AAS 111 Exam 2 Study Guide

Leopold Sedar Senghor

(1906 - 2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.

Mau Mau Uprising

(1952-1960) This revolt was an attempt to free Kenya from control by the British. About 30,000 Africans were sent to detention and work camps.

2. Africans and their descendants living outside the continent of their origin have encountered different systems of "racial" classification that have profoundly affected both their identity and their struggles for personhood and dignity. Describe the ways in which two such systems operated differently and detail their effects on how racial politics evolved in different quarters of the Afro-Atlantic world.

-Brazil vs America

5. In his letter to Paul Cuffe, James Forten worried that "they will never become a people until they come out from amongst the white people." Forten and other African-American supporters of colonization and emigration (e.g., Martin Delaney, George Washington Williams, Marcus Garvey, Amy Jacques Garvey) had ideas as to why a "return" to Africa would produce a "reflex influence" upon both Africa and the diaspora. Explain these terms and their significance to the emergence of Pan-Africanism as both a movement and ideology.

-Reflex Influence: coined by Martin Delaney, What happens in either America or Africa will have an effect on the other -Return: the idea of "going back to Africa" where the descendants of black Americans are from in order to be around people like them. -Cuffe/Forten: interested in connecting diaspora Africans to those living in Africa via " legitimate commerce" and via emigration of African Americans to Africa (Sierra Leone)

1. Explicate Walter Rodney's theory of how Europeans "underdeveloped" Africa. How can the ideology of Pan Africanism help countries in Africa to reverse the underdevelopment caused by European colonialism?

-Responsibility to Africa devolves upon descendants in the diaspora -Establishment of an independent nation-state; idea of 'reflex influence' -Unity among people of (black) African descent worldwide

3. One important theme from this semester is the exchange of ideas around the globe that many Africans and African diasporas have been involved in. Since the types of technology for information exchange that we have today did not exist for much of the world's history, ideas had to be spread through other means—some written, some oral, some performative. Name three ways in which ideas have circulated in the African diaspora, giving specific examples for each.

-books: frantz fanon -Word of mouth: ports, slave plantations -sNewspapers: Negro World and Northern Star

Colonial Political Economics

1. Settlers: Bringing people from their own colonial countries to settle within the African countries. example - South Africa 2. Peasant Production: Forcing Africans, in their own countries, to do labor for the colonial powers. example - cotton in Uganda 3. Concessions: Give companies access to land resources for (most of the time) 50% of their profit. example - Red Rubber in Congo 4. Migrant Labor: Forcing people from other countries in Africa to do labor in another. example - diamond mines in South Africa

South African Apartheid

1948-1994 - a system of racial segregation enforced by the government of South Africa. This classified people into 4 categories: "White," "Indian," "Colored," and "Black"

Sharpeville Massacre

1960 killing of 60 ANC protesters by police, turning point in the anti-apartheid movement. This was due to the burning of the passports, mainly of those labeled "black" or "colored"

Ahmed Sekou Toure

1st President of Guinea from 1958 to 1984 after he was elected Guinea's deputy to French Assembly in 1956. He was a labor union activist who named Nkrumah into exile

WEB DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910.

Paul Cuffee

A former slave who bought himself and became wealthy through the shipping industry; he has an epiphany that he must free his people, so uses his wealth and boats to buy up slaves and send them back to Africa. His idea helps form the American Colonization Society. First black steamship company owner whose boat arrives in a famous slave port in Liverpool

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

A meeting of European Imperialist Powers to divide Africa among them for their exploitation of natural resources and forced labor.

Harlem

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. This was a center for ideas and settlement for a lot of blacks coming from the rural south, they went to flourish.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

"Jump Jim Crow"

A song and dance written by Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice that was based on the "essential difference" that was used to label the segregation laws and laws made during the Jim Crow period.

George Washington Williams

African-American journalist who visited the Congo in 1890 and saw the atrocities that was happening. He openly criticized Leopold II in a letter that spread throughout Belgium , but he died before he could expose him further.

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Joe Louis

An African American boxer who became a national hero when he knocked out German boxer Mac Schmeling. First thought of "national hero" for his win against Schmeling. "Brown Bomber"

Steve Biko

An organizer of black consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody. Founded the Black Peoples Convention.

14th Amendment

Any person born in the United States or on United States soil is considered a citizen and has all of the inalienable rights of a citizen.

Battle of Adwa

Battle when the Ethiopian Empire defeated the Kingdom of Italy near Adwa, Ethiopia that secured Ethiopian independence.

Jomo Kenyatta

Co-organizer of the 5th Pan-African Congress in 1945. He was the leader of the Kenya African National Union, the 1st Prime Minister of Kenya and then its 1st President

Pinnacle Commune

Commune in Jamaica. Systemizing of practices like dread and sacramental use of ganja. Launched by Howell, emphasis on new zion and following Rastafari - buys land in 1934, resembled maroon settlement.

Afrikaners

Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa. South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Emperor Menelik

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Two-Tiered System

England and the United States. Only white and black.

Martin Delaney

Father of Pan-Africanism. Worked with Frederick Douglass on the newspaper "North Star." Became leading exponent of emigration in the 1850s and worked with the white plantation owners of the South. However, his appointment into the Union Army changed his mind and wanted to advocate for the rights of blacks in America. Coined the term "Reflex Influence" which means what happens in either America or Africa has an effect on the other.

Jack Johnson

First African American boxer to win the World Heavyweight title (1908), represented idea of the "New Negro" in early-1900s American culture. Competed against James Jeffries in the "race match"

Patrice Lumumba

First Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Congo - eventually arrested and murdered. Author of "Congo My Country." Leader and founder of Movement National Congolais.

George Jewett

First black player on the University of Michigan football team. He played from 1890-1892. Valedictorian of HS and wanted to be a doctor, but ended up opening up a dry cleaning business on State street because of the backlash and oppose his dreams.

Kwame Nkrumah

Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first president. Was educated in the Unite States and took the ideas he learned and the organization he saw back with him, using them to fuel his authority and rise to the top.

Negritude

French articulation of Pan-Africanism, mostly a literary and cultural movement. Revolutionizing Africa, and affirming pride in black heritage and culture to neutralize cultural alienation and reduce stigma attached to the black world. Inspired by the Harlem Renaissance. Core themes: Rejection of Europe, Recollection of the weight of slavery throughout the generations, Reject of assimilation, Nostalgia for a lost Africa.

5th Pan-African Conference

Held in Manchester, England with more than 90 people from Africa and those of African descent. Started by many people including Amy Jacques Garvey and Kwame Nkrumah.

Four Great Migrations

Ira Berlin proposed the idea of the four great migrations in the Americas: 1. From Africa to the Americas via the slave trade (17th and 18th Centuries) 2. From seaboard South to the interior for the growth of cotton production (early 1800's) 3. From rural South to urban North (early 20th century) 4.From African and the Caribbean to Americas via immigration (late 20th to today)

Palmares

Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan. Was a center for new culture and civilization with African kings. Was a big threat to the Brazilian slave labor and to the Brazilian Kingdom as they paired with the Dutch.

Nelson Mandela

Leader of African National Congress, Founder of Umkonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the nation"), Imprisoned for treason from 1962 to 1990 and then became the 1st African President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, Won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and received an honorary diploma from Umich.

Three-Tiered System

Many other countries. White, black, and mixed.

Emigration

Migrating from other countries going "back to Africa." Biggest advocate for emigration was Marcus Garvey and his formation of the UNIA.

Diaspora Remittances

Money sent by a person in a foreign land back to their home country. Remittances are now responsible for contributing to the country's growth and development.

Saartjie Baartman

Most famous of the two KhoiKhoi women used in a freak show in Europe, had a protruding butt. Born in South Africa and was one of the only people left of her nationality when she was taken to Europe and put on show. After she died, her body was then molded and put on display in a museum.

Peasant Production

One of the four political economies colonial powers emitted in Africa. One of the different strategies to exploit the land of Africa. Force people there to grow what you want in that colony. In Ghana, people forced to grow cocoa. Making Africans as peasants grow what you want.

Santeria

Originating in Cuba, a religion that blends African traditions and Christian beliefs

Leonard Howell

Patriarch/Prophet of Rastafari. Charismatic leadership and diasporic consciousness. Spread news/prophet of Rastafari. Wrote "The Promised Key" in 1935 about Ethiopia, salvation and black power.

Zumbi

Quilombo leader, respected military strategist and nephew of Ganga Zumba. Eventually took control of Palmares after poisoning Ganga Zumba.

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873). He went on multiple journeys throughout Africa in order to map the country.

Black Star Line

Shipping line created by Marcus Garvey to get blacks back to Africa. However, it fell through and never sent people back to Africa.

NAACP

Stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. One of the founders was WEB DuBois. Still an association today with chapters all over the United States.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Red Rubber

Term coined to the use of excessive force and the many killed, tortured, and dismemberment of Africans in the Congo in order to produce rubber for the production of materials in other countries.

White Man's Grave

The African west coast became known as this

South African Congress Alliance

The Congress Alliance was an anti-apartheid political coalition formed in South Africa in the 1950s.

Conventions People's Party

The political party in Ghana founded by Kwame Nkrumah based on his ideas. It was committed to a program of immediate self-government

Sugar Mechanization

The process by which sugar is crystalized and processed.

Amy Jacques Garvey

The second wife of Marcus Garvey who created a column in the "Negroworld" newspaper called "our women and what they think" and advocated for the increased role of Black women in the United States. She led the UNIA while Marcus Garvey was in jail in 1924-1927.

Freedom Charter

The statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies in 1955. Major resistance to the apartheid. Reconstructed South African society.

Rubber Vulcanization

The treatment of natural rubber with other chemicals in order to produce goods, such as tires, that can be mass produced. Mainly from the rubber found in the Congo.

Legitimate Commerce

Trade of goods, rather than human lives (shift in export of slaves to agricultural products in West Africa).

UNIA

Universal Negro Improvement Association; founded by Marcus Garvey and Amy Ashwood Garvey to end racism through separation of races. "Back to Africa."

Raw Materials

Unprocessed natural products used in production. This was one of the main reasons for the splitting of the "magnificent African cake" and the scramble for Africa.

Homer Plessy

Wanted to challenge the notion of race, he was 1/8 black and looked very white, but he was still arrested for sitting on the white train car when he was "supposed to be" on the black train car. Defendant in the critical Plessy v. Ferguson case in which there was a 7-1 ruling saying that "separate but equal" is the law of the land until Brown v. Board of 1954.

African Steamship Company

Was a steamship company founded by Macgregor Laird in Liverpool, England in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Was responsible for trading with West African countries and Britain.

Magnificant African Cake

What King Leopold of Belgium called Africa during the Berlin Conference as they split Africa into the sections that is mainly is today. Split by the colonial powers.

Reflex Influence

What happens in either America or Africa will have an effect on the other. Created by Martin Delaney who is considered the father of Pan-Africanism.

1968 Mexico City Olympics

Where Tommi Smith and John Carlos held up the black power symbol with black gloves on, wore no shoes in solidarity with the poor, one had their jacket open in solidarity with the working class, and black beaded necklaces for those who lost their lives during the Middle Passage.

Sandra Laing

a South African woman notable for appearing as and being classified as "Coloured" by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although she was the child of at least three generations of white ancestors. She then married a black man and her parents disowned her because they "put them through all that just to marry a black man"

Double Consciousness

a concept conceived by W.E.B. DuBois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one for moving through the world as a black individual and the other as moving through the world as an American. This glorifies the idea of Africa as a "homeland" while wanting to continue fighting for the freedoms of other African Americans.

Quinine

a drug used for fighting malaria and other fevers. Called the 19th Century "Wonder Drug"

Capoeira

a system of physical discipline and movement originating among Brazilian slaves, treated as a martial art and dance form. This form was inspired by African styles of dance.

Macgregor Laird

felt British has a duty to share their greatness (religion, industry, way of life) with "dark" places of the world. He was a Scottish pioneer of British trade on the Niger River.

Rastafari

spiritual movement arose in 1930's Jamaica, worships Ethiopian Emperor as second coming of Christ.

Concessions

tactic by European powers where they give companies access to land and resources in exchange for 50% of their profit. An example, Red Rubber in the Congo.

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

King Leopold of Belgium

used missionary activities as an excuse to claim the Congo river basin and set off the scramble for Africa. He created The Congo Free State exploiting the resources of the Congo. Created the "Red Rubber" of the Congo and the atrocities associated with the Congo.

Mestre Bimba

was responsible for the academicization and legalization of capoeira -he founded the first academy of capoeira in Salvador, Bahia -set new standards to the art of capoeira -Included lighter skinned people into capoeira

Frantz Fanon

wrote: The Wretched of the Earth. Had the idea that independence couldn't be won back from the colonial powers in Africa without violence.