abnormal psychology chapter 10

assessment of personality disorders

Questionnaires Unstructured clinical interviews Structures clinical interview Informant ratings

% of population with a personality disorder

15%

Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders

2.3% of the general population The most common anxious/fearful personality disorders are avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, but all disorders of this group involve substantial distress and/or impairment.

Odd/Eccentric

9-15.7% of the population Schizoid Schizotypal Paranoid

Avoidant personality disorder

Afraid of being criticized Avoid interacting with others Become socially isolated Feel inadequate Have low self-esteem Anxious/fearful personality disorders include avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

Anxious Inhibited

Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-Compulsive

causes of odd/eccentric disorders

Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions--Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of schizophrenia); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., cognitive and perceptual deficits; dopaminergic dysfunction Early family problems--Adverse family environment (e.g., parental Abuse, emotional withdrawal) Stressful life events-- Family conflict, abuse, trauma Cognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities--Cognitive schemas (e.g., distrust, autonomy); Personality traits (e.g., restricted expression, suspiciousness)

causes of dramatic personality disorders

Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions: Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of mood or impulsive disorders); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., impulsive aggression; affective instability; serotonergic or noradrenergic dysfunction) Early family problems: Adverse family environment (e.g., child abuse, poor parental bonding, inconsistent parenting) Stressful life events: Family conflict, abuse, trauma Cognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities: Cognitive schemas (e.g., immediate gratification, dramatic); Personality traits (e.g., emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, callousness

environmental risk factors for dramatic personality disorders

Childhood maltreatment Poor parental bonding Cognitive beliefs

risk factors for dramatic personality disorders

Dramatic personality disorders have significant genetic predispositions, especially with respect to impulsive/ aggressive behavior and effective instability.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Extremely positive and arrogant self-image Attention is self-focused Exaggerated sense of self-importance Grandiose Think they are "God's gift to humanity"

Dependent personality disorder

Fear being rejected Strong need to be cared for Form clingy and dependent relationships with others Feel safe only in relationships but tend to drive others away, because they are too demanding Dependent personality disorder involves a pervasive, excessive need to be cared for, leading to submissiveness, clinging behavior, and fears of separation

biological risk factors for odd/eccentric disorders

Genetic influences may be particularly strong for schizotypal personality disorder because of its place on the schizophrenia spectrum. A psychobiological theory of personality disorder suggests that genetics set the stage for cognitive and perceptual problems that underlie odd or eccentric and other personality disorders. Personality traits related to genetics: Emotional expression Suspiciousness Cognitive distortion

Dramatic/Erratic

Histrionic Borderline Narcissistic Antisocial

Antisocial personality disorder

Impulsive Deceptive Violent Ruthless behavior Engage in criminal behavior Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood 3.6% of the population suffers; males outnumber females 3:1 Individuals typically have a history of conduct disorder and many commit crimes.

Schizotypal personality disorder

Isolated and asocial Has very odd thoughts and beliefs Might think that stories in the newspaper or on the news are written directly about them

Borderline personality disorder

Out-of-control emotions Afraid of being abandoned by others Vacillate between idealizing and despising those who are close to them Likely to hurt themselves or suffer from eating disorders or substance abuse

long-term effects

Personality disorders may remit over time but many people experience a chronic course marked by premature death or suicide

Histrionic personality disorder

Want to be the center of attention Dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behavior Emotional Intense Self-centered Shallow in emotions and relationships

Anxious/fearful personality disorders causes

by genetic factors that underlie anxiety and inhibition as well as difficulties in interpersonal contexts such as relationships. Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions: Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of anxiety disorders); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., anxiety or inhibition; noradrenergic or GABA dysfunction Early family problems: Adverse family environment (e.g., insecure attachment to parents; rejection by parents Stressful life events: Family conflict, abuse, trauma Cognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities: Cognitive schemas (e.g., low self-esteem, ten to catastrophize); Personality traits (e.g., anxiousness, inhibition, submissiveness)

personality disorders

deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

Dramatic, erratic, or emotional personality disorders

include antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders 5.5% of the general population most common dramatic personality disorders are antisocial and borderline personality disorders, but all disorders of this group involve substantial distress and/or impairment.

Psychological treatments for personality disorders

include short-term psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral interventions, and dialectical behavior therapy

Biological treatments for personality disorders

involve medications to ease anxiety and depression, stabilize mood, and reduce comorbid psychotic symptoms.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

involves a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, including excessive dedication to work. Very rigid in habits Extremely perfectionistic More general than obsessive-compulsive disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

involves general distrust and suspiciousness of others. Extremely suspicious and mistrustful of other people in ways that are both unwarranted and not adaptive Test loyalty of their friends and lovers Hold grudges for a long time

Schizoid personality disorder

involves social isolation and restricted emotional experience and expression. Wants a solitary life Does not want close relationships Emotionally aloof Reclusive Humorless

Common feature of a personality disorder

is failure to take others' perspectives

Prevention of personality disorders

might focus on reducing major risk factors such as child maltreatment, poor interpersonal skills, and emotional dysregulation.

3 clusters of personality disorders

odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/inhibited