ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

Psychological disorder

A pattern of abnormal behavior associated with states of significant emotional distress, such as anxiety or depression, or with impaired behavior or ability to function, such as difficulty holding a job or distinguishing reality from fantasy.

Ancient China

Abnormal behavior caused by the imbalance of positive (Yang) and negative (Yin) forces in the body Emotions controlled by internal organs

When are emotional states considered abnormal?

Anxiety and depression may be considered abnormal when they are not appropriate to the situation period it is normal to feel down when you feel a test but not when your grades are good or excellent.

Proponents of and types of humanistic therapies

Based on the idea that humans are good. self-actualization. carl rogers. warm genuine therapies

Cultural Bases of Abnormal Behavior

Behavior that is normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal in another. The standards we use in making judgments of abnormal behavior must take into account cultural norms. No universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal. Instead behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms

Historical Perspectives on abnormality

Biological theories - abnormal behavior is similar to physical disease and is caused by the breakdown of systems in the body Supernatural theories - abnormal behavior results from divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, or personal sin Psychological theories - abnormal behavior results from trauma or chronic stress

Asylums

By the late 15th and early 16th century asylums, or madhouses,begin to appear throughout Europe. Many were former leprosariums, which were no longer needed because of the decline in leprosy after the late Middle Ages Silence often gave refuge to beggars as well as the mentally disturbed but conditions were appalling

Managed care

Companies coordinate care provided to patients for mental health services - ranges from simple monitoring to total control over what care can be provided and paid for Attempts to solve problems and mental health services created by deinstitutionalization

Witchcraft

Demons were believed to play a role in both of normal behavior and witchcraft. However some victims of daemonic possession were perceived to be affiliated as retribution for their own doings, others were considered to be innocent victims Modern scholars once believed these so-called witches were actually people with psychological disorders who were persecuted because of their abnormal behavior Church officials believe which is made packs with the Devil (Test - float test)

Familiar with the DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Published by American Psychiatric Association First in 1952 Revisions in 1980, 1987, 1994, 2000 DSM-5 released in May 2013 New disorders added Others removed Others revised into a continuum mode Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) Standard for diagnosing mental disorders across disciplines 20 major classifications (e.g., mood, anxiety disorders, eating) More than 200 specific disorders (e.g., depression, OCD, ADHD)

Trephination

Drilling the skull to provide an outlet for those irascible spirits

The psychological perspective

Freud concluded that whatever psychological factors give rise to hysteria, they must lie outside the range of conscious awareness. This insight underlies the first psychological perspective on abnormal behavior

Timing

Historical trends do not follow straight lines. Although the team logical model held sway during the middle ages in much of the renaissance, it did not completely supplant believe in naturalistic causes. In medieval England for example, demonic possession was only really involved in cases in which a person was held to be insane by legal authorities

medical model

Perspective which abuse abnormal behaviors as symptoms of an underlying illness or brain disorder

Hippocrates beliefs

Illness of the body and mind were the result of natural causes, not possession by supernatural spirits. He believed the health of the body and the mind depended on the balance of humor's - bodily fluids such as phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile And inbalance of humor's accounted for the abnormal behavior. Ex: a lethargic or sluggish person was believed to have an excess amount of phlegm. Too much black bile caused depression. Too much blood made for an overly cheerful person. Too much yellow bile made someone quick tempered (Ancient Egypt Greece and Rome)

A step backwards

In the latter half of the 19th century the believe that abnormal behaviors could be successfully treated or cured by moral therapy fell into disfavor. A period of apathy ensued in which patterns of abnormal behavior were deemed in curable and mental institutions in the United States grew in size but provided little more than custodial care

Definition of projective test

Ink blot thematic aperception test

Ways to assess for memory problems

MMPI

How to assess for non-credible reporting of mental health symptoms

Malingering - Ask specific questions patients will want to answer yes to

Mental hospitals today

Most state hospital today are better manage and provide more humane care than those of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Today's state hospital is generally more treatment oriented and focus on preparing residents to return to community living

Abnormality along a continuum

No clear line between normal and abnormal Requires subjective decisions about when a person has a disorder or not Extreme levels of normal feelings can be considered abnormal. Anxiety for example can be normal if expressed in certain ways in certain situations

Psychological disorder and mental disorder

Often used interchangeably, we prefer using the term psychological disorder, primarily because it puts the study of abnormal behavior squarely within the purview of the field of psychology

The reform movement and moral therapy

Pussin and Pinel argued that people who Behave abnormally suffer from diseases and should be treated humanely. Moral therapy was based on the believe that providing humane treatment in a relaxed and decent environment could restore functioning

Uses of behavioral observation and self-monitoring

Self-monitoring The process of observing or recording one's own behaviors, thoughts, or emotions.

Understand how neurotransmitters can affect mental health problems

Serotonin - emotional well being dopamine - experience of reward substances pleasurable activities norepinephrine - produced by neurons in the brain stem associated w/ adrenaline GABA calming effects, the soothing transmitter

Criteria professionals use to determine whether behaviour is abnormal

Social deviance - non-compliance to social norms. does not mean immoral or illegal Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality - seeing things and hearing voices that are not present are considered hallucinations, which in our culture are generally taken as a sign of an underlying mental disorder Significant personal distress - States of personal distress caused by troublesome emotions such as anxiety, fear, or depression, may be abnormal (cause emotional or physical pain or distress others) Maladaptive or self defeating behaviour - behaviour that leads to unhappiness rather than self-fulfilment. Behaviour that limits ones ability to function in expected roles or adept in one's environment may also be considered abnormal (the four D's come together to form this) Dangerousness - Behavior that is dangerous to oneself or other people may be considered abnormal. Dysfunction - interferes with a persons ability to function in daily life

abnormal psychology

The branch of psychology that studies abnormal behavior and ways of helping people who are affected by psychological disorders

The socio-cultural perspective

The cause of abnormal behavior may be found in the failures of society rather than in the person.

Be able to identify an example of a clinical interview, structured interview, mental status exam, and personality inventory

The clinical interview is the most widely used means of assessment. The interview is usually the clinician's first face-to-face contact with a client.

Demonological model

The view that abnormal behavior reflects invasion by evil spirits or demons Prominent until the Age of Enlightenment

How genes relate to metal health

There are three cases of abnormality - Brain dysfunction biochemical imbalances Genetic abnormality

Exorcism

Try and talk spirits out of the body

Understand basic concept of validity, reliability, and standardization

Valid - measures what it says it going to measure Reliability - produces consistent results standardization - a tool is administered the same way every time

bio-psycho-social model

contemporary perspective that assumes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

Forms of psycho-surgery

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) prefrontal lobotomy. This procedure involved surgically severing nerve pathways linking the thalamus to the prefrontal lobes of the brain. deep brain stimulation (DBS), a surgical procedure in which electrodes are implanted in the brain and used to electrically stimulate deeper brain structures

Components of family therapy

family or couples seen as a unit. no body is the problem

The focus of cognitive theories as well as therapy that combines cognitive and behavioral approaches

how to deal with things themselves

Core principles of behavioral approach

identifying reinforcements and punishments contributing to manipulative behaviors

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings Big cause of psychiatric homelessness

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior Prefrontal lobotomy - front loves severed from lower centers of brain in people with psychosis Seen as cruel and ineffective. There are severe and permanent side effects (Rosemary Kennedy)

Understand diathesis stress model

was originally developed as a framework for understanding schizophrenia (see Chapter 11). The model holds that certain psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia, arise from a combination or interaction of a diathesis (a vulnerability or predisposition to develop the disorder, usually genetic in nature) with stressful life experiences (see Figure 2.9). The diathesis-stress model has also been applied to other psychological disorders, including depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder factor + trigger = disorder