abnormal psychology chapter 10
assessment of personality disorders
Questionnaires Unstructured clinical interviews Structures clinical interview Informant ratings
% of population with a personality disorder
15%
Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders
2.3% of the general population The most common anxious/fearful personality disorders are avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, but all disorders of this group involve substantial distress and/or impairment.
Odd/Eccentric
9-15.7% of the population Schizoid Schizotypal Paranoid
Avoidant personality disorder
Afraid of being criticized Avoid interacting with others Become socially isolated Feel inadequate Have low self-esteem Anxious/fearful personality disorders include avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Anxious Inhibited
Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-Compulsive
causes of odd/eccentric disorders
Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions--Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of schizophrenia); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., cognitive and perceptual deficits; dopaminergic dysfunction Early family problems--Adverse family environment (e.g., parental Abuse, emotional withdrawal) Stressful life events-- Family conflict, abuse, trauma Cognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities--Cognitive schemas (e.g., distrust, autonomy); Personality traits (e.g., restricted expression, suspiciousness)
causes of dramatic personality disorders
Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions: Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of mood or impulsive disorders); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., impulsive aggression; affective instability; serotonergic or noradrenergic dysfunction) Early family problems: Adverse family environment (e.g., child abuse, poor parental bonding, inconsistent parenting) Stressful life events: Family conflict, abuse, trauma Cognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities: Cognitive schemas (e.g., immediate gratification, dramatic); Personality traits (e.g., emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, callousness
environmental risk factors for dramatic personality disorders
Childhood maltreatment Poor parental bonding Cognitive beliefs
risk factors for dramatic personality disorders
Dramatic personality disorders have significant genetic predispositions, especially with respect to impulsive/ aggressive behavior and effective instability.
Narcissistic personality disorder
Extremely positive and arrogant self-image Attention is self-focused Exaggerated sense of self-importance Grandiose Think they are "God's gift to humanity"
Dependent personality disorder
Fear being rejected Strong need to be cared for Form clingy and dependent relationships with others Feel safe only in relationships but tend to drive others away, because they are too demanding Dependent personality disorder involves a pervasive, excessive need to be cared for, leading to submissiveness, clinging behavior, and fears of separation
biological risk factors for odd/eccentric disorders
Genetic influences may be particularly strong for schizotypal personality disorder because of its place on the schizophrenia spectrum. A psychobiological theory of personality disorder suggests that genetics set the stage for cognitive and perceptual problems that underlie odd or eccentric and other personality disorders. Personality traits related to genetics: Emotional expression Suspiciousness Cognitive distortion
Dramatic/Erratic
Histrionic Borderline Narcissistic Antisocial
Antisocial personality disorder
Impulsive Deceptive Violent Ruthless behavior Engage in criminal behavior Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood 3.6% of the population suffers; males outnumber females 3:1 Individuals typically have a history of conduct disorder and many commit crimes.
Schizotypal personality disorder
Isolated and asocial Has very odd thoughts and beliefs Might think that stories in the newspaper or on the news are written directly about them
Borderline personality disorder
Out-of-control emotions Afraid of being abandoned by others Vacillate between idealizing and despising those who are close to them Likely to hurt themselves or suffer from eating disorders or substance abuse
long-term effects
Personality disorders may remit over time but many people experience a chronic course marked by premature death or suicide
Histrionic personality disorder
Want to be the center of attention Dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behavior Emotional Intense Self-centered Shallow in emotions and relationships
Anxious/fearful personality disorders causes
by genetic factors that underlie anxiety and inhibition as well as difficulties in interpersonal contexts such as relationships. Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions: Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of anxiety disorders); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., anxiety or inhibition; noradrenergic or GABA dysfunction Early family problems: Adverse family environment (e.g., insecure attachment to parents; rejection by parents Stressful life events: Family conflict, abuse, trauma Cognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities: Cognitive schemas (e.g., low self-esteem, ten to catastrophize); Personality traits (e.g., anxiousness, inhibition, submissiveness)
personality disorders
deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
Dramatic, erratic, or emotional personality disorders
include antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders 5.5% of the general population most common dramatic personality disorders are antisocial and borderline personality disorders, but all disorders of this group involve substantial distress and/or impairment.
Psychological treatments for personality disorders
include short-term psychodynamic therapy, cognitive behavioral interventions, and dialectical behavior therapy
Biological treatments for personality disorders
involve medications to ease anxiety and depression, stabilize mood, and reduce comorbid psychotic symptoms.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
involves a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, including excessive dedication to work. Very rigid in habits Extremely perfectionistic More general than obsessive-compulsive disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
involves general distrust and suspiciousness of others. Extremely suspicious and mistrustful of other people in ways that are both unwarranted and not adaptive Test loyalty of their friends and lovers Hold grudges for a long time
Schizoid personality disorder
involves social isolation and restricted emotional experience and expression. Wants a solitary life Does not want close relationships Emotionally aloof Reclusive Humorless
Common feature of a personality disorder
is failure to take others' perspectives
Prevention of personality disorders
might focus on reducing major risk factors such as child maltreatment, poor interpersonal skills, and emotional dysregulation.
3 clusters of personality disorders
odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/inhibited