A&P: The Endocrine System Questions and Answers
Effects of hyperthyroidism
Hyperactivity, weight loss, and increased metabolic rate
The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin and ADH in response to a stimulus from what region of the brain?
Hypothalamus
Which hormones are considered gonadotropins?
LH and FSH
Which hormone helps set your internal "biological clock"?
Melatonin
Most hormones are transported in the _____ to their target organs
blood
Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or _____
decreased insulin effectiveness
elevated levels of glucagon result in which of the following?
increased glycogenolysis, increased lipolysis, increased blood sugar levels
insulin has what affect on cells?
increased uptake of glucose by most cells, increased lipogenesis in adipose tissue, and increased glycogenesis by liver cells
Which are regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?
inhibiting, releasing
Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic _____
islets
A woman who has an overacctive zona reticularis will experience
masculinization
epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in what region of adrenal gland
medulla
Biogenic amines are
modified amino acids and are water soluble( with one exception)
Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli?
neural, humoral, hormonal
Water soluble hormones bind to their target cells receptors found
on the surface of the plasma membrane
permissive:
one hormone allows the other to function
The pancreas is located between the small intestine and the _____
spleen
TSH also called
thyrotropin
All type ____ diabetics require daily injections of insulin.
1
Thyropin-releasing hormone(TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?
A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood and low body temperature
Which hormone triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
what hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids?
ACTH
What hormones are made in the hypothalamus?
ADH and oxytocin
modified cardiac muscles in the atrium secrete the hormone _____
ANP
The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the
Adenohypophysis
The paired triangular _____ glands are found atop the superior surface of each kidney.
Adrenal
What is an example of hormone release in response to a humoral stimulus?
After eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is
CRH
The specific hormones and enzyme that the kidneys secrete are
Calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin
Identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream:
Degradation by enzymes, excretion by the kidneys
Lipid soluble hormones are easily dissolved and travel freely in the blood
False
T/F: Melanocyte stimulating hormone is most active in adult
False
Which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism?
Feeling cold, weight gain, sluggishness
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
Glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose
Which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system?
GH levels, sex hormone levels, muscle mass
Layers of adrenal cortex from superficial to deep
Glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
Match the circulating form of each primary nutrient with its storage form in the body:
Glucose->Glycogen, Fatty Acids->Triglycerides, Amino acids->Proteins
A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is _____
GnRH
What is an enlargement of the thyroid called?
Goiter
When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intercellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?
Growth, activation of enzyme pathways, increased secretions
Place in the correct order: Hypothalamus releases CRH, Adrenal cortex releases cortisol, Anterior pituitary releases ACTH
Hypothalamus releases CRH, Anterior pituitary releases ACTH, Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Events in order
Hypothalamus releases TRH, anterior pituitary releases TSH, thyroid releases TH
Which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?
Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.
The endocrine system has many functions including:
Maintaining blood volume, controlling movement of food through the digestive tract, and regulating blood ion concentrations
Less severe type 2 diabetes can be treated with which of the following treatments?
Medications that enhance insulin release, exercise, and diet
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called _______
Melatonin
Hormone produced by each region of adrenal cortex in order
Mineralcorticoids, ganadocorticoids, glucocorticoids
Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin, and ADH
Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is an example of ____ stimulation.
Paracrine
Which are considered major endocrine organs of the body?
Pineal and parathyroid gland
The _____ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus
Pituitary
What are major endocrine organs in the body?
Pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands
How does the hypothalamus regulate endocrine activity?
Produces two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland, produces regulatory chemicals that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the secretion of the adrenal medulla
The endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following?
Regulating blood composition, controlling metabolism, and overseeing reproductive functions
T/F: The function of the oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland are not known
TRUE
Stress response in chronological order
The alarm reaction, the stage of resistance, the stage of exhaustion
What are the two major controlling systems of the body?
The endocrine and nervous system
The _____ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.
Thyroid
If untreated, gestational diabetes can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications
True
T/F: When the body tries to repair its injuries, it secretes cortisol
True
synergistic:
Two hormones work together
The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the ______.
adenohypophysis
The bulk of the pituitary gland is composed of the ____ pituitary
anterior
Regulatory hormones produced by the hypothalamus target and control the _____
anterior pituitary gland
Lipid-soluble hormones travel in the blood joined to a protein carrier and are thus called ____ hormone
bound
The most common glucocorticoids are ______ and corticosterone.
cortisol
If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general it will _____ the number of receptors it has for that particular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis
decrease
steroids are
derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble
_____ glands are ductless organs that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream
endocrine
The pancreas has both ____ and _____ functions
endocrine, exocrine
Ovaries produce the female sex hormones _____ and _____
estrogen and progesterone
In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height but the bones of the _____, _____, and _____ enlarge and widen
face, hands, and feet
the wall of each thyroid follicle is formed by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called
follicular cells
zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called
glucocorticoids
In diabetes mellitus, there is and excess of _____, a condition otherwise known as glycosuria
glucose in the urine
pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ____ hormone production
growth
The regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland arrive from the hypothalamus by way of the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
The _____ oversees most of the endocrine activity in the body
hypothalamus
master control center of the endocrine system is the
hypothalamus
Thyroid hormones have what effects?
increasing body temperature, and increasing metabolism
the ___ extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
infundibulum
Because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells _____
inside the cell
Goiter results from an _____ amount of dietary _____ needed to produce TH
insufficient, iodine
In T3 the number 3 refers to the number of _____ molecules in the hormone
iodine
What type of hormone require a carrier protein in the blood?
lipid-soluble hormone
glucagon causes target cells in which organ to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream?
liver
MSH stands for ______ stimulating hormone
melanocyte
MSH stands for _______ stimulating hormone
melanocyte
When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intercellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?
muscle contraction, increased permeability of the cell membrane
The ____ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
parathyroid
the ____ pituitary gland consists of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus
posterior
in females, ______ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production
prolactin
Proteins are
short chains of amino acids and are water soluble
GH stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the _____ and ____ systems
skeletal, muscular
Half life of molecule from shortest to longest
small water-soluble hormones, large water-soluble hormones, and lipid-soluble hormones
Cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called ____ cells for that hormone
target
Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct group?
three
Under the microscope, the ____ gland is composed of spherical structure called follicles
thyroid
goiters often need to be surgically removed
true
The posterior pituitary gland releases _____ hormones
two
antagonistic:
two hormones work in oppsition of one another
If a target cell is continually understimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through ___ regulation
up