Abnormal Ch 4

A construct validity score represents A. the degree to which a test accurately assesses a specific concept and not other related concepts. B. the percent of test-takers who show reliable scores on a test measuring an related constructs. C. a test's ability to discriminate a patient who is trying to fake symptoms. D. whether two independent practitioners agree on a diagnosis.

A

A major limitation of the current DSM approach is that A. not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms. B. all people do not meet any symptoms outlined for a disorder. C. all people do not accept the underlying etiology of their disorders. D. not all persons experience the exact same symptoms at the exact same age.

A

A system that classifies mental disorders on the basis their qualitative differences is known as a A. categorical approach. B. measurement approach. C. class approach. D. dimensional approach.

A

In DSM-5, disorders are defined in the terms of A. the individual. B. the relationship between the client and the therapist. C. the individual's place in a chosen culture. D. relationships with family members.

A

Ray is suspicious and has the unrelenting delusion that agents of a foreign government are following him with the intention of killing him. If Ray were administered the MMPI-2, you expect that he would have a high score on the scale measuring A. paranoia. B. narrow-mindedness. C. ego identity. D. hysteria.

A

Structured diagnostic interviews are used extensively in conjunction with the DSM-5 classification system. The main advantage of using these tools is A. flexibility B. some clients are unable to provide a rational description of their own problems C. to reduce the need to establish rapport D. some clients are unwilling to provide a rational description of their own problems

A

The dimensional model of classification is qualitative, implying that A. disorders that are observed are simply extreme variations of normal behavior. B. no real differences exist among diagnostic subtypes. C. different observed disorders are quantitatively distinct from each other. D. it is not possible to place disorders along a continuum of functioning.

A

What are the most commonly used psychological assessment procedures? A. interviews B. rating scales C. IQ tests D. personality tests

A

What does the L (Lie) Scale of the MMPI assess? A. validity B. interrater reliability C. stigma D. reliability

A

Which of the following disorders have especially low diagnostic reliability? A. generalized anxiety B. posttraumatic stress C. autism spectrum D. attention deficit

A

Which of the following is an example of an open-ended interview question? A. "Tell me more about it." B. "Is your family supportive of your decision to seek treatment?" C. "Do you have periods of feeling blue or hopeless?" D. "How frequently do you miss class?"

A

Why do clinicians use unstructured interviews? A. to help people clarify their subjective feelings and to provide general empathic support B. to introduce themselves to the patient and begin the psychotherapy process C. to determine interrater reliability and judge the patient's character D. to help prepare people for job interviews

A

fMRI is a new and exciting method of imaging brains that is based on the physiological observation that A. the magnetic properties of blood changes as a function of the level of oxygen it is carrying. B. the magnetic resonance of brain regions changes with age and experience. C. the magnetic properties of neurons change as they release neurotransmitters. D. blood flow can be measured directly by the magnetic properties of the vessels containing the blood.

A

A clinician is using DSM-5 to arrive at a diagnosis for Michael, whose case is presented in your text; to justify a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the clinician will have to A. arrange for Michael to undergo a brain scan. B. compare Michael symptoms to a specific set of criteria. C. conduct extensive psychological tests. D. refer Michael to a physician.

B

A construct validity score represents A. whether two independent practitioners agree on a diagnosis. B. the degree to which a test accurately assesses a specific concept and not other related concepts. C. the percent of test-takers who show reliable scores on a test measuring an related constructs. D. a test's ability to discriminate a patient who is trying to fake symptoms.

B

Although Dr. Johnson has been trained in Exner's comprehensive system for scoring and interpreting the Rorschach Inkblot Test, he does not use the test as part of his clinical test battery. Having reviewed the literature, Dr. Johnson found that A. the test has appropriate validity properties, but its projective nature limits its use for scientist-practitioners. B. the test has questionable test reliability, its normative data are outdated, and it has limited validity. C. the test has significant test reliability and validity but the normative data are outdated. D. the projective nature of the test makes it useful for screening severe pathology, but it results in false negatives when used with normal individuals.

B

Culture-bound syndromes are best described as groups of symptoms that A. occur universally across cultures. B. occur uniquely in certain ethnic or racial groups. C. start in one culture and spread to others. D. are omitted from the DSM because they are culturally biased.

B

One empirical finding about the MMPI-2 scales is that an individual's scores change over time. This finding could indicate a(n) A. high level of statistical significance to the scales. B. lack of reliability to the scales. C. high validity concerning the scales. D. individual's temperament.

B

One theory to explain ataques de nervios is that it may be a culturally sanctioned way of expressing A. fear of darkness. B. distress in response to a threat to the family. C. fear of death. D. disagreement with the cultural group.

B

Oscar has recently lost a loved one; a mental health professional who is trying to be sensitive to the cultural context of Oscar's problem will want to know A. how depressed Oscar is. B. what Oscar has learned about how grief should be displayed. C. whether Oscar suffers from some chemical imbalance. D. whether Oscar's family has a history of depression.

B

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is published by A. the World Health Organization. B. the American Psychiatric Association. C. the American Psychological Society. D. the Center for Disease Control.

B

The three primary goals that guide most assessment procedures are A. pinpointing etiology, testing etiology, and planning treatments B. making predictions, planning treatments, and evaluating treatments. C. pinpointing etiology, evaluating etiology, and making predictions. D. deciding on a diagnosis, testing the diagnosis, and pinpointing etiology.

B

You are attempting to diagnosis a patient, and you would like a view of her brain. You are interested in static structures, not function, so your two choices of scanning techniques are CT scans and A. EEG. B. MRI. C. fMRI. D. TAT.

B

A classification system that focuses on how much of a given characteristic an individual exhibits is called A. measurement based. B. categorical. C. dimensional. D. classificatory.

C

A clinician has met with a client who presents symptoms that would meet the criteria for several disorders; according to DSM, the clinician would A. pick the most severe disorder to diagnose. B. pick the disorder that appeared first to diagnose. C. diagnose each disorder that fits the client's symptoms. D. have to decide which disorder was the most treatable.

C

A psychologist is reviewing results of the MMPI-2 test administered to a client who was mandated by a judge to seek therapy. The psychologist is concerned that the client may not have answered the questions consistently and honestly. Which part of the MMPI-2 will be of special interest to this psychologist? A. actuarial scales B. reliability scales C. validity scales D. projective scales

C

A psychologist might question the concept of "comorbidity" in DSM because A. true comorbidity is not generally accepted by most mental health professionals. B. manifestations of different symptoms in a given disorder are rare. C. it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder. D. the concept of comorbidity implies the presence of an underlying medical disorder.

C

According to labeling theory, a psychiatric diagnosis serves to A. identify etiological factors. B. clarify the nature of a psychiatric disorder. C. create a social role that perpetuates abnormal behavior. D. eliminate bias due to social factors.

C

In the clinical setting, reliability focuses on _____, whereas validity focuses on _____. A. clinicians; assessment procedures B. assessment procedures; individual responses C. consistency of measurements; meaning or importance of assessment procedures D. individual responses; clinical measurements

C

Jose is asked to complete an assessment measure that focuses on depression. The instructions given on the instrument state, "Rate each of the following items using the following scale: Always, Frequently, Sometimes, or Never." Which of the following types of assessment instruments is Jose being asked to complete? A. Subjective response measure B. Clinician-rated measure C. Self-report measure D. Other report measure

C

One advantage of a dimensional system of classification is that it allows scientists to A. arrive at a specific diagnosis. B. go beyond what people say. C. record subtle distinctions. D. make all-or-none decisions.

C

Two psychologists diagnosed a patient and both arrived at the same disorder and same diagnosis. This is an example of _____. A. comorbidity B. concurrent validity C. interrater reliability D. multiaxial classification

C

What are the advantages to using brain imaging techniques? A. They are inexpensive to conduct and can take the place of psychological assessments. B. They can accurately diagnose the patient without other data. C. They can rule out neurological conditions and can help researchers explore the relationship between brain functions and specific mental disorders. D. They can define and determine the severity of almost any disorder.

C

What is one of the advantages of structured interviews in assessing clients? A. Scoring is based on empirical research. B. The structured interview has a strict time limit that provides more time for other diagnostic tests. C. The interviewer can probe further when necessary. D. Structured interviews do not require training.

C

What is the best definition of interrater reliability? A. interpretation of statistical data B. stability of a disorder over time C. agreement among clinicians D. consistency of measurements

C

Which of the following best captures the meaning of reliability? A. Interrater agreement is low. B. Test scores vary over time but stay within 2 standard deviations of the mean. C. A test consistently produces the same score for the same person. D. Test scores of different people are highly correlated.

C

Which of the following is TRUE about observation techniques? A. Observations provide a measure of cause. B. All types of psychopathology can be observed. C. Observation tells us about only what happens in particular situations. D. Observers rarely have biased perceptions so observational errors are unusual.

C

A patient was just released from a psychiatric hospital where he has spent the last five years. A social worker spends some time trying to help him prepare for what she calls stigma. What was the focus of these sessions? A. the tendency for the public to provide too much assistance to former mental patients B. the tendency for most mental patients to cease taking their medications C. a government effort to assist former mental patients by providing group living arrangements D. negative attitudes that result in various forms of discrimination

D

A psychologist administers a series of projective tests to a client. Which major theoretical orientation is most consistent with this psychologist's preference in assessment methods? A. behavioral B. biological C. humanistic D. psychodynamic

D

A team of researchers has developed a structured interview to diagnose a new type of personality disorder. A series of trials to check the reliability of the structured interview yields a kappa of .75. How should the researchers view this result? A. The kappa is so low they decide to abandon the project. B. The kappa is not at an acceptable level but encouraging for a new instrument that can be improved. C. Kappa is not the appropriate measure to be used when evaluating the reliability of a new diagnostic category. D. The kappa is at an acceptable level for well-established diagnostic instruments, so the interview is ready to be used in clinical settings.

D

If you had to briefly summarize the results of research on diagnostic reliability of mental disorders, which of the following sentences would do the job? A. "The reliability has increased with few exceptions." B. "There is good reliability for personality disorders but lower reliability for other disorders." C. "The highest reliability is found for the specific examples of each of the major categories." D. "We should not accept the assumption that the diagnostic categories in DSM-5 are used reliably."

D

Mental disorders are currently classified on the basis of A. theoretical relatedness. B. causal mechanisms. C. biological features. D. descriptive features.

D

One of the main limitations of modern brain imaging techniques in the field of abnormal psychology is that A. very few hospitals in the United States have access to these tools. B. they are quite unreliable in their measures. C. the images are not of sufficient quality to allow for diagnostic use. D. they lack the normative information that would allow them to be used for diagnosis.

D

PET and fMRI scans have found valuable information about the biological components of OCD including over-activity in A. cerebellum. B. occipital lobe. C. Broca's area. D. caudate and the orbital prefontal cortex.

D

Psychological assessment is the process of _____. A. predicting a prognosis for a person B. interpreting only unconcious cues and signals C. using a therapeutic technique to treat a person D. collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understand a person

D

Select the statement that is TRUE of the DSM classification system. A. The system uses broad categories of underlying conflicts to explain the causes of maladaptive reactions. B. It continues to include important diagnostic information such as assumptions about the causes of each disorder. C. The number of diagnostic categories continues to decline as new research data emerges on disorders. D. It undergoes revision based on new research and field studies regarding disorders.

D

Several questions on the MMPI-2 contain questions that almost everyone is likely to answer in the same way; these questions are included to catch unsophisticated attempts to avoid answering honestly and are scored on the A. T or Truth Scale. B. D or Deception Scale. C. O or Obfuscation Scale. D. L or Lie Scale.

D

The most likely theories for the cause of mental disorders involve A. psychological systems only. B. biological systems only. C. social systems only. D. interactions involving biological, psychological, and social systems.

D

The most obvious reason for using assessment procedures is to _____. A. predict the patient's prognosis B. explain the reasons for the patient's hallucinations C. recommend hypnosis D. describe the nature of the patient's main problem

D

The newest and most exciting method of imaging brain functions involves A. MRI B. TPD C. PET D. fMRI

D

What best describes the experience known as ataques de nervios? A. loss of social appropriateness B. loss of emotion C. loss of motor function D. loss of control

D

You are a psychologist who is treating two patients: one with an anxiety disorder and one with a depressive mood disorder. During the course of treating them both, you notice that they have similar symptoms in common and that in fact, they may be more similar than dissimilar in many ways. Given your understanding of the limitations of the DSM classification scheme, which of the following might you suggest as a useful alternative model for describing abnormal behavior? A. Use an unstructured system with discrete categories. B. Use developmental milestones as behavioral markers in models. C. Classify disorders into discrete categories with no overlap between symptoms. D. Develop a model that describes disorders along dimensions of function.

D

_____ images of the brain examine the specific parts of the brain and the rate of the brain activity involved in particular events or tasks. A. Static B. Photographic C. Two-dimensional D. Dynamic

D