A&P2 • Connect • Chapter22
a) bicarbonate ion
carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. what is the most common form? a) bicarbonate ion b) carbaminohemoglobin c) dissolved gas d) carboxyhemoglobin
c) peripheral
chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ___________________ chemoreceptors. a) central b) spinal c) peripheral d) pontine
bronchitis
chronic __________________ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.
a) oxygen deficiency
clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem? a) oxygen deficiency b) nerve damage c) vitamin deficiency d) carbon dioxide deficiency
a) inspiration
contraction of the diaphragm leads to which of the following? a) inspiration b) apnea c) reflexive coughing d) expiration
Haldane
deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. this phenomenon is known as the ____________________ effect.
inspiration
during the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ___________________.
e) alveoli
gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following? a) tertiary bronchi b) trachea c) terminal bronchiole d) secondary bronchiole e) alveoli
a) 4
hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits? a) 4 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called __________________.
c) coughing
irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? a) hiccuping b) gagging c) coughing d) laughing e) yawning
• oxyhemoglobin = hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it • deoxyhemoglobin = hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it • carboxyhemoglobin = hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it • carboaminohemoglobin = compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
match each of the following to its description. oxyhemoglobin - deoxyhemoglobin - carboxyhemoglobin - carbaminohemoglobin hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it - hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it - compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide - hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it
• central chemoreceptors = pH of the CSF • peripheral chemoreceptors = oxygen level, carbon dioxide level and pH of the blood • stretch receptors = inflation of the lungs • irritant receptors = smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus
match each receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. central chemoreceptors - peripheral chemoreceptors - stretch receptors - irritant receptors oxygen level, carbon dioxide level and pH of the blood - smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus - pH of the CSF - inflation of the lungs
• Tidal Volume (TV) = the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = the amount of air that may be exhaled over the Tidal Volume • Residual Volume (RV) = the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) = the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval
match each respiratory volume to its definition. Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) - Residual Volume (RV) - Tidal Volume (TV) - Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing - the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume - the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration - the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval
• hypoxemic hypoxia = inadequate pulmonary gas exchange • ischemic hypoxia = inadequate circulation of blood • anemic hypoxia = inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia • histotoxic hypoxia = metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them
match each type of hypoxia to its cause. hypoxemic hypoxia - ischemic hypoxia - anemic hypoxia - histotoxic hypoxia inadequate pulmonary gas exchange - inadequate circulation of blood - inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia - metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them
• squamous-cell carcinoma = originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium • adenocarcinoma = originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria • small-cell carcinoma = originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly
match each type of lung cancer to its description. squamous-cell carcinoma - adenocarcinoma - small-cell carcinoma originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria - originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly - originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium
surfactant
pulmonary _________________ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.
a) tuberculosis patients
pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following? a) tuberculosis patients b) adolescents and children c) athletes d) women
a) emphysema + b) chronic bronchitis
select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below. a) emphysema b) chronic bronchitis c) pulmonary edema d) dyspnea
b) residual volume + d) expiratory reserve volume
the functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together which of the following respiratory volumes? a) tidal volume b) residual volume c) inspiratory reserve volume d) expiratory reserve volume
thyroid
the laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's Apple") is an anterior peak on the ________________ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.
b) between the laryngopharynx and the trachea
the larynx is located... a) between the trachea b) between the laryngopharynx and the trachea c) between the pharynx and the nasal cavity
pleura
the layer of serous membrane called the parietal _________________ lines the thoracic cavity.
d) surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities
the lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse? a) fetal hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen b) the brainstem has not developed c) the trachea is too pliable and collapses with inspiration d) surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities
d) respiratory epithelium
the majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following? a) olfactory epithelium b) erectile tissue c) cartilage d) respiratory epithelium
a) carbon dioxide + b) water vapor + d) oxygen + f) nitrogen
what are the four predominant components of inspired air? select four options from the list below. a) carbon dioxide b) water vapor c) carbon monoxide d) oxygen e) sulfur f) nitrogen
b) carboxyhemoglobin
what compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? a) carbaminohemoglobin b) carboxyhemoglobin c) deoxyhemoglobin d) oxyhemoglobin
b) carboxyhemoglobin
what compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? a) carbaminohemoglobin b) carboxyhemoglobin c) oxyhemoglobin d) deoxyhemoglobin
a) the heme group
what does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule? a) the heme group b) both the heme and the globin c) lipid side chains on the globin group d) the globin group
d) residual volume + vital capacity
what is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity? a) residual volume + tidal volume + vital capacity b) vital capacity + anatomic dead space c) anatomic dead space + residual volume + vital capacity d) residual volume + vital capacity
a) terminal bronchioles
what is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange? a) terminal bronchioles b) respiratory bronchioles c) tertiary bronchi d) bronchioles
b) terminal bronchiole
what is the final branch of the conducting division? a) respiratory bronchiole b) terminal bronchiole c) tertiary bronchus d) segmental bronchus
a) reduces surface tension
what is the function of pulmonary surfactant? a) reduces surface tension b) increases blood flow c) prevents infection d) prevents gas exchange
d) the total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present
Dalton's Law states which of the following? a) the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature b) at a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure c) the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature d) the total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present
b) venous reserve
RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. which term refers specifically to the oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through a capillary bed? a) inspiratory reserve volume b) venous reserve c) utilization coefficient d) ambient PO2
tidal
_______________ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.
atelectasis
_________________ is the collapse of a love or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure.
hypoxemic
__________________ hypoxia is caused by inadequate pulmonary gas exchange.
stretch
__________________ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli.
alkalosis
__________________ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45.
Dalton's
___________________ Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.
acidosis
___________________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.
respiratory bronchioles
____________________ ___________________ are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system.
Henry's
_____________________ Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.
cyanosis
a blush color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called _____________________.
b) perform a tracheostomy
a patient is brought into the emergency room with an obstruction in the laryngopharynx. as the resident physician, what would you do? a) order a bronchoscopy b) perform a tracheostomy c) perform a laryngectomy d) order rhinoplasty
d) forced
a person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing? a) passive b) quiet c) eupneal d) forced
tracheostomy
a procedure called a ________________ involves making an incision within the trachea in order to bypass an airway obstruction.
pneumothorax
a(n) ___________________ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity.
d) more oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues
active tissues are warmer than less active ones. based on that information, which of the following statements is true? a) more oxygen will be delivered to cooler tissues b) less oxygen will be delivered to warmer tissues c) less oxygen will be delivered to more actives tissues d) more oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues
Bohr
active tissues generate extra CO2, which lowers the pH of the blood and facilitates the unloading of oxygen. because of this, more oxygen is release to tissued with higher metabolic rates, a phenomenon known as the ___________________ effect.
b) erectile tissue
airflow alternates through the right and left nasal fossa in response to the engorgement of which of the following? a) olfactory mucosa b) erectile tissue c) alar cartilage d) respiratory epithelium
c) bronchioles
airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following? a) esophagus b) trachea c) bronchioles d) primary bronchi
corniculate
along with the arytenoid cartilage, the __________________ cartilages are also involved in movement of the vocal folds.
a) the volume will increase
ambient (outside) air at 22ºC is inhaled. the gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5ºC) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. according to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air? a) the volume will increase b) the volume will not change c) the volume will decrease
a) quiet
an inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing? a) quiet b) forced c) clavicular d) deep
a) intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure
as the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration? a) intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure b) intrapleural pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure c) intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure d) intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than intrapleural pressure
b) Boyle's Law
as the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. this is an example of which gas law? a) Dalton's Law b) Boyle's Law c) Charles' Law d) Henry's Law
d) cartilage
aside from the two small nasal bones, the majority of the external (facial) features of the nose are supported by which of the following? a) bone b) muscle c) adipose d) cartilage
b) right
aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus? a) left b) right
a) respiratory bronchiole
at which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur? a) respiratory bronchiole b) primary bronchus c) tertiary bronchus d) terminal bronchiole
a) respiratory membrane surface area
emphysema is a respiratory disorder that results in the loss of alveoli. based on this, which of the following would be affected by emphysema? a) respiratory membrane surface area b) pressure gradient of gases c) respiratory membrane thickness d) solubility of gases
a) they facilitate recoil during exhalation
how do the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree help conserve energy? a) they facilitate recoil during exhalation b) they facilitate recoil during inhalation c) they limit the range of muscles of inhalation d) they increase the range of muscles of inhalation
a) it is humidified + b) it is warmed + d) it is cleansed
how is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae? select three answers from the list below. a) it is humidified b) it is warmed c) it is absorbed d) it is cleansed
a) TV + IRV
how is inspiratory capacity calculated? a) TV + IRV b) anatomic dead space + TV + IRV c) anatomic dead space + IRV d) VC + ERV
c) as bicarbonate
how is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? a) as a dissolved gas within blood b) bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin c) as bicarbonate
c) 2
how many lobes make up the left lung? a) 4 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
a) one
how many primary bronchi serve the right lung? a) one b) two c) three d) four
b) PO2 of arterial blood
hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following? a) cerebrospinal fluid pH b) PO2 of arterial blood c) PCO2 of arterial blood d) arterial blood pH
c) endothelial cell of capillary + d) one shared basement membrane + e) Type I (squamous) alveolar cell
identify the components of a respiratory membrane. select all that apply. a) Type II (great) alveolar cell b) two separate basement membranes c) endothelial cell of capillary d) one shared basement membrane e) Type I (squamous) alveolar cell
c) thyrohyoid + d) cricotracheal
identify the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx. choose two of the options below. a) cricothyroid b) cricoarytenoid c) thyrohyoid d) cricotracheal
a) bicarbonate ion + b) carboaminohemoglobin + c) dissolved gas
identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. select all that apply. a) bicarbonate ion b) carboaminohemoglobin c) dissolved gas d) bound to heme e) carboxyhemoglobin
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called _________________.
emphysema
long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to _________________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.
bicarbonate
most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ___________________ dissolved in the plasma.
a) bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2
most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? a) bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2 b) CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma c) CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes d) CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas
alveoli
most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ____________________ of the lungs.
arytenoid
movement of the _________________ cartilages results in abduction or adduction of the vocal folds.
a) superior and inferior
name the lobes of the human left lung. a) superior and inferior b) superior, lateral and inferior c) anterior and posterior d) medial and lateral
b) middle + c) inferior + e) superior
name the lobes of the human right lung. select all that apply. a) lateral b) middle c) inferior d) horizontal e) superior
d) the release H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood
oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. how does this promote alveolar gas exchange? a) the increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading b) the released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions c) H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate d) the release H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood
b) high levels of blood CO2
peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following? a) high levels of blood O2 b) high levels of blood CO2 c) low levels of blood CO2 d) high blood pH values
1) primary bronchus 2) secondary bronchus 3) tertiary bronchus 4) terminal bronchiole 5) respiratory bronchiole 6) alveolar duct
place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs. • terminal bronchiole • alveolar duct • secondary bronchus • tertiary bronchus • respiratory bronchiole • primary bronchus
c) hyaline cartilage
the C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue? a) elastic cartilage b) bone c) hyaline cartilage d) fibrocartilage
base
the _______________ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
ventral
the _______________ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.
trachealis
the ________________ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages.
Valsalva
the ________________ maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles. the depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination and defecation.
pontine
the ________________ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex.
pharyngeal
the ________________ tonsil(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx.
a) larynx
the __________________ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea. a) larynx b) bronchi c) tongue d) pharynx
E
the __________________ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group.
apex
the __________________ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung.
dorsal
the __________________ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.
inspiratory reserve
the ___________________ ___________________ volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.
epiglottis
the ___________________ is an elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing.
right
the ____________________ lung has three lobes and two fissures.
c) nasopharynx
the auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx? a) laryngopharynx b) oropharynx c) nasopharynx
a) nasopharynx
the auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx? a) nasopharynx b) laryngopharynx c) oropharynx
medial
the cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______________ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.
chemoreceptors
the central ___________________ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.
hilum
the concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a silt. this silt is called the ___________________.
hypocapnia
the condition called __________________ occurs when arterial CO2 concentrations fall below normal. (PCO2 less than 37mm Hg)
cartilage
the dense support material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of what type of tissue?
carbonic anhydrase
the enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is ___________________ __________________.
a) bone + e) hyaline cartilage
the nasal septum is composed of which of the following types of tissue? select all that apply. a) bone b) fibrocartilage c) elastic cartilage d) dense connective tissue e) hyaline cartilage
b) anterior
the nasal vestibule is located in which portion of the nasal cavity? a) posterior b) anterior c) lateral d) medial
b) hypocapnia
the normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37mm Hg and 43mm Hg. which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37mm Hg? a) respiratory acidosis b) respiratory alkalosis c) hypocapnia d) hypercapnia
oropharynx
the palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the __________________ (division of the pharynx).
a) blood oxygen saturation + b) blood carbon dioxide saturation + d) blood pH
the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following? select all that apply. a) blood oxygen saturation b) blood carbon dioxide saturation c) cerebrospinal fluid pH d) blood pH e) blood pressure
d) alveoli
the respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following? a) nostrils b) larynx c) pharynx d) alveoli
a) supplies the body with oxygen + b) plays a role in regulating blood pressure + c) assists in the removal of carbon dioxide + e) functions in vocalization and speech
the respiratory system does which of the following? select all that apply. a) supplies the body with oxygen b) plays a role in regulating blood pressure c) assists in the removal of carbon dioxide d) influences calcium metabolism e) functions in vocalization and speech
a) three
the right lung has how many secondary bronchi? a) three b) one c) five d) two e) four
cricoid
the ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the __________________ cartilage.
d) laryngopharynx
the separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following? a) oral cavity b) oropharynx c) nasopharynx d) laryngopharynx
vital
the sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume is the __________________ capacity.
inspiratory
the sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the ___________________ capacity.
respiratory
the system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ___________________ system.
hypercapnia
the term ________________ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43mm Hg).
cilia
the tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called _________________. the upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.
mucociliary
the upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. this system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the ____________________ escalator of the trachea.
false
true or false: all of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.
true
true or false: evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.
false
true or false: intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.
true
true or false: prolonged exposure to oxygen at 2.5ATM can be toxic.
true
true or false: the anatomical dead space is subtracted from tidal volume when calculating the alveolar ventilation rate.
false
true or false: the residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.
false
true or false: the respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in voluntary respiration.
false
true or false: the volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.
true
true or false: when the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.
b) to trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired
what is the function of the coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule? a) to warm the inspired air b) to trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired c) to allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air d) to separate the nasal cavity into right and left halves
d) they constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air
what is the function of the trachealis muscles? a) they pull on the arytenoid cartilages to abduct or adduct the vocal cords b) they elevate the larynx during swallowing c) contract to produce suction and pull air into the lungs d) they constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air
d) the pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
what is the intrapleural pressure? a) the difference between the atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures b) the weight of the atmospheric air c) the internal pressure of the lungs d) the pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
b) 95mm Hg
what is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2? a) 25mm Hg b) 95mm Hg c) 65mm Hg d) 40mm Hg
b) membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
what is the respiratory membrane? a) neural network in the medulla that controls the depth of breathing b) membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus c) membrane between the capillary network and the body's cells d) lining of the nasal cavity
b) covers the glottis when swallowing
what is the role of the epiglottis? a) covers the esophagus when breathing b) covers the glottis when swallowing c) covers the glottis when breathing d) covers the posterior nasal aperture when breathing
d) to ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus
what is the role of the nasal conchae? a) to restrict the flow of air through the nasal cavity b) to provide an open passageway for air within the nose c) to exchange gasses with the bloodstream d) to ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus
a) pleura
what is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? a) pleura b) meninx c) peritoneum d) pericardium
b) bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC + d) chloride ions are transported into the RBC
what occurs during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells? select all that apply. a) chloride ions are transported out of the RBC b) bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC c) bicarbonate ions are transported into the RBC d) chloride ions are transported into the RBC
c) when they are relaxed
when do vocal produce low pitched sounds? a) when they are taut b) when they are fully abducted c) when they are relaxed d) when they vibrate more rapidly
oxyhemoglobin
when oxygen binds to hemoglobin it forms the molecule called ____________________.
expiration
when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. this process is known as _________________.
c) olfactory epithelium
where are the sensory receptors for smell located? a) ala nasi b) respiratory epithelium c) olfactory epithelium d) nasal vestibule
c) at the capillary networks of the tissues
where does systemic gas exchange occur? a) in the trachea b) across the respiratory membrane c) at the capillary networks of the tissues d) mitochondrion
c) respiratory division
where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur? a) conducting division b) upper respiratory tract c) respiratory division
d) systemic capillary beds
where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood? a) venous sinuses b) alveolar sacs c) lumen of the pharynx d) systemic capillary beds
b) bronchi + d) alveoli + e) trachea
which are components of the lower respiratory tract? select all that apply. a) nasal cavity b) bronchi c) pharynx d) alveoli e) trachea f) larynx
a) nasal cavity + b) pharynx + d) larynx
which are components of the upper respiratory tract? select all that apply. a) nasal cavity b) pharynx c) alveoli d) larynx e) bronchi f) trachea
b) trachea + c) pharynx + e) lungs + f) larynx
which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system? select all that apply. a) esophagus b) trachea c) pharynx d) urethra e) lungs f) larynx
c) Type II alveolar cells
which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung? a) chondrocytes b) Type I alveolar cells c) Type II alveolar cells d) alveolar macrophages
a) asthma + c) chronic bronchitis
which are examples of obstructive lung disorders? select all that apply. a) asthma b) black lung disease c) chronic bronchitis d) tuberculosis
c) to produce sound + d) to keep food and drink out of the airway
which are functions of the larynx? select all that apply. a) to absorb atmospheric oxygen b) to detect odors c) to produce sound d) to keep food and drink out of the airway
b) compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity + c) reduce friction between membranes + e) create pressure gradient during inhalation
which are functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid? select all that apply. a) reduce surface tension within the lungs b) compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity c) reduce friction between membranes d) expel air during exhalation e) create pressure gradient during inhalation
d) the pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone
which best defines partial pressure? a) the number of moles of one specific type of gas divided by the volume that the entire gas mixture occupies b) the total pressure exerted by the inhaled air against the walls of the alveoli c) the percentage of a particular kind of gas within a gas mixutre d) the pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone
a) it converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase? a) it converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions b) it converts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water which are then transported into red blood cells c) it binds bicarbonate to hemoglobin as a buffer d) it binds carbon dioxide to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin
c) the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
which best describes what happens during exhalation? a) the diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out b) the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out c) the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out d) the diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out
a) thyroid cartilage
which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages? a) thyroid cartilage b) cricoid cartilage c) arytenoid cartilage d) cuneiform cartilage e) corniculate cartilage
a) ventral respiratory group
which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration? a) ventral respiratory group b) dorsal respiratory group c) pneumotaxic center d) pontine respiratory group
b) surfactant
which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli? a) mucous b) surfactant c) water d) carbon dioxide
b) surfactant
which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli? a) water b) surfactant c) mucous d) carbon dioxide
d) one complete inspiration and expiration
which describes the respiratory cycle? a) volume exhaled during quiet breathing b) rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm c) exchange of gases across the alveolar membranes d) one complete inspiration and expiration
c) (volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)
which equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate? a) (dead space) x (respiratory rate) b) (volume of air inhaled) x (respiratory rate) c) (volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)
d) binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper
which explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (s-shaped)? a) hemoglobin has only one binding site for oxygen b) oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is inversely related to the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, so the midportion of the curve flattens out c) hemoglobin binds more oxygen at higher temperatures d) binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper
c) cerebrospinal fluid pH
which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals? a) arterial blood pH b) PCO2 of arterial blood c) cerebrospinal fluid pH d) PO2 of arterial blood
b) elevation of the larynx + c) movement of the tongue
which factors affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing? choose two answers from the list below. a) elevation of the trachea b) elevation of the larynx c) movement of the tongue d) downward movement of the larynx
a) movement of the tongue + b) elevation of the larynx
which factors affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing? choose two answers from the list below. a) movement of the tongue b) elevation of the larynx c) elevation of the trachea d) downward movement of the larynx
b) increased temperature + c) increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC
which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? select all that apply. a) decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC b) increased temperature c) increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC d) decreased temperature
a) decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue + c) decreased blood pH
which factors would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? select all that apply. a) decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue b) increased PO2 of surrounding tissue c) decreased blood pH d) increase blood pH
a) psuedostratified columnar cells + b) goblet cells + e) mucous + f) cilia
which features are associated with tracheal epithelium? (select all that apply) a) psuedostratified columnar cells b) goblet cells c) stratified squamous tissue d) keratin e) mucous f) cilia
a) epinephrine + b) testosterone + d) thyroxine + f) growth hormone
which hormones promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulates bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis? select all that apply. a) epinephrine b) testosterone c) inhibin d) thyroxine e) gastrin f) growth hormone
b) physiological dead space
which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease? a) anatomical dead space b) physiological dead space c) tidal volume d) vital capacity
b) emphysema
which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? a) pneumonia b) emphysema c) asthma d) bronchitis
d) physiological dead space
which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease? a) anatomic dead space b) lung compliance c) vital capacity d) physiological dead space
c) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
which is true about carbon dioxide loading? a) CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma b) carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells c) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions d) bicarbonate ions (HCO3) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside the red blood cells
b) medulla oblongata + d) pons
which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers? a) fornix b) medulla oblongata c) corpora quadrigemina d) pons
b) internal and external intercostals
which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration? a) sternocleidomastoid b) internal and external intercostals c) erector spinae d) pectoralis major and minor
a) external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes
which muscles are used for inspiration? a) external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes b) sternocleidomastoid, external oblique, rectus abdominis c) external intercostals, external oblique, scalenes d) internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, sternocleidomastoid
d) cuneiform
which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue between the arytenoids and the epiglottis? a) cricoid b) thyroid c) arytenoid d) cuneiform e) corniculate
b) arytenoid
which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage? a) cuneiform b) arytenoid c) thyroid d) corniculate
b) total lung capacity
which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value? a) expiratory reserve volume b) total lung capacity c) functional residual capacity d) tidal volume e) vital capacity
b) lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure increases
which of these occurs during exhalation? a) lung volumes remain constant and air expands b) lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure increases c) lung volumes increase, intrapulmonary pressure increases d) lung volume decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases
a) quiet exhalation
which process is facilitated by the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree? a) quiet exhalation b) Valsalva maneuver c) forced inhalation d) mucociliary escalator
a) forced expiratory volume
which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which is exhaled? a) forced expiratory volume b) tidal volume c) inspiratory reserve volume d) expiratory reserve volume
b) nasopharynx
which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food? a) oropharynx b) nasopharynx c) laryngopharynx
d) trachea
which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi? a) bronchioles b) pharynx c) epiglottis d) trachea
c) vestibular folds
which structure do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing? a) vocal ligaments b) vocal cords c) vestibular folds d) tracheal cartilages
a) pharynx + b) main bronchi + c) larynx + e) trachea
which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? select all that apply. a) pharynx b) main bronchi c) larynx d) alveoli e) trachea
b) vocal cords + c) vocal folds
which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? choose two of the options below. a) vestibular ligaments b) vocal cords c) vocal folds d) vestibular folds
a) nerves + b) blood vessels + d) lymphatic vessels
which structures enter the lung at the hilum? select all that apply. a) nerves b) blood vessels c) bronchioles d) lymphatic vessels
b) pulmonary compliance
which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing? a) angiogenesis b) pulmonary compliance c) ventilation-perfusion coupling d) compartmentalization
d) acidosis
which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35? a) anemia b) apnea c) alkalosis d) acidosis
a) respiratory cycle
which term refers to one complete breath, in and out? a) respiratory cycle b) inspiration c) cardiac cycle d) expiration
d) anatomical dead space
which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? a) expiratory reserve volume b) physiological dead space c) forced expiratory volume d) anatomical dead space
a) systemic gas exchange
which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? a) systemic gas exchange b) alveolar gas exchange c) ventilation d) cellular respiration
b) alveolar gas exchange
which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? a) cellular respiration b) alveolar gas exchange c) systemic gas exchange d) ventilation
a) visceral pleura
which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface? a) visceral pleura b) perichondrium c) respiratory membrane d) parietal pleura
d) nasopharynx
which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity and extending to the soft palate? a) oropharynx b) epiglottis c) laryngopharynx d) nasopharynx
a) bronchopulmonary segment
which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus? a) bronchopulmonary segment b) lobe c) alveolus d) pulmonary lobule
d) bronchopulmonary segment
which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus? a) pulmonary lobule b) alveolus c) lobe d) bronchopulmonary segment
b) pleural cavity
which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae? a) alveolar sac b) pleural cavity c) meningeal cavity d) pericardial cavity
a) partial pressure
which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present? a) partial pressure b) colloid pressure c) oncotic pressure d) atmospheric pressure
c) residual volume
which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation? a) inspiratory reserve volume b) expiratory reserve volume c) residual volume d) tidal volume
c) psuedostratified columnar epithelium
which tissue lines the nasopharynx? a) stratified squamous epithelium b) simple squamous epithelium c) psuedostratified columnar epithelium d) stratified cuboidal epithelium
b) stratified squamous epithelium
which tissue lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx? a) stratified cuboidal epithelium b) stratified squamous epithelium c) simple squamous epithelium d) psuedostratified columnar epithelium
c) lower PO2 in tissue fluid + d) binding of protons to hemoglobin
which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? select two answers from the list below. a) cooler temperatures b) active transport of O2 out of the bloodstream c) lower PO2 in tissue fluid d) binding of protons to hemoglobin
a) diaphragm + e) intercostals
which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? choose two answers from the list below. a) diaphragm b) pectoralis major and minor c) rectus abdominis d) sternocleidomastoid e) intercostals f) scalenes
a) nares + b) nostrils
which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? select two answers from the list below. a) nares b) nostrils c) choanae d) vestibule
a) hypoxemic
which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning? a) hypoxemic b) anemic c) ischemic d) histotoxic
b) breathing air that contains increases levels of oxygen
which would increase the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange? a) decreased respiratory membrane surface area b) breathing air that contains increases levels of oxygen c) breathing atmospheric air at high altitude d) increased thickness of the respiratory membrane
b) the cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura
why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration? a) the parietal pleura and visceral pleura are connected along their surfaces via tight junctions b) the cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura c) air entering the pleural cavity pushes against the visceral pleura d) muscles in the walls of the alveoli contract, pulling them open and sucking air into the lungs
a) women have shorter and thinner vocal cords
why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men? a) women have shorter and thinner vocal cords b) women have smaller diameter tracheae c) men have longer cricotracheal ligaments d) men have larger noses
a) atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area
why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? a) atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area b) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows toward higher pressure regions c) pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs d) resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance
d) CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site
why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat? a) CO displaces carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule b) CO alters the carbonate-bicarbonate balance of the blood c) CO affects the permeability of the respiratory membrane d) CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site
d) psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
with the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue? a) psuedostratified columnar epithelium b) simple columnar epithelium c) stratified squamous epithelium d) psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium e) stratified columnar epithelium
