Abnormal Psych test Chapter 6

Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:

there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders.

Studies show at LEAST ______ of manic patients treated with lithium improve.

60 percent

A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the BEST advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders?

"Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders."

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ______ symptoms.

cognitive

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?

biological

One of the side effects of ECT is:

memory loss

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:

. mania

MAO inhibitors appear to work in the treatment of depression by:

..

"Second-generation" antidepressant medications include:

...

Which of the following risk percentage patterns would BEST support the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder—(1st) in the general population, (2nd) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3rd) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder?

1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent

Recent studies show about what proportion of those experiencing major depressive disorder receive treatment for that disorder?

1/2

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder with ECT?

2-4 weeks

Studies show that individuals with severe depression who have not benefited from more conventional treatments are about how likely to improve from using vagus nerve stimulation?

40 percent

What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States?

5-10%

If you are receiving therapy designed to teach you and your spouse specific communication and problem-solving skills, your therapist is practicing:

Couple therapy

Which theoretical orientation would the research finding that depressed people choose more pessimistic and self-deprecating statements in storytelling demonstrate?

cognitive

The experience of feeling like weeping constantly would be considered a(n) ______ symptom of depression.

emotional

The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression that is based on negative and maladaptive thinking was:

Aaron Beck

Which of the following is a correct match of person and approach?

Aaron Beck and cognitive therapy

Which one of the following statements is MOST consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy for depression?

Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely

All of Aaron Beck's cognitively based explanations for depression have received research support, EXCEPT for:

All of these explanations have received research support

The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a:

cognitive clinician.

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness?

Behavioral

If your therapist tried to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforced nondepressive actions, and improved your social skills, your therapist would be using:

Behavioral Therapy

If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of: ______

Biochemical orientation

A depressed individual receiving therapy is told that many, even most, of the negative thoughts that he experiences and records have no basis in fact. MOST likely, the therapist is:

Challenging automatic thoughts

An individual diagnosed with depression is tired, weak, and losing weight, but is guilt-free, with reasonably high self-esteem. The symptoms this individual shows are MOST like those of depressed persons in:

China or Nigeria

"I do not know why you think you are a terrible surgeon. You have not lost a patient during an operation in two years. No one else in the city has that kind of record." Which of the following orientations is MOST likely to be that of the therapist who made this statement?

Cognitive

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression:

Correct, lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is MOST likely using:

Couple therapy

Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that:

Depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards

Which of these research findings provides the MOST direct support for Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do nondepressed women

Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist, and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the BEST thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist that your friend could do?

Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity.

For women experiencing postpartum depression, which of the following is TRUE regarding psychotherapy for their depression?

Many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be:

Endogenous depression.

Which of these statements would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad?

Everyone is out to get me.

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depressions and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment using:

lithium

A person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of:

Interpersonal deficits

Which of the following is true about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression?

It is similar to cognitive therapy in effectiveness

A friend with unipolar depression is considering ECT as a form of therapy. Your most accurate comment would be:

It might help, although you might experience permanent loss of some memories."

Which of the following statements about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is MOST accurate?

Long term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression

What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future?

Low-- so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression

If you had high blood pressure, you would want to be especially careful when using:

MAO inhibitors

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:

Negative interpretation of events

José just saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work and everything seems hopeless. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:

Reactive Depression

Second-generation antidepressants:

SSRIs

The individual associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is:

Seligman.

Corrina took an antidepressant and then ate a meal. Shortly thereafter, her blood pressure skyrocketed and she felt faint. Which of the following is MOST likely to be true?

She ate something containing tyramine.

There are several factors related to unipolar depression: reduced positive reinforcers, gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. The MOST recent research shows that:

Some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression

Publication bias regarding drug treatments for depression means that:

Studies showing the effectiveness of the drug are more likely to be published than studies failing to show its effectiveness

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT:

Suicidal ideation

In which of the treatments for depression is/are a stimulating current sent through a patient's prefrontal cortex?

TMS

To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

Two years.

Recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of the brain circuit involved in unipolar depression, EXCEPT:

The corpus callosum

Of the following statements, which is MOST accurate, based on current research?

Unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor

Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects current research findings?

Unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor.

A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly-used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug?

The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes

In the United States, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is:

The same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women

An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:

The severity and duration of the problem

A friend is curious about something. "I hear that women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression than men are. Why?" Your BEST answer, based on the research, is:

There are several theories, but every theory has its strengths and weaknesses

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding current theories on gender differences in relation to depression?

They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they can't explain.

MAO inhibitors are biochemical agents that alleviate depressive symptoms in approximately half of the clinically depressed patients who take them. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs?

They interfere with the destruction of norepinephrine.

What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common?

They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

Current research regarding the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for depression is MOST consistent with which of the following statements?

Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one

A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is:

Very uncommon, most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid- to late 20s

Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study would be:

Very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected another brain area to depression

How likely are Medicaid recipients to be prescribed antidepressant medication?

White Americans more often than Hispanic Americans; Hispanic Americans more often than African Americans

Some so-called second-generation antidepressants appear to act by:

selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin

Martin Seligman has developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from:

a belief that one has no control over the events in one's life

Which of the following would provide the BEST evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression?

a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed

A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it's like:

a flash flood—spreading out wherever there's room for it to go.

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:

a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.

Research shows that crying is MOST likely to be perceived as acceptable public behavior if:

a man cries a little bit about something important.

On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, then David welcomes over 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing:

a manic phase of biopolar l disorder

After a couple divorced, you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. MOST likely:

a troubled marriage led to the depression

Compared to African Americans, white Americans are:

about as likely to be diagnosed with depression, but less likely to have recurrent episodes

Lithium appears to affect:

absorption of salt.

A clinician says at a workshop, "I prefer the most recently developed antidepressant medications, because they're harder to overdose on, and they don't require dietary restrictions." This statement is:

accurate

The combination of lithium and psychotherapy is better than lithium treatment alone. This therapeutic addition is called:

adjunctive psychotherapy.

Studies show that less than 10 percent of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression?

almost none—about 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year

Today, electroconvulsive therapy:

also involves the use of muscle relaxants.

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:

an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially in seratonin and norepinephrine

If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics, certain cognitive characteristics, and certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that:

an interaction between factors causes depression

The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n):

arbitrary inference.

Pierre feels terrible—sad, tired, and depressed—but he refuses to show it. This is consistent with the:

artifact theory.

Increasing pleasant activities is MOST likely to be a part of a(n) ______ therapy program.

behavioral

People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing ______ symptoms of mania.

behavioral

A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as the support found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence supporting which of the following theoretical perspectives?

behavioral and sociocultural

A recently divorced individual who swears off dating for fear of experiencing another failed relationship has an increased risk of developing a depressive disorder, providing direct support for which theoretical explanations of depression?

behavioral and sociocultural

The type of clinician who would MOST likely say, "What are some things you enjoy doing, and how often do you do them?" would be a:

behavioral clinician.

Francoise is depressed. Her therapist asks her about her daily experiences, focusing on how often people say nice things to her. Her therapist MOST likely has a:

behavioral orientation.

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT;

behavioral symptoms.

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?

biological

Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as:

bipolar II rapid cycling

The mechanism of action of imipramine is to:

block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

Apparently, tricyclics work by:

blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n):

brain seizure.

Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which of the following causes of biopolar disorder?

brain structure

A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation?

cognitive

Which theoretical orientation would the following research finding support? "Depressed people show an internal/global/stable pattern of attribution on a questionnaire."

cognitive

Clients who test their assumptions about what is causing their depression are using which phase of Aaron Beck's treatment program?

changing primary attitudes

According to research, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for:

cognitive therapy

If your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using:

cognitive therapy.

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:

concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression.

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called:

cyclothymic disorder

Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as:

cyclothymic disorders

Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?

serotonin

In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in:

divorced people

Compared to earlier antidepressant drugs, "second-generation" antidepressant drugs:

do not work either faster or more effectively.

Of the following, the MOST accurate description of the symptoms of mania would be that they:

don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages:

down the length of a neuron.

The BEST treatment recommendation you can give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is:

drug therapy, accompanied by psychotherapy.

Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, feels terrible, and feels like it will never get any better. When asked, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:

endogenous depression.

The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is:

excessively optimistic, with poor judgment

Which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression?

experiences of sadness and anger

Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good in language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of:

external,specific, and unstable attribution.

If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concern about one's weight, that finding would provide strong evidence:

for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

Which of the following is the BEST example of interpersonal role transition?

going away to college for the first time

A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is MOST likely to:

have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

A 12-year-old middle-school European-American female from a middle-class socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Which of her characteristics is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis?

her age

Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT:

hormonal functioning.

Bipolar disorders have recently been linked to:

improper sodium transport

Which of the following is an example of effective adjunctive for bipolar disorder?

individual or group therapy

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to:

internal, global, stable factors.

If your therapist encouraged you to explore your roles in life—how they might be changing or how your expectations might be different from someone else's—your therapist would MOST likely be using:

interpersonal psychotherapy

A woman who is in conflict with her husband over whether she should have a career or stay at home full time to care for their children is experiencing:

interpersonal role dispute

"I think I need some therapy for depression," a friend says, "but I don't like drugs. Should I go with a cognitive-behavioral approach, or interpersonal psychotherapy [IPT]?" Based on current research, your BEST answer is:

interpersonal role transition

A friend of yours who has recently married reports what may be symptoms of unipolar depression. A therapist using interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) would MOST likely say this is because of your friend's:

interpersonal role transition

Which of the following is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating unipolar depression?

it neraly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of the cases

A woman in a middle-level manager's job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she develops depression as a result of her work experiences, the theory that BEST explains the onset of her depression is:

lack of control theory

Which of the following would be MOSTLY a motivational symptom of depression?

lack of desire to eat

A woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there, she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior?

learned helplessness

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is:

learned helplessness

Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and discrimination than men do. This is consistent with the:

life stress theory

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of:

loss of positive social rewards

A person who is recovering from depression continues to take tricyclic medication for several months after most symptoms are gone. This is called:

maintenance therapy, and is often necessary to keep sx from reappearing

The "increasing activities and elevating mood" phase of Aaron Beck's treatment for depression:

makes the therapy cognitive behavioral rather than purely cognitive

Your aunt says, "I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly. However, I never actually do anything about it." Your aunt is:

making a ruminative response

A politician decides to use tears to try to manipulate public opinion, by crying at a news conference. Research shows that the politician's use of tears will be MOST effective if the politician is a

man, and he cries a little

An individual with unipolar depression is reporting a great deal of conflict in a marital relationship and is considering behavioral marital therapy. Is this a good idea?

marital therapy works about as well as any other form of theraphy

Seasonal affective disorder is associated with fewer hours per day of daylight during the winter months. Less daylight or, more accurately, more darkness, may cause the release of:

melatonin.

White Americans receiving Medicaid are:

more likely than African Americans to be prescribed antidepressant medication by may be less likely to respond to the medication

If a study shows that an antidepressant medication is effective, that study is:

more likely to be published than a study showing an antidepressant medication is not effective.

The experience of a lack of desire to engage in sexual activity with one's spouse would be MOSTLY considered a(n) ______ symptom of depression.

motivational

A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. Additionally, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and has given away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily:

motivational and emotional.

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) has changed over the years. Patients given this treatment now may receive:

muscle relaxants

If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on which of the following?

neurotransmitters in the brain

As a result of taking antidepressant drugs, a person is experiencing increased production of new neurons in the hippocampus. This is:

normal, and is one indication of successful treatment.

One problem with analogue studies of depression is that:

one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression.

Having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are ______ symptoms of depression.

physical

Behaviorists would be MOST likely to say that depressed people must improve their social skills because:

positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth, and have lasted over six months. The woman is experiencing:

postpartum depression.

A behavioral therapist is MOST likely to use which of the following in treating a patient with unipolar depression?

praise for engaging in positive activities

In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective?

psychodynamic

Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?

psychodynamic

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced," is a:

psychodynamic clinician

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about how your parents cared for and protected you," is a:

psychodynamic clinician.

If a therapist asked you to say whatever came to mind and then suggested interpretations designed to help you work through grief over real or imagined losses, your therapist would be using:

psychodynamic therapy

A friend of yours who has been diagnosed with depression asks you, "I'm concerned about my child; is there anything I should especially be aware of?" Of the following, your BEST answer would be, "Yes, most people with depression don't:

read to their child

According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from:

regression to the oral stage

Behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include:

reinforcing nondepressed behavior

If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood, without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response?

ruminative

A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight, and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking what kind of antidepressant medication?

second-generation antidepressants

A talented artist is experiencing severe bipolar disorder. In terms of artistic output only, the BEST thing that artist could do is:

seek treatment: psychological disturbance is not necessary for good artistic output.

Which of the following would be a physical symptom of depression?

sleeping poorly

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) was developed within which theoretical perspective?

sociocultural

One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation?

sociocultural

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do other people around the world?

sociocultural

The clinician who would MOST likely say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage," is a:

sociocultural clinician.

According to Martin Seligman's theory, who of the following would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness?

someone who had experienced uncontrollabel negatie events and then a controllabel negative event

Despite trying several kinds of antidepressants, a person with depression reports no relief of symptoms. This person's experience is:

somewhat uncommon; around 60% of those with depression do show symptom relief with drugs alone

Which of the following would be a behavioral symptom of depression?

staying in bed for hours during the day

If a study showed that monozygotic twins had about a 45 percent chance of having unipolar depression when their twin had unipolar depression, this would provide:

strong support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is MOST likely:

the baby blues, something experienced by over half of new mothers

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is:

the severity of the manic episodes.

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement?

therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapist

Researchers were searching for drugs to treat schizophrenia when they came across imipramine, which alleviated the symptoms of depression, although it was not effective against schizophrenia. It became the first of a class of drugs, all sharing a similar molecular structure, called:

tricyclics.

To be classified as having a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least:

two weeks.

A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is:

unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.

Among the biological treatments for depression, the one that uses an implanted pulse generator is:

vagus nerve stimulation

People experiencing mania:

want excitement and companionship.

The impact of publication bias regarding drug treatments for depression MOST likely means that:

we overestimate the potential effectiveness of medications for depression

People who take MAO inhibitors and want to decrease the risk of negative side effects should make the greatest changes in which aspect of their life?

what they eat