Abnormal Psych ch 10
Two of today's leading community-based prevention programs are ______
"TheTruth.com" and "Above the Influence."
the cognitive-behavioral theorists are arguing that many people take drugs to _____ themselves when they feel tense
"medicate"
it has been estimated that the cost of substance misuse is more than _____ each year in the United States alone
$600 billion
When the alcohol concentration reaches ______percent of the blood volume, a person usually feels relaxed and comfortable
0.06
The World Health Organization estimates that _____ billion people worldwide consume alcohol.
2
The average rate of this metabolism is _____ percent of an ounce per hour, but different people's livers work at different speeds; thus rates of "sobering up" vary
25
alcoholism stats
7.4 percent of all adults in the United States display alcohol use disorder. Men with this disorder outnumber women by at least 2 to 1.
fetal alcohol syndrome______
A cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weight, irregularities in the head and face, and intellectual deficits, caused by excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy
relapse-prevention training
A cognitive-behavioral approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, and plan ahead for risky situations and reactions.
reward center
A dopamine-rich pathway in the brain that produces feelings of pleasure when activated
delirium tremens (DTs)•
A dramatic withdrawal reaction experienced by some people with alcoholism. It consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and terrifying visual hallucinations. Last two to 3 days
Morphine
A highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly effective in relieving pain. Named after Morpheus, the Greek god of sleep, this drug relieved pain even better than opium did
opium
A highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy
residential treatment center
A place where formerly addicted persons live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment. Also called a therapeutic community
barbiturates
Addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help produce sleep
The highest substance abuse rate in the United States is found among ______
American Indians (15.5 percent)
Korsakoff's syndrome
An alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, and other neurological symptoms.
methadone maintenance program
An approach to treating heroin-centered substance use disorder in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of a substitute drug, methadone.
Alcohol
Any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor.
What are some of the symptoms of withdrawals off of herione?
At first, the withdrawal symptoms are anxiety, restlessness, sweating, and rapid breathing; later they include severe twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, high blood pressure, and weight loss of up to 15 pounds
______brings on a euphoric rush of well-being and confidence. Given a high enough dose, this rush can be almost orgasmic, like the one produced by heroin. At firs it stimulates the higher centers of the central nervous system, making users feel excited, energetic, talkative, and even euphoric. As more is taken, it stimulates other centers of the central nervous system, producing a faster pulse, higher blood pressure, faster and deeper breathing, and further arousal and wakefulness.
Cocaine
What are some withdrawal symptoms of cocaine?
Crashing. , a pattern that may also include headaches, dizziness, and fainting. For occasional users, the aftereffects usually disappear within 24 hours, but they may last longer for people who have taken a particularly high dose. These individuals may sink into a stupor, deep sleep, or, in some cases, coma.
what are the dangers of cocaine?
Excessive doses have a strong effect on the respiratory center of the brain, at first stimulating it and then depressing it, to the point where breathing may stop. can also create major, even fatal, heart irregularities or brain seizures that bring breathing or heart functioning to a sudden stop
Repeated and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of the neurotransmitter _____
GABA
One important group of neurons to which ethyl alcohol binds are those that normally receive the neurotransmitter _______
GABA.
What techniques provide more direct evidence to support of a genetic explanation for alcoholism?
Genetic linkage strategies and molecular biology
psychedelic drugs
Hallucinogens such as LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA (Ecstasy)
An alcohol related deficiency of vitamin B (thiamine), for example, may lead to _______
Korsakoff 's syndrome
Symptoms of chronic heavy drinkers?
MRI scans revealed damage in various regions of their brains and, correspondingly, impairments in their short-term memory, speed of thinking, attention skills, and balance
endorphins
Neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension. They are sometimes referred to as the body's own opioid
marijuana
One of the cannabis drugs, derived from buds, leaves, and flowering tops of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa.
herion
One of the most addictive substances derived from opium.
______ itself has been in use for thousands of years. In the past it was used widely in the treatment of medical disorders because of its ability to reduce both physical and emotional pain
Opium
opioid
Opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine
substance abuse disorder
Pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance, sometimes also including tolerance for the substance and withdrawal reactions.
cannabis
Substance produced from the varieties of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. It causes a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects
detoxification
Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug.
Tolerance
The adjustment that the brain and the body make to the regular use of certain drugs so that ever larger doses are needed to achieve the earlier effects.
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
The main active ingredient of cannabis.
benzodiazepines
The most common group of anti anxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax
characteristics of barbiturates
These drugs are usually taken in pill or capsule form. In low doses they reduce a person's level of excitement in the same way that alcohol does, by attaching to receptors on the neurons that receive the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and by helping GABA operate at those neuron
characteristics of benzodiazepines
These drugs, however, relieve anxiety without making people as drowsy as other kinds of sedative-hypnotics. They are also less likely to slow a person's breathing, so they are less likely to cause death in the event of an overdose
withdrawal
Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who regularly use a drug stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
______reactions consist of unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms—cramps, anxiety attacks, sweating, nausea—that occur when the individuals suddenly stop taking or cut back on the substance
Withdrawal
What is often given to people who are trying to stay away from alcohol.?
`Disulfiram
_______ propose that people are most likely to develop substance use disorders when they live under stressful socioeconomic conditions
`sociocultural theorists
free-basing
a technique in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated, or "freed," from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled through a pipe.
methamphetamine
also called crank and is is made in small "stovetop laboratories," which typically operate for a few days in a remote area and then move on to a new—safer—location
First produced in the 1930s to help treat asthma, and popular among people trying to lose weight; athletes seeking an extra burst of energy; soldiers, truck drivers, and pilots trying to stay awake; and students studying for exams through the night
amphetamines
regular use of cocaine or ______may lower the brain's production of dopamine
amphetamines
aversion therapy
an approach based on the principles of classical conditioning. Individuals are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus (for example, an electric shock) at the very moment that they are taking a drug. After repeated pairings, they are expected to react negatively to the substance itself and to lose their craving for it.
excessive use of marijuana may reduce the production of
anandamide
First discovered in Germany more than 100 years ago. were widely prescribed in the first half of the twentieth century to fight anxiety and to help people sleep
barbiturates
According to ______, operant and classical conditioning may play a key role in substance use disorder
behaviorists
the anti anxiety drugs developed in the 1950s, as the most popular sedative-hypnotic drugs available. Xanax, Ativan, and Valium are just three of the dozens of these drugs in clinical use.
benzodiazepines
When people consume five or more drinks on a single occasion, it is called a __________
binge-drinking episode.
antagonist drugs
block or change the effects of the addictive drug
A behavioral approach that has been effective in the short-term treatment of people who are addicted to cocaine and several other drugs is _______, which makes incentives (such as cash, vouchers, prizes, or privileges) contingent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens
contingency management
What are some lingering effects of LCD?
flash backs, bad trips, can develope psychosis or mood disorders
What are the effects of LSD?
general strengthening of perceptions, particularly visual perceptions, along with psychological changes and physical symptoms. People may focus on small details the pores of the skin, for example, or individual blades of grass. Colors may seem enhanced or take on a shade of purple. Illusions may be experienced in which objects seem distorted and may appear to move, breathe, or change shape.
LSD brings on a state of hallucinogen intoxication, sometimes called______
hallucinosis
for several years it was viewed as a wonder drug and was used as a cough medicine and for other medical purposes.
herione
Hallucinosis
may also cause one to hear sounds more clearly, feel tingling or numbness in the limbs, or confuse the sensations of hot and cold. Some people have been badly burned after touching flames that felt cool to them under the influence of LCD
Prevention Programs
may focus on the individual (for example, by providing education about negative drug effects), family (by teaching parenting skills), peer group (by teaching resistance to peer pressure), school (by setting up firm enforcement of drug policies), or community at large
Above the Influence
may help reduce marijuana use by teenagers
LCD
may produce a particular form of intoxication, sometimes called hallucinosis, which consists of perceptual distortions and hallucinations.
Most of the alcohol is broken down, or ______ by the liver into carbon dioxide and water, which can be exhaled and excreted.
metabolized
It can have serious negative effects on a user's physical, mental, and social life. Of particular concern is that it damages nerve endings.
methamphetamine
medical issues with alcohol use;
people may develop an irreversible condition called cirrhosis, in which the liver becomes scarred and dysfunctiona. may also damage the heart and lower the immune system's ability to fight off cancer and bacterial infections and to resist the onset of AIDS after infection. Low vitamin deficiencys, Become malnourished.
cocaine intoxication
poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgment, anger aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety, and confusion.
crack, a
powerful form of free-base cocaine that has been boiled down into crystalline balls. It is smoked with a special pipe and makes a crackling sound as it is inhaled
Some ______theorists also believe that certain people respond to their early deprivations by developing a substance abuse personality that leaves them particularly prone to drug abuse
psychodynamic
People with a ______may come to crave a particular substance and rely on it excessively, resulting in damage to their family and social relationships, poor functioning at work, and/or danger to themselves or other
substance use disorder
When different drugs are in the body at the same time, they may multiply, or potentiate, each other's effects. The combined impact, called a ________________
synergistic effect
LSD may also cause different senses to cross, an effect called_____ Colors, for example, may be "heard" or "felt."
synesthesia
rush
a spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with orgasm.
naloxone
a narcotic antagonists which attach to endorphin receptor sites throughout the brain and make it impossible for the opioids to have their usual effect
Gambling disorder is defined less by the amount of time or money spent gambling than by the _______of the behavior
addictive nature
The three most widely used groups of depressants are ________
alcohol, sedativehypnotic drugs, and opioids
Aversion therapy has been applied to _____ more than to other substance use disorders
alcoholism
an aid to resisting temptation, some people with substance use disorders are given _____
antagonist drugs
narcotics
are smoked, inhaled, snorted, injected by needle just beneath the skin ("skin popped"), or injected directly into the bloodstream ("mainlined").
amphetamines
are stimulant drugs that are manufactured in the laboratory. Some common examples are amphetamine (Benzedrine), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), and methamphetamine (Methedrine).
Hallucinogens
are substances that cause powerful changes in sensory perception, from strengthening a person's normal perceptions to inducing illusions and hallucinations. They produce sensations so out of the ordinary that they are sometimes called "trips." The trips may be exciting or frightening, depending on how a person's mind interacts with the drugs. Also called psychedelic drugs
Stimulants
are substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system, resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, greater alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking
A widely used behavioral treatment for substance use disorders is _______
aversion therapy
Women have less of the stomach enzyme alcohol ______, which breaks down alcohol in the stomach before it enters the blood.
dehydrogenase
It consists of terrifying visual hallucinations that begin within three days after they stop or reduce their drinking. Some people see small, frightening animals chasing or crawling on them or objects dancing about in front of their eyes. Last 2 to 3 days
delirium tremens (DTs)
Psychodynamic theorists believe that people with substance use disorders have powerful _______ needs that can be traced to their early years
dependency
Korsakoff 's syndrome
disease marked by extreme confusion, memory loss, and other neurological symptoms. People cannot remember the past or learn new information and may make up for their memory losses by confabulating
A key neurotransmitter in this pleasure pathway appears to be ______. When it is activated along the pleasure pathway, a person experiences pleasure
dopamine
A ______ is defined as any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds.
drug
regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of _______
endorphins
characteristics of people with gambling disorder;
inherit a genetic predisposition to develop the disorder (2) experience heightened dopamine activity and operation of the brain's reward center (3) have impulsive, novelty-seeking, and other personality styles that leave them prone to gambling disorder (4) make repeated and cognitive mistakes such as inaccurate expectations and misinterpretations of their emotions and bodily states
GABA carries an _____________—a message to stop firing—when it is received at certain neurons
inhibitory message
What genetic proof did they find to show alcoholism may be genetic?
investigation has found an abnormal form of the so-called dopamine-2 (D2) receptor gene in a majority of research participants with substance use disorders, but in less than 20 percent of participants who do not display such disorders
TheTruth.com
is an anti smoking campaign, aimed at young people in particular, that provides "edgy" ads on the Web (for example, YouTube), television, magazines, and newspapers.
At first ethyl alcohol depresses the areas of the brain that control _______
judgment and inhibition
How does cocaine produce its effects?
largely by increasing supplies of the neurotransmitter dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain. appears to increase the activity of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin in some areas of the brain
In 1804 a new substance, ______ was derived from opium
morphine,
hashish
most powerful form of cannabis
an aid to resisting temptation, some people with substance use disorders with opiods are given______
naloxone
opioid drugs—natural and synthetic—are known collectively as ______.
narcotics
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide),
one of the most famous and most powerful hallucinogens, was derived by Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman in 1938 from a group of naturally occurring drugs called ergot alkaloids.
The disorder also plays a role in more than _____ of all suicides, homicides, assaults, rapes, and accidental deaths, including 30 percent of all fatal automobile accidents in the United States
one-third
confabulating
reciting made-up events to fill in the gaps.
Perhaps the leading cognitive-behavioral approach to substance use disorders is ______
relapse-prevention training
A number of brain-imaging studies suggest that many, perhaps all, drugs eventually activate a ______, or "pleasure pathway," in the brain
reward center`
produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness. At low dosages, the drugs have a calming or sedative effect. At higher dosages, they are sleep inducers, or hypnotics
sedative-hypnotic drug
Repeated use of barbiturates can quickly result in _____
sedative-hypnotic use disorder
MRI scans of chronic heavy drinkers have revealed damage in various regions of their brains and, correspondingly, impairments in their _______
short-term memory, speed of thinking, attention skills, and balance
Depressant substances
slow the activity of the central nervous system. They reduce tension and inhibitions and may interfere with a person's judgment, motor activity, and concentration
Regular use of either cocaine or amphetamines may lead to ______.
stimulant use disorder
Substances may cause______ changes in behavior, emotion, or thought
temporary
cocaine
the central active ingredient of the coca plant, found in South America—is the most powerful natural stimulant now known
reward-deficiency syndrome:
their brain's reward center is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives, so they turn to drugs to stimulate the pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress
polysubstance use
when people take more than one drug at a time
sedative-hypnotic drug
•A drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep. Also called anxiolytic drug
