A&P: The Endocrine System Questions and Answers

Effects of hyperthyroidism

Hyperactivity, weight loss, and increased metabolic rate

The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin and ADH in response to a stimulus from what region of the brain?

Hypothalamus

Which hormones are considered gonadotropins?

LH and FSH

Which hormone helps set your internal "biological clock"?

Melatonin

Most hormones are transported in the _____ to their target organs

blood

Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or _____

decreased insulin effectiveness

elevated levels of glucagon result in which of the following?

increased glycogenolysis, increased lipolysis, increased blood sugar levels

insulin has what affect on cells?

increased uptake of glucose by most cells, increased lipogenesis in adipose tissue, and increased glycogenesis by liver cells

Which are regulatory hormones released by the hypothalamus?

inhibiting, releasing

Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic _____

islets

A woman who has an overacctive zona reticularis will experience

masculinization

epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in what region of adrenal gland

medulla

Biogenic amines are

modified amino acids and are water soluble( with one exception)

Hormones can be released as a direct response to which of the following stimuli?

neural, humoral, hormonal

Water soluble hormones bind to their target cells receptors found

on the surface of the plasma membrane

permissive:

one hormone allows the other to function

The pancreas is located between the small intestine and the _____

spleen

TSH also called

thyrotropin

All type ____ diabetics require daily injections of insulin.

1

Thyropin-releasing hormone(TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?

A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood and low body temperature

Which hormone triggers the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

ACTH

what hormone stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids?

ACTH

What hormones are made in the hypothalamus?

ADH and oxytocin

modified cardiac muscles in the atrium secrete the hormone _____

ANP

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the

Adenohypophysis

The paired triangular _____ glands are found atop the superior surface of each kidney.

Adrenal

What is an example of hormone release in response to a humoral stimulus?

After eating a candy bar your pancreas releases insulin

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is

CRH

The specific hormones and enzyme that the kidneys secrete are

Calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin

Identify which are ways that hormones are eliminated from the bloodstream:

Degradation by enzymes, excretion by the kidneys

Lipid soluble hormones are easily dissolved and travel freely in the blood

False

T/F: Melanocyte stimulating hormone is most active in adult

False

Which of the following are symptoms associated with hypothyroidism?

Feeling cold, weight gain, sluggishness

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

Glycogenesis

Formation of glycogen from glucose

Which is reduced as a consequence of an aging endocrine system?

GH levels, sex hormone levels, muscle mass

Layers of adrenal cortex from superficial to deep

Glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis

Match the circulating form of each primary nutrient with its storage form in the body:

Glucose->Glycogen, Fatty Acids->Triglycerides, Amino acids->Proteins

A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus is _____

GnRH

What is an enlargement of the thyroid called?

Goiter

When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intercellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?

Growth, activation of enzyme pathways, increased secretions

Place in the correct order: Hypothalamus releases CRH, Adrenal cortex releases cortisol, Anterior pituitary releases ACTH

Hypothalamus releases CRH, Anterior pituitary releases ACTH, Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Events in order

Hypothalamus releases TRH, anterior pituitary releases TSH, thyroid releases TH

Which of the following are types of locally-acting hormones called eicosanoids?

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.

The endocrine system has many functions including:

Maintaining blood volume, controlling movement of food through the digestive tract, and regulating blood ion concentrations

Less severe type 2 diabetes can be treated with which of the following treatments?

Medications that enhance insulin release, exercise, and diet

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called _______

Melatonin

Hormone produced by each region of adrenal cortex in order

Mineralcorticoids, ganadocorticoids, glucocorticoids

Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin, and ADH

Eicosanoids are locally acting hormones. If they target cells neighboring those from which they were released, this is an example of ____ stimulation.

Paracrine

Which are considered major endocrine organs of the body?

Pineal and parathyroid gland

The _____ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus

Pituitary

What are major endocrine organs in the body?

Pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands

How does the hypothalamus regulate endocrine activity?

Produces two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland, produces regulatory chemicals that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the secretion of the adrenal medulla

The endocrine system has many functions in the human body including which of the following?

Regulating blood composition, controlling metabolism, and overseeing reproductive functions

T/F: The function of the oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland are not known

TRUE

Stress response in chronological order

The alarm reaction, the stage of resistance, the stage of exhaustion

What are the two major controlling systems of the body?

The endocrine and nervous system

The _____ gland is located immediately inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea.

Thyroid

If untreated, gestational diabetes can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications

True

T/F: When the body tries to repair its injuries, it secretes cortisol

True

synergistic:

Two hormones work together

The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the ______.

adenohypophysis

The bulk of the pituitary gland is composed of the ____ pituitary

anterior

Regulatory hormones produced by the hypothalamus target and control the _____

anterior pituitary gland

Lipid-soluble hormones travel in the blood joined to a protein carrier and are thus called ____ hormone

bound

The most common glucocorticoids are ______ and corticosterone.

cortisol

If a target cell is becoming overstimulated by a particular hormone, in general it will _____ the number of receptors it has for that particular hormone in order to maintain homeostasis

decrease

steroids are

derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble

_____ glands are ductless organs that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream

endocrine

The pancreas has both ____ and _____ functions

endocrine, exocrine

Ovaries produce the female sex hormones _____ and _____

estrogen and progesterone

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height but the bones of the _____, _____, and _____ enlarge and widen

face, hands, and feet

the wall of each thyroid follicle is formed by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called

follicular cells

zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called

glucocorticoids

In diabetes mellitus, there is and excess of _____, a condition otherwise known as glycosuria

glucose in the urine

pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ____ hormone production

growth

The regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland arrive from the hypothalamus by way of the

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

The _____ oversees most of the endocrine activity in the body

hypothalamus

master control center of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

Thyroid hormones have what effects?

increasing body temperature, and increasing metabolism

the ___ extends from the base of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

infundibulum

Because of their structure, lipid-soluble hormones bind to the receptors of target cells _____

inside the cell

Goiter results from an _____ amount of dietary _____ needed to produce TH

insufficient, iodine

In T3 the number 3 refers to the number of _____ molecules in the hormone

iodine

What type of hormone require a carrier protein in the blood?

lipid-soluble hormone

glucagon causes target cells in which organ to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream?

liver

MSH stands for ______ stimulating hormone

melanocyte

MSH stands for _______ stimulating hormone

melanocyte

When a water-soluble hormone binds to its target cell, the subsequent cascade of intercellular chemical reactions can result in which of the following?

muscle contraction, increased permeability of the cell membrane

The ____ glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

parathyroid

the ____ pituitary gland consists of unmyelinated axons extending from the hypothalamus

posterior

in females, ______ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production

prolactin

Proteins are

short chains of amino acids and are water soluble

GH stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the _____ and ____ systems

skeletal, muscular

Half life of molecule from shortest to longest

small water-soluble hormones, large water-soluble hormones, and lipid-soluble hormones

Cells with receptors for a particular hormone are called ____ cells for that hormone

target

Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into how many distinct group?

three

Under the microscope, the ____ gland is composed of spherical structure called follicles

thyroid

goiters often need to be surgically removed

true

The posterior pituitary gland releases _____ hormones

two

antagonistic:

two hormones work in oppsition of one another

If a target cell is continually understimulated by a particular hormone it has receptors to, it will increase the number of receptors it has through ___ regulation

up