone
fossa
depression
meatus
depression
a fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the
diaphysis
shaft of long bone
diaphysis
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.
diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
Which of the following statements is true?
during endo chondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone
at what age do bones reach their peak density
early adulthood
the presence of an epiphyseal line indicates
epiphyseal growth has ended
the appearance of this structure signals the end of long bone growth
epiphyseal line
the area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells
epiphyseal plate
which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood ,as well as shaping the articular surfaces
epiphyseal plate
T/F closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth
false
T/F: Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
false
T/F: all bone formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones
false
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
fat
which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood
growth hormone
Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient.
hip bone
the most abundant skeletal cartilage type is __________
hyaline
through the process of endochondral ossification, a fetal ____________ model transforms into bone
hyaline cartilage
When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called ________.
interstitial growth
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.
interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
which of the following statement about functions of the integumentary system is not true
it absorbs water and salts
In addition to protection, the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
it converts a modified epidermal lipid to a vitamin D precursor important in calcium metabolism
which of the following statement regarding bone tissue is false
it is one of the four main tissue types
the epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presence of
keratin
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?
lacunae
an archaeologist discovers a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. what classification does this bone fit
long
If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?
lucidum
foremen
opening/ passage
which of the following are not matched with their appropriate function
osteocytes-- produce new bone cells
the inner layer of the protective periosteum covering bones, consists primarily of
osteogenic cells
the two hormones that have opposite effects on the rate of osteolysis are
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
the periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called
perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
condyle
projection/ process
spine
projection/ process
trochanter
projection/ process
tubercle
projection/ process
tuberosity
projection/ process
which of the following is not a function of the periosteum
provides a smooth surface for articulation between bones
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________.
resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to invades and present them to the immune system
Ironically, high levels of ____________ at puberty not only accelerate lengthwise bone growth but also trigger its ultimate end.
sex hormone
the epidermal layer that is dead and keratinized is the
stratum corneum
what is the structural unit of compact bone?
the osteon
Wolff's las is concerned with
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
a major difference between compact and spongy bone is that
there are no osteons in spongy bone
which of the following is not true about thick skin compared to thin skin
thick skin has a thicker dermis
this type of burn usually destroys nerve endings, and therefore produces less pain that the other types
third degree
which of following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment
trochanter