Abnormal Psychology Exam 3 Quiz Questions

A person with dissociative identity disorder (DID) may have years of memory gaps.

True

After consuming caffeine, a person may experience increased alertness and focus for up to 4 hours.

True

At one time, heroin was marketed as a cold and pain remedy.

True

Because gambling is an intermittently reinforced pattern, it makes it very difficult to overcome and discontinue.

True

Binge-drinking is more common among college-age individuals than any other population.

True

Cocaine can be binged in the same way that alcohol is binged due to shorter time of effect.

True

Cognitive behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to aid individuals in interpreting the psychotic symptoms they experience.

True

Cognitive behavioral therapy to treat bulimia nervosa is most effective when the individual keeps a food diary and self-monitors their feelings and thoughts concerning eating and binge-purge episodes.

True

Crow theorized that the development of language processes in the brain is related to the development of schizophrenia.

True

Dissociative amnesia sometimes resolves on its own.

True

In a binge eating episode, a person can consume an excessive amount of calories, with some people consuming 10,000 calories in a single episode.

True

Individuals with schizophrenia can exhibit motor control behaviors that include repetitive movements and even catatonia.

True

Neuropil has been found to be reduced in individuals with schizophrenia, causing the neurons to be more densely packed together.

True

On average, individuals with schizophrenia are at a greater risk for a shortened life span.

True

Opioids can cause feelings of euphoria.

True

Physicians are the person more likely to diagnose a somatic symptom disorder.

True

Picky eating in children tends to decrease with age.

True

Scientific creativity, specifically, has been thought to have an association with schizophrenia and/or schizotypal traits.

True

Someone with factitious disorder might injure themselves in order to receive medical attention.

True

Stress can be a trigger of schizophrenic symptoms.

True

Stress causes more activation in the hippocampus. This causes greater dopamine activity, which increases schizophrenic symptoms.

True

The abundance of sugars plays a critical role in obesity and some eating disorders.

True

The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder is believed to be underreported because medical physicians tend to see these patients and are less likely to make this diagnosis.

True

The route of drug administration can affect the intensity of the "high" experienced.

True

The three major aspects of bulimia nervosa are binge eating, purging, and feelings of self-worth that are tied to body weight or shape.

True

Using available neuroscience techniques, scientists have been able to determine that many mental disorders share a common underlying process.

True

When psychotherapy is used to treat DID, the relationship between the client and the therapist is of critical importance.

True

Withdrawal symptoms such as headaches and fatigue often occur when caffeine is reduced or stopped altogether.

True

How do typical and atypical antipsychotic medications differ with regard to effect, treatment, and mechanisms of action?

Typical antipsychotic medications have been successful at treating positive symptoms with no effect on negative symptoms. It has been shown that atypical antipsychotics have modest results with negative symptoms. Also the side effects are minimalized with the use of atypical antipsychotics. With the mechanism of action, the typical antipsychotics work to block the dopamine D2 receptors, while the atypical antipsychotic will block the D2 receptors but also work on the serotonin 2A receptors.

A researcher is examining the prevalence of dissociative amnesia in the United States. What result is expected? a. About twice as many women as men will have this disorder. b. The greatest percentage of cases will be in teenagers. c. Approximately 10% of the population will have this disorder. d. This disorder will be roughly three times more common in Blacks than in whites.

a. About twice as many women as men will have this disorder.

Which condition is characterized by a refusal to eat foods based on their sensory characteristics and consequent weight loss or nutritional deficiency? a. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. b. Rumination. c. Pica. d. Halitosis.

a. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder.

Sophia's physician suspects that she has Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder). The physician calls for a consult with a psychologist. What approach should the psychologist take? a. Be sympathetic and help the person see they are not in control. b. Firmly confront Sophia with the fact that she is faking. c. Prescribe antidepressant medications. d. Employ exposure therapy.

a. Be sympathetic and help the person see they are not in control.

An individual eats large volumes of food in a single meal and then induces vomiting. The person is very underweight as a result of this behavior. This describes which condition? a. Binge eating/purging type anorexia nervosa. b. Rumination disorder. c. Bulimia nervosa. d. Restricting-type anorexia nervosa.

a. Binge eating/purging type anorexia nervosa.

Dr. Royce is studying a young patient for any neurodevelopmental signs of schizophrenia. She has scheduled a comprehensive evaluation of the patient's parents, including brain imaging, after they expressed concern over their own medical histories related to neurological disorders. Why would Dr. Royce choose this approach? a. Dr. Royce knows that individuals with schizophrenia have some biochemical and/or structural irregularities that may have been inherited. b. The influences of a parent with schizophrenia offer the primary means of early diagnosis in individuals experiencing schizophrenic symptoms. c. Neurotransmitter deficiencies of one or both parents generally help to predict the same type of deficiencies in those showing schizophrenic symptoms. d. Environmental factors are the strongest predictors of schizophrenia, so she wants to look for influences of the patient's home environment.

a. Dr. Royce knows that individuals with schizophrenia have some biochemical and/or structural irregularities that may have been inherited.

Which factor is believed to contribute to obesity today? a. Food abundance. b. Perceived value of exercise. c. Mixed dieting regimens. d. Organic eating.

a. Food abundance.

Which is a key characteristic of restricting-type anorexia nervosa? a. Food refusal. b. Underestimation of body weight. c. Eating of nonfood substances. d. Self-induced vomiting.

a. Food refusal.

Based on what is known about dissociative amnesia, what is most likely true about the man in the video? a. He experienced a significant trauma before the amnesia occurred. b. He has a history of significant drug and/or alcohol abuse. c. He was abused as a child, before the age of 5. d. He enjoys receiving attention from medical professionals and seeks it out.

a. He experienced a significant trauma before the amnesia occurred.

Which area of the brain is at the center of the homeostatic system that regulates appetite and body weight? a. Hypothalamus. b. Pineal gland. c. Cerebellum. d. Pons.

a. Hypothalamus.

Which statement best describes the main difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder? a. Individuals with somatic symptom disorder experience physical symptoms, whereas individuals with illness anxiety disorder experience few, if any, symptoms. b. Those with somatic symptom disorder have a medical disease, whereas those with illness anxiety disorder have a psychological disorder. c. Those with somatic symptom disorder intentionally make themselves sick, whereas those with illness anxiety disorder take any measure to avoid becoming sick. d. Individuals with somatic symptom disorder are primarily male, whereas illness anxiety disorder affects mainly females.

a. Individuals with somatic symptom disorder experience physical symptoms, whereas individuals with illness anxiety disorder experience few, if any, symptoms.

Ivan and Lisa are taking part in a study that asks them to identify the attractive weight of females. Which responses are expected based on current research findings? a. Ivan reports a higher weight range than Lisa. b. Lisa reports a higher weight range than Ivan. c. Both Ivan and Lisa report a weight range that aligns with their current weight. d. Both Ivan and Lisa report the same weight range.

a. Ivan reports a higher weight range than Lisa.

Which person is statistically at greater risk for drug use and potential addiction? a. Jeff, who feels anxious and stressed most of the time b. Meena, who has a high-paying job that requires a lot of travel c. Drew, who works in a job with little social interaction d. Greta, who is single and lives alone

a. Jeff, who feels anxious and stressed most of the time

Which statement accurately describes the trend in obesity rates worldwide? a. Obesity is on the rise. b. Obesity is declining in developed countries and increasing in developing countries. c. Obesity is increasing in women and decreasing in men. d. Obesity has been slowly but steadily declining.

a. Obesity is on the rise.

The individual in the video reported waking up on the ground and not knowing his name and not having any identification on him. What did he do next? a. Searched for a hospital. b. Sat on the street hoping someone would recognize him. c. Asked people on the street if they knew him. d. Went to city hall.

a. Searched for a hospital.

What inference can you make regarding the multilevel system in diagnosing schizophrenia? a. The levels allow for other possible explanations for psychotic symptoms to be ruled out. b. The multilevel system provides the phenotype of each individual's symptoms to be classified. c. In diagnosing schizophrenia, the level system provides directions for medications to be indicated. d. Schizophrenia requires neuroscience tests in order to diagnose through different levels.

a. The levels allow for other possible explanations for psychotic symptoms to be ruled out.

How do the rates of schizophrenia differ between industrialized societies and agrarian societies? a. The rates of schizophrenia are similar in both societies. b. There are no documented cases of schizophrenia in agrarian societies. c. There are no documented cases of schizophrenia in industrialized societies. d. Schizophrenia occurs in both groups, but the rates are higher in industrialized societies.

a. The rates of schizophrenia are similar in both societies.

Why are some prescription drugs classified as illicit drugs? a. They have a high potential for misuse. b. They are illegal. c. They can cause serious side effects. d. They are synthetically manufactured.

a. They have a high potential for misuse.

When someone is unable to determine whether a voice is coming from one's self or outside one's self, it indicates impairment in what area of the brain? a. Wernicke's area b. hippocampus c. cerebellum d. amygdala

a. Wernicke's area

Chan has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His symptoms include cognitive impairment, loss of affect, and inattention to social input. Which type of medication would be most helpful for Chan given these symptoms? a. atypical antipsychotics b. antianxiety medications c. antidepressants d. typical antipsychotics

a. atypical antipsychotics

Ryan is unable to really connect with other people. He withdraws socially and emotionally. Which of Bleuler's four A's does Ryan illustrate? a. autism b. ambivalence c. blunted affect d. loosening of associations

a. autism

Of the three major eating disorders, the only disorder(s) that affect(s) more than 1 in 100 males is ______. a. binge eating disorder b. anorexia nervosa c. bulimia nervosa d. rumination disorder

a. binge eating disorder

One problem with the use of chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia was that it ______. a. commonly caused tardive dyskinesia b. resulted in significant weight loss c. reduced negative symptoms only d. increased positive symptoms in 20% of patients

a. commonly caused tardive dyskinesia

Priyanka has had a substance abuse problem with alcohol in the past. Since realizing her problem, she received treatment that taught her how to use alcohol in moderation. Priyanka is receiving which type of treatment? a. controlled drinking b. abstinence c. 12-step program d. motivational interview

a. controlled drinking

A person is unable to limit the amount of a drug they are using. This describes one part of which concept? a. dependence b. withdrawal c. tolerance d. intoxication

a. dependence

Which subtype of schizophrenia is associated with odd speech patterns and unusual behaviors? a. disorganized b. residual c. paranoid d. undifferentiated

a. disorganized

A researcher is examining individuals with schizophrenia to see if there is a pattern of processes that lies between the gene and the manifestations of the gene in the external environment. What is the researcher examining? a. endophenotypes b. phenotypes c. genetic mutations d. copy number variations

a. endophenotypes

Someone who intentionally exaggerates or invents symptoms that are difficult for doctors to document is showing signs of ______. a. factitious disorder b. conversion disorder c. somatic symptom disorder d. illness anxiety disorder

a. factitious disorder

Rhea poisoned her son's food with household cleaners in order to cause physical reactions that required hospitalization. Rhea acted as a devoted caregiver but secretly relished all the attention surrounding her son's illness. Rhea is showing signs of ______. a. factitious disorder imposed on another b. conversion disorder c. somatic symptom disorder d. factitious disorder imposed on self

a. factitious disorder imposed on another

Zoe has been smoking marijuana for a while now. As the opponent-process theory described in the video acts on her brain, her brain produces much less dopamine and she grows gloomy and irritable without a fix. When her friends try to intervene and help her to stop using these drugs, she vehemently denies that she has a problem. Which part of the brain is the most likely to cause this kind of denial? a. frontal lobe b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. corpus callosum

a. frontal lobe

Which would be considered a somatic symptom caused by the use of hallucinogens? a. having tremors b. hallucinating c. seeing altered colors d. being able to hear better

a. having tremors

Salma is a long-time heavy smoker and has been experiencing recurring episodes of shortness of breath. Salma would be least likely to see a doctor if she has ______. a. illness anxiety disorder b. somatic symptom disorder c. factitious disorder d. factitious disorder imposed on another

a. illness anxiety disorder

Which effect is expected with cocaine use? a. increased heart rate b. increased appetite c. depersonalization d. sedation

a. increased heart rate

Which term refers to the effects experienced after taking a psychoactive substance? a. intoxication b. dependency c. withdrawal d. disordered use

a. intoxication

Compared with individuals without anorexia nervosa, brain volume among individuals with anorexia nervosa is _____. a. lower b. slightly higher c. the same d. much higher

a. lower

A person goes out with their friends and experiences a blackout. What did they experience? a. memory impairment b. vision loss c. hallucinations d. cardiomyopathy

a. memory impairment

Which hypothesis states that schizophrenia is a result of events occurring prenatally? a. neurodevelopmental hypothesis b. dopamine imbalance hypothesis c. copy number variations d. glutamate hypothesis

a. neurodevelopmental hypothesis

Paul is getting his annual physical exam, and his doctor reports that Paul's body mass index (BMI) is 20.5. Paul is ______. a. normal weight b. overweight c. obese d. underweight

a. normal weight

Which type of alcoholic beverage would result in feelings of intoxication most quickly? a. one with carbonation b. one with food substances c. one that is served ice cold d. one that is served at room temperature

a. one with carbonation

People with somatic system disorders rarely seek psychological treatment because they believe their symptoms are ______. a. physical b. incurable c. mystical d. unimportant

a. physical

Craig is obese. He tells a friend that he finds himself eating whenever he feels stressed. He thinks this is the primary reason he is overweight. Based on this, Craig's overeating is driven by ______ factors. a. psychological b. sociocultural c. environmental d. biological

a. psychological

Darsh has been hearing voices for about a year. The voices are telling him to hurt himself and others. Which phase in the course of schizophrenia is Darsh in? a. psychotic b. prodromal c. tangential d. premorbid

a. psychotic

When presented with negative emotional information, individuals with depersonalization disorder typically show ______. a. reduced responses b. responses usually seen when feeling attacked c. responses consistent with receiving positive news d. exaggerated responses

a. reduced responses

What is the first step in the treatment process for substance addiction? a. removal of the substance from the body b. cognitive behavioral therapy c. genetic counseling d. medication for withdrawal symptoms

a. removal of the substance from the body

Vivian is a 14-year-old adolescent who has become shockingly thin. She barely eats and exercises excessively to "undo" the calories she ate. Based on this information, Vivian most has ______. a. restricting type anorexia nervosa b. bulimia nervosa c. binge eating/purging type anorexia nervosa d. binge eating

a. restricting type anorexia nervosa

One reason why researchers might be interested in understanding gray matter changes at the first schizophrenic episode in adolescence is that it would allow them to ______. a. rule out changes that resulted from the disorder and medications used to treat it b. evaluate the importance of the restructuring of dopamine in the human body c. determine whether those changes result from schizophrenia or increases in cognitive abilities d. assess what role, if any, estrogen or testosterone plays in the development of schizophrenia

a. rule out changes that resulted from the disorder and medications used to treat it

Which classification of disorders has been demonstrated to have the highest comorbidity with pathological gambling? a. substance use b. schizophrenia c. depression d. anxiety

a. substance use

Which side effect was seen in individuals who took the drug Thorazine to treat schizophrenia? a. tardive dyskinesia b. catatonia c. increased hallucinations d. suicidal thoughts

a. tardive dyskinesia

Increased information flow seen in creative individuals has been linked to the functioning of dopamine receptors in the ______. a. thalamus b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. parietal lobe

a. thalamus

With avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, a person is most likely to refuse to eat a food because ______. a. they dislike the taste of the food b. the food is high in calories c. they are not hungry d. the food is high in fat

a. they dislike the taste of the food

A stream of speech that contains unrelated words is termed ______. a. word salad b. alogia c. avolition d. circumstantiality

a. word salad

How many gene(s) are thought to contribute to the development of schizophrenia? a. 1 b. 1,000 c. 50 d. 500

b. 1,000

Which comorbid condition is commonly seen in those with depersonalization disorder? a. Behavioral disorder. b. Anxiety disorder. c. Eating disorder. d. Intellectual disorder.

b. Anxiety disorder.

Davis is a client who comes to you seeking treatment for binge eating disorder. Which treatment should you recommend? a. Electroconvulsive therapy. b. Cognitive behavioral therapy. c. Exercise therapy. d. Antidepressant medication therapy.

b. Cognitive behavioral therapy.

What is the best-evaluated treatment for bulimia nervosa? a. Family therapy. b. Cognitive behavioral therapy. c. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy. d. Antidepressant medication.

b. Cognitive behavioral therapy.

The overall treatment goals for binge eating disorder are to end bingeing, reduce negative emotions and cognitions, and encourage the patient to lose weight. Which therapy, often combined with exercise, is considered most effective in meeting these goals? a. Electroconvulsive. b. Cognitive behavioral. c. Exposure. d. Psychoanalytic.

b. Cognitive behavioral.

After going through the trauma of a car accident in which her mother was killed, Jasmine was unable to walk despite the fact that she experienced no physical damage. Jasmine's paralysis is likely caused by which of the following? a. Illness anxiety disorder. b. Conversion disorder. c. Somatic symptom disorder. d. Malingering.

b. Conversion disorder.

When examining the brains of individuals with anorexia nervosa, which finding is expected? a. Overactive hypothalamus. b. Decreased brain volume. c. Decreased activity in the occipital lobe. d. Enlarged hippocampus.

b. Decreased brain volume.

Which is now possible beyond exercise and nutrition to affect obesity worldwide, according to the video? a. Surgical interventions. b. Genetic intervention. c. Rumination therapy. d. New plastic surgery options.

b. Genetic intervention.

What brain response is more likely in obese adolescents than in lean adolescents? a. Increased activation of reward circuits when eating. b. Increased activation of somatosensory areas when anticipating consumption of food. c. Decreased activation of the amygdala when anticipating consumption of food. d. Decreased activation of visual pathways when eating.

b. Increased activation of somatosensory areas when anticipating consumption of food.

What inference has been drawn from the finding that schizophrenia exists without a reproductive advantage? a. The reproductive advantage has no bearing on the development of schizophrenia, as it develops after the individual passes on the gene. b. It has been suggested that the genes associated with schizophrenia are associated with other positive attributes. c. Schizophrenia is not a genetic disorder but instead a chemical imbalance, meaning that reproduction does not alter its development. d. Schizophrenia is attached to genes that are necessary for connection to other people, which helps to pass it on reproductively.

b. It has been suggested that the genes associated with schizophrenia are associated with other positive attributes.

Infants who are born to mothers who experienced vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy are at greater risk for developing schizophrenia. What does this suggest about this disorder? a. It can be treated with diet modifications. b. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder. c. It is a trauma-related disorder. d. It is a substance-related disorder.

b. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder

Addiction causes changes in the frontal lobe of the brain. How does this impact functioning? a. It causes impairment of short-term memory. b. It leads people to deny that there is a problem. c. It causes increased aggression. d. It increases a person's physical tolerance for psychoactive drugs.

b. It leads people to deny that there is a problem.

Which characteristic is seen in dissociative identity disorder (DID)? a. Persistent worry about becoming ill. b. Lack of well-developed sense of self. c. Frequent visits to the emergency room. d. Visual hallucinations.

b. Lack of well-developed sense of self.

Which person is binge drinking? a. Cass, who drinks without eating any food b. Lana, who has a BAC of 0.09 after drinking for only 2 hours of drinking c. Isun, who drinks to the point of intoxication while at a concert d. Grant, who has four beers in one night

b. Lana, who has a BAC of 0.09 after drinking for only 2 hours of drinking

When you pair individuals with the right sort of treatment for their particular disorders and manifestations, you are demonstrating which principle of effective treatment? a. Treatment needs to be readily available. b. No single treatment is appropriate for everyone. c. Addiction is a complex but treatable disease. d. Remaining in treatment for a certain time is critical.

b. No single treatment is appropriate for everyone.

In the video the speaker mentions getting drunk. Assume she became drunk within 2 hours of starting drinking. What can be concluded from this? a. She had eaten a small meal before drinking. b. She was binge drinking. c. She was drinking noncarbonated alcoholic beverages. d. She is considered a light drinker.

b. She was binge drinking.

What happens when a person loses weight? a. A permanent change in DNA occurs. b. The existing fat cells decrease in size. c. A temporary electrolyte imbalance occurs. d. The number of fat cells in the body decreases.

b. The existing fat cells decrease in size.

What issue exists regarding the LGBTQ population and eating disorders? a. Lower rates exist, so the population is harder to study. b. There is very little data available on this population. c. These disorders tend to occur only in younger LGBTQ individuals. d. The cumulative life experience lowers their risk for these disorders.

b. There is very little data available on this population.

Rayshad has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Why would his doctors suggest that he allow them to use a sample of his skin cells for additional research? a. Diagnosing the subtype of schizophrenia is simplified by examining the disorder's presentation in skin cells. b. Using skin cells from people with neurological disorders allows researchers to grow brain parts that exhibit the same impairments. c. Skin cells are closely related to brain cells in their level of DNA content, making them an easy way to determine those with schizophrenia's genetic content. d. Schizophrenia modifies skin cells in a way that allows researchers to determine the overall level of genetic manipulation from the disorder.

b. Using skin cells from people with neurological disorders allows researchers to grow brain parts that exhibit the same impairments.

According to the speaker in the video, which of the following is warning sign for Munchausen syndrome? a. Previous war trauma. b. Very high intelligence. c. Dissociative fugue. d. Memory loss.

b. Very high intelligence.

Which negative symptom of schizophrenia refers to providing only one- or two-word answers to questions and a general lack in speaking? a. echolalia b. alogia c. avolition d. echopraxia

b. alogia

Soldiers in World War II were given ______ as pep pills. a. opioids b. amphetamines c. LSD d. cocaine

b. amphetamines

With long-term use of cocaine, new pathways develop in the ______, which reduces the information available to the prefrontal cortex. a. thalamus b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. motor cortex

b. amygdala

Amphetamines differ from all other types of stimulants in that they ______. a. produce no withdrawal symptoms b. are produced in a lab c. can be administered via multiple routes d. commonly cause hallucinations

b. are produced in a lab

According to the therapist in the video, the first session with clients with eating disorders involves ______. a. setting up a treatment plan that the client agrees to b. asking the client questions about themselves and what's bothering them c. seeing if the client would be willing to take medication for their disorder d. finding out the exact cause of the eating disorder

b. asking the client questions about themselves and what's bothering them

According to the video, what is the first difference between the brain of an individual with schizophrenia and the average individual? a. severed corpus callosum b. brain shrinkage c. oversized brain d. increased corpus callosum

b. brain shrinkage

Luna is a patient in a psychiatric hospital. For hours at a time each day, she sits in an odd position in the chair in her room and doesn't move. What type of schizophrenia does Luna most likely have? a. residual b. catatonic c. paranoid d. undifferentiated

b. catatonic

Factitious disorder imposed on another is a specific type of ______. a. psychosomatic disorder b. child abuse c. anxiety disorder d. dissociation

b. child abuse

Veronica is receiving individual treatment for amphetamine dependence. She is learning how to examine her thoughts related to drug use, as well as specific strategies for managing these thoughts. What type of treatment is Veronica receiving? a. a 12-step program b. cognitive behavioral therapy c. family therapy d. aversion therapy

b. cognitive behavioral therapy

Dr. Fleichtner is trying to assess whether her patient is suffering from schizophrenia. In order to do this, she wants to understand more about her patient's working memory abilities. Which test would Dr. Fleichtner most likely administer? a. adaptive behavior assessment b. cognitive stress test c. general intelligence test d. brain imaging test

b. cognitive stress test

Shu has been using alcohol and marijuana with his friends. This behavior is very common for him and his cohort. Which age group is Shu most likely in? a. high school b. college age c. middle adulthood d. middle school

b. college age

There is sometimes a slight differences in monozygotic twins' genes. This is referred to as ______. a. avolition b. copy number variation c. synaptic pruning d. circumstantiality

b. copy number variation

Ahmaud is hanging out with his friends at a local bar. He keeps drinking even though he knows that he is intoxicated. He just wants more and more alcohol. Ahmaud is experiencing ______. a. reversal learning b. craving c. withdrawal d. cortical depression

b. craving

Andre was assaulted by two men as he walked home late one evening. Following this traumatic event, Andre reported that it was as if he was watching the scene from a third-party perspective, sort of like a movie. Andre's experience is best described as ______. a. factitious disorder b. depersonalization c. derealization d. fugue

b. depersonalization

After experiencing a stressful event, Kayla tells her therapist that she feels like she is living in a dream and nothing is real. Kayla is experiencing ______. a. depersonalization b. derealization c. fugue d. a conversion disorder

b. derealization

In order to begin DBS or any treatment for a substance-abuse disorder, which must be the first step? a. medication b. detoxification c. jail time d. cognitive behavioral therapy

b. detoxification

Sura has not shown up for work in the past week. She is constantly seeking out Fentanyl. She seems to need more and more of it to feel good. Sura's experience reflects ______. a. withdrawal b. disordered use c. intoxication d. bingeing

b. disordered use

In the middle of a military engagement, Raymond leaves the fight and wanders into the hospital camp. Despite having no apparent injuries, he had no idea who he was or how he got there. Raymond is showing signs of ______. a. dissociative identity disorder b. dissociative amnesia c. depersonalization d. derealization

b. dissociative amnesia

Harini woke up in a hotel room wearing new pajamas and having no idea how she got there. She looked at her watch to get the date and realized that three days were missing from her memory. Harini is showing signs of ______. a. somatic symptom disorder b. dissociative fugue c. depersonalization/derealization disorder d. dissociative identity disorder

b. dissociative fugue

People with ______ do not have a well-developed sense of "I." a. depersonalization disorder b. dissociative identity disorder c. derealization disorder d. dissociative amnesia

b. dissociative identity disorder

Picky eating differs from avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in that it ______. a. occurs primarily in adolescents and young adults b. does not result in major weight loss or nutritional deficiencies c. results from a genetic intolerance for certain foods d. is an aversion reaction after becoming sick from a specific food

b. does not result in major weight loss or nutritional deficiencies

An adult with dissociative identity disorder (DID) is being treated in a clinical setting. Statistically, it is most likely that this person is ______. a. living in a rural area b. female c. male d. Black

b. female

A researcher who is studying schizophrenia uses brain imaging to determine how information is processed. This researcher is focused on ______. a. changes in neurotransmitters b. functional processes c. anatomical changes d. neural oscillations

b. functional processes

Conversion disorder was formerly known as ______. a. psychosomatic disorder b. hysteria c. malingering d. medical delusion disorder

b. hysteria

If someone has somatic symptom disorder, it can be concluded that the person ______. a. is experiencing memory issues b. is experiencing physical symptoms c. feels disconnected from reality d. feel disconnected from self

b. is experiencing physical symptoms

Joyce is a very gifted mathematician. She sometimes hears some odd things but does not lose understanding of what is real and what is not. The best description of Joyce is that she is ______. a. in the first psychotic phase of schizophrenia b. is experiencing schizotypal traits c. is experiencing waxy flexibility d. has autism

b. is experiencing schizotypal traits

According to the video, a common effect of drinking alcohol is ______. a. heightened sense of focus b. memory loss c. alerted perception of shapes and colors d. increased appetite

b. memory loss

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in which group is alcohol the leading risk factor for death? a. women ages 18 to 24 b. men ages 15 to 59 c. men and women ages 13 to 26 d. men and women ages 30 to 55

b. men ages 15-59

Which classification is used to describe a symptom as a deficiency in normal human processes? a. complex b. negative c. positive d. simple

b. negative

Researchers have identified abnormal eye movements of those with schizophrenia compared with those who do not have the disorder. This pattern is an example of a ______. a. sensory processing anomaly b. neuromotor abnormality c. physiologic abnormality d. minor physical anomaly

b. neuromotor abnormality

Omar is committed to recovering from an alcohol addiction. He is currently uninsured and cannot afford many recurring expenses associated with treatment. What evidence-based action should he take to get his addiction under control? a. researching the problems related to addiction b. participating in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) c. implementing a controlled drinking approach d. completing a short course of varenicline (Chantix) to reduce cravings

b. participating in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

Santos has constant headaches and fatigue. He has gone to multiple emergency rooms seeking care. Countless physicians have assured him that nothing is physically wrong with him. Frustrated, Santos spends many hours researching medical conditions and trying home remedies, only to return to the emergency room. Santos's behavior and feelings are most suggestive of ______. a. conversion disorder b. somatic symptom disorder c. factitious disorder d. illness anxiety disorder

b. somatic symptom disorder

In pathological gambling, the need to bet more and more money to get the same reaction is known as ______. a. craving b. substance tolerance c. substance withdrawal d. expectation

b. substance tolerance

According to the CDC, use of which drug is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States? a. cannabis b. tobacco c. amphetamines d. caffeine

b. tobacco

As explained in the video, with repeated drug use, the body changes the way it responds. The effects that were once enjoyable become less enjoyable. This process is called ______. a. withdrawal b. tolerance c. intoxication d. dependence

b. tolerance

According to the video, antipsychotic drugs are categorized as typical or atypical depending on ______. a. whether they came from a naturally occurring or artificially created substance b. whether they are likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) c. how well they have been proven to work d. the dosage generally required to produce effective treatment

b. whether they are likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)

To be diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder, symptoms must be present for at least ______ months. a. 12 b. 8 c. 6 d. 3

c. 6

How long must a person engage in bingeing and inappropriate compensatory behaviors for a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa to apply? a. At least twice a week for 4 months. b. At least once a week for 6 months. c. At least once a week for 3 months. d. At least twice a week for 8 months.

c. At least once a week for 3 months.

Ryker occasionally eats more than 6,000 calories in a single sitting. He eats until he is in pain and then feels extreme guilt and shame. However, he neither exercises to burn off the calories nor purges to rid himself of the food. Which feeding or eating disorder is suspected in Ryker? a. Pica. b. Bulimia nervosa. c. Binge eating disorder. d. Anorexia nervosa.

c. Binge eating disorder.

What does body mass index (BMI) measure? a. Number of fat cells. b. Muscle growth over time. c. Body fat. d. Daily caloric intake.

c. Body fat.

Trina meets the diagnostic criteria for a diagnosed feeding or eating disorder. She is preoccupied with food and wants to lose weight. She generally eats alone and often eats large quantities. She takes laxatives to quickly purge the calories consumed and something induces vomiting. However, she never seems to lose weight. What disorder does Trina most likely have. a. Binge eating disorder. b. Binge eating/purging type anorexia nervosa. c. Bulimia nervosa. d. Rumination.

c. Bulimia nervosa.

Which of the following seems to be best at alleviating symptoms of illness anxiety disorder? a. Family therapy. b. Humanistic therapy. c. Cognitive behavioral therapy. d. Antidepressants.

c. Cognitive behavioral therapy.

Which treatment approach has been shown to be most successful for reducing the physical symptoms, psychological distress, and disability experienced with somatic symptom disorder? a. Family therapy. b. Humanistic therapy. c. Cognitive behavioral therapy. d. Antidepressant medications.

c. Cognitive behavioral therapy.

Which disorder shares features with typical, normal reactions to stressful events? a. Conversion disorder. b. Dissociative amnesia. c. Depersonalization/derealization disorder. d. Dissociative identity disorder.

c. Depersonalization/derealization disorder.

Someone who retains procedural memory but not personal memories is showing signs of which disorder? a. Dissociative identity disorder. b. Derealization. c. Dissociative amnesia. d. Depersonalization.

c. Dissociative amnesia.

Which dissociative disorder is most likely to occur in a person's thirties or forties? a. Depersonalization. b. Derealization. c. Dissociative amnesia. d. Dissociative identity disorder.

c. Dissociative amnesia.

Which statement best describes the role of environmental factors in the development of schizophrenia? a. Environmental factors have been shown to play no role in the development of schizophrenia. b. Environmental factors contribute to schizophrenia only they occur in the first 3 years of life. c. Environmental factors can increase the chances of developing schizophrenia in those at risk. d. Environmental factors are the primary causes of schizophrenia.

c. Environmental factors can increase the chances of developing schizophrenia in those at risk.

The Maudsley approach to the treatment of anorexia nervosa is an example of what type of therapy? a. Biological. b. Cognitive behavioral. c. Family. d. Mindfulness.

c. Family.

Which is said to be 100 times more potent than morphine? a. psilocybin b. hashish c. Fentanyl d. Cannabis

c. Fentanyl

A researcher is examining the prevalence of disordered eating in adolescent girls. It is expected that the researcher will find a higher prevalence of disordered eating in ______ females than ______ females. a. Native American and white; Black, Hispanic, and Asian b. Asian and Hispanic; white, Black, and Native American c. Hispanic and Native American; white, Black, and d. white, black, and Asian; Hispanic and Native American

c. Hispanic and Native American; white, Black, and

How do age and gender relate to the onset of schizophrenia? a. Females in their early twenties exhibit schizophrenia before males of the same age. b. Typical onset of schizophrenia is in middle adulthood, with more females affected than males. c. Males typically exhibit schizophrenia about 5 years earlier than females, primarily in adolescence or early adulthood. d. Late adulthood is the most common age of onset of schizophrenia, with more males than females affected.

c. Males typically exhibit schizophrenia about 5 years earlier than females, primarily in adolescence or early adulthood.

Which of the following may be helpful for treating comorbid conditions, but not the dissociative disorder itself? a. Dynamic therapy. b. Existential therapy. c. Medication. d. Cognitive behavioral therapy.

c. Medication

Binge eating rates are highest in which group? a. Underweight individuals. b. Normal weight individuals. c. Overweight individuals. d. Males of any weight.

c. Overweight individuals.

What event is believed to have helped increase the recreational use of marijuana? a. the "war on drugs" b. the release of Coca-Cola c. Prohibition d. World War II

c. Prohibition

Jenna is a warehouse worker. Every morning before work, she has coffee with a splash of whiskey. At work, she has a "special" water bottle that is filled with vodka for times when she "needs to take the edge off." She is currently on probation at work for performance issues and reckless behavior. Jenna wants to cut back on her drinking but has been unsuccessful. What other factor would suggest that Jenna has alcohol use disorder? a. She spends more time with her friends than family. b. She often forgets people's names. c. She drives the forklift at work after drinking. d. She often drinks more on the weekends.

c. She drives the forklift at work after drinking.

Why is the treatment of eating disorders unique compared to treating other behavioral disorders? a. It uses therapy first, followed by hospitalization as needed, rather than hospitalization first. b. The cognitive behavioral therapy approach does not generally work as well. c. The cause of many eating disorders is debated and not truly known. d. It requires in-patient treatment far more often than any other behavioral disorders.

c. The cause of many eating disorders is debated and not truly known.

How do the brain changes that result from long-term cocaine use differ from changes caused by long-term use of other substances? a. The changes do not involve the prefrontal cortex. b. The changes primarily affect neurotransmitters. c. The changes can persist after drug use stops. d. The changes are less significant.

c. The changes can persist after drug use stops.

A psychiatrist is evaluating a client with a suspected dissociation disorder. Which symptom most strongly indicates the person may have dissociative identity disorder (DID)? a. The client claims to be unable to feel any sensation in their hand. b. The client says they feel a constant sense of doom that they have serious illness that the doctors haven't been able to identify. c. The client reports finding a movie ticket in their jeans pocket but doesn't recall going to see that movie. d. The client states that they can't remember their name, whether they are married, or where they live.

c. The client reports finding a movie ticket in their jeans pocket but doesn't recall going to see that movie.

Sometimes, those will illness anxiety disorder avoid seeking medical attention. Why is this the case? a. They believe their symptoms are "all in their head" and not caused by a medical condition. b. They enjoy being sick and getting attention from others. c. They are afraid their fears of having a serious illness will be confirmed. d. They are faking their symptoms and don't want to be found out.

c. They are afraid their fears of having a serious illness will be confirmed.

What is true of the symptoms experienced in conversion disorder? a. They cause intense anxiety in affected individuals. b. They most commonly stem from untreated anxiety. c. They are genuinely felt but do not follow known physiological patterns. d. They result from the person engaging in self-harm behaviors.

c. They are genuinely felt but do not follow known physiological patterns.

How do the eating habits of someone with pica differ from that of most individuals? a. They eat more food than is needed calorically. b. They prefer not to eat in front of others. c. They eat substances that have no nutritional value. d. They prefer foods that are spoiled or rotten.

c. They eat substances that have no nutritional value.

When is a person with bulimia nervosa most likely to engage in binge eating? a. After exercising. b. First thing in the morning. c. When alone. d. After fasting for days.

c. When alone.

The distinguishing characteristic of hallucinogens is that they ______. a. block pain signals b. stimulate the central nervous system c. alter perceptual experiences d. depress the central nervous system

c. alter perceptual experiences

Someone who experiences anhedonia has ______. a. the inability to speak b. difficulty with motor control c. an inability to feel pleasure d. poor motivation

c. an inability to feel pleasure

Nicotine is both a stimulant and a depressant. It acts like a depressant with regard to ______. a. memory b. mood c. appetite d. heart rate

c. appetite

The THC in cannabis particularly affects receptors in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and neocortex, and ______. a. angular gyrus b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. pons

c. cerebellum

Researchers studying neurological disorders are focusing on cells grown from brain areas like the ______ because it is closely associated with memory and language impairment in brains of those with schizophrenia and related neurological disorders. a. thalamus b. Wernicke's area c. cerebral cortex d. hippocampus

c. cerebral cortex

Freud labeled physical symptoms without physical causes a ______ reaction because he believed that it was psychic energy that became physical symptoms. a. denial b. regression c. conversion d. displacement

c. conversion

Eva was admitted to the hospital for unexplained numbness in both hands. Her treatment included education on how her symptoms were likely to improve. Which disorder does Eva likely have? a. factitious disorder b. illness anxiety disorder c. conversion disorder d. somatoform disorder

c. conversion disorder

A person with ______ disorder is most likely to have reduced physical responses to an unpleasant stimulus. a. somatic symptom b. panic c. depersonalization d. dissociative amnesia

c. depersonalization

Cocaine interferes with the reuptake of which neurotransmitter? a. glutamate b. norepinephrine c. dopamine d. acetylcholine

c. dopamine

Illness anxiety disorder differs from somatic symptom disorder in that someone with illness anxiety disorder ______. a. has a diagnosed medical condition b. enjoys receiving medical attention c. experiences few physical symptoms d. is intentionally deceitful about being ill

c. experiences few physical symptoms

In order to prevent relapse into hospitalization for those with schizophrenia, George Brown discovered that interventions with caregivers had an impact referred to as ______. a. early interventions b. copy variations c. expressed emotions d. cognitive behavioral therapy

c. expressed emotions

Medical marijuana differs from recreational marijuana in that it ______. a. does not contain any cannabidiol (CBD) b. has more THC than cannabidiol (CBD) c. has more cannabidiol (CBD) than THC d. consists of synthetic THC

c. has more cannabidiol (CBD) than THC

A silly and undisciplined mind was first described in the medical literature as ______. a. echopraxia b. anhedonia c. hebephrenia d. prodromal

c. hebephrenia

The Maudsley approach consists of three phases. The final phase emphasizes ______. a. increased control b. weight tracking c. identity development d. weight restoration

c. identity development

Which is the first stage in the drug addiction cycle according to the video? a. withdrawal b. expectancy c. intoxication d. anticipation

c. intoxication

Psychotic symptoms outside of the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be caused by ______. a. excess affectation b. genetic disorders c. lack of sleep d. social withdrawal

c. lack of sleep

A man who is classified as a heavy drinker consumes how many drinks per week? a. more than 7 b. at least 6 c. more than 14 d. 3 to 5

c. more than 14

Katherine has schizophrenia and has been taking antipsychotic medication for a while. She has seen her hallucinations decrease greatly. She has not experienced any physical side effects from her medication. Which type of medication is Katherine most likely taking? a. tricyclic antidepressant b. beta blocker c. neuroleptic d. first-generation antipsychotic

c. neuroleptic

Shu believes that the FBI has hidden cameras in his medication so that they can study his organs for medical research. This is an example of what type of delusion? a. control b. special c. persecution d. grandeur

c. persecution

When individuals with schizophrenia perform cognitive tasks, they do not ______ the brain's ______ network. a. engage; central executive b. suppress; central executive c. suppress; default d. engage; default

c. suppress; default

Oliver is talking to his doctor. He keeps changing the subject from one thing to another without any connection between the topics. Which term best describes Oliver's speech pattern? a. word salad b. echopraxia c. tangentiality d. waxy flexibility

c. tangentiality

Which of the following is likely to have the strongest influence on whether or not a person who uses a drug will become dependent? a. their socioeconomic status b. their culture c. their genetics d. their friends' use of drugs

c. their genetics

An individual uttering "playground too ground cloud act how yellow olive" is demonstrating a(n) ______. a. catatonia b. circumstantiality c. word salad d. echolalia

c. word salad

According to current research, people recovering from drug or alcohol addiction usually need to stay in treatment for at least ______ month(s). a. 6 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

d. 3

Factitious disorder imposed on another is most commonly diagnosed in which person? a. A family friend. b. A grandparent. c. A sibling. d. A caregiver.

d. A caregiver.

Angela does not like the way that her body looks. She has been eating less and less each day. She is usually on social media looking at influencers and celebrities. She compares herself to the models in the magazines and longs to be like them. Which influential component of an eating disorder is demonstrated here? a. Genetic. b. Familial. c. Traumatic. d. Cultural.

d. Cultural.

A person is being treated for memory loss, but the memory loss seems confined to autobiographical details. Which disorder does this person likely have? a. Derealization disorder. b. Dissociative identity disorder. c. Depersonalization disorder. d. Dissociative amnesia.

d. Dissociative amnesia.

What is the main idea of the dopamine imbalance hypothesis in schizophrenia? a. The hippocampus produces an too much dopamine while the midbrain cannot process it. b. Cognitive processes are increased by the imbalance of dopamine in the brain. c. The imbalance of dopamine occurs in the frontal lobe area of the brain. d. Dopamine is overactive in midbrain areas while underactive in higher cortical areas.

d. Dopamine is overactive in midbrain areas while underactive in higher cortical areas.

Who was the first person to combine previously different disorders into the category of dementia of early onset? a. Eugene Bleuler b. Sigmund Freud c. Ewald Hecker d. Emil Kraepelin

d. Emil Kraepelin

After smoking marijuana, Ethan sees a vision of a person in the room with him, but no one is there. Knowing this, which of the following is most likely? a. Ethan has never used marijuana before. b. Ethan is using medical marijuana. c. Ethan is an adolescent. d. Ethan consumed a large dose of marijuana.

d. Ethan consumed a large dose of marijuana.

Diego rubbed feces into his surgical incision in order to create an infection. He then returned to the hospital for more treatment. Diego is showing signs of which disorder? a. Illness anxiety disorder. b. Somatic symptom disorder. c. Conversion disorder. d. Factitious disorder.

d. Factitious disorder.

Which is a defining characteristic of illness anxiety disorder? a. Exaggeration of symptoms for sympathy. b. Anxiety related to being ill and not having a diagnosis. c. A focus on the physical symptoms experienced. d. Fear of having a serious illness.

d. Fear of having a serious illness.

How do first- and second-generation antipsychotics differ? a. First-generation antipsychotics produces negative symptoms, whereas second-generation antipsychotics relieve positive symptoms. b. First-generation antipsychotics treat positive symptoms, whereas second-generation antipsychotics treat negative symptoms. c. First-generation antipsychotics increase glutamate levels, whereas second-generation antipsychotics increase dopamine levels. d. First-generation antipsychotics address positive symptoms only, whereas second-generation antipsychotics address both positive and negative symptoms.

d. First-generation antipsychotics address positive symptoms only, whereas second-generation antipsychotics address both positive and negative symptoms.

What behavior is seen in rumination disorder? a. Avoidance of foods with certain textures. b. Misuse of laxatives. c. Excessive exercising. d. Food regurgitation.

d. Food regurgitation.

Waylin has anorexia nervosa and is starting treatment. What will her therapist address first? a. Getting her started on medication. b. Identifying healthy foods. c. Assessing her support system. d. Increasing food consumption.

d. Increasing food consumption.

What is the relationship between psychosis, cannabis use, and schizophrenia? a. Schizophrenia is hereditary showing no risk factors by the use of cannabis, although psychosis has been shown with alcohol use. b. The use of cannabis increases the risk for schizophrenia while at the same time decreasing any psychotic symptoms. c. Cannabis use decreases both psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia in those genetically predisposed to these disorders. d. Individuals who used cannabis before psychotic symptoms and continue to use cannabis have a greater risk for schizophrenia.

d. Individuals who used cannabis before psychotic symptoms and continue to use cannabis have a greater risk for schizophrenia.

How does an antagonist medication aid in the treatment of drug addiction? a. It counteracts withdrawal effects. b. It reverses the brain changes caused by drug use. c. It increases the potency of a drug so less is needed. d. It prevents the illicit drug from producing an effect.

d. It prevents the illicit drug from producing an effect.

How does genetic manipulation work to change the way our bodies use energy? a. It makes our senses react negatively to overly sweet and/or high-fat foods. b. It alters a series of genes so that the body will no longer store excess calories as fat. c. It modifies the way that our bodies build fatty tissue. d. It recalibrates the metabolism to encourage burning energy rather than storing fat.

d. It recalibrates the metabolism to encourage burning energy rather than storing fat.

What is the main symptom of dissociative amnesia that is illustrated in the video? a. Two or more personalities. b. Belief you are someone else. c. Loss of procedural memory. d. Loss of personal information.

d. Loss of personal information.

People with somatic system disorders often visit multiple doctors in order to gain which of the following? a. Reassurance. b. Attention. c. Medication. d. Medical diagnosis.

d. Medical diagnosis.

Can a person get "high" from CBD oil? a. Yes; CBD in any form can cause a high. b. Yes; if CBD is applied to a large area, a high can occur. c. No; CBD is metabolized too quick, preventing it from causing a high. d. No; CBD does not produce any psychoactive effects.

d. No; CBD does not produce any psychoactive effects.

Carter reports feeling like she is two different people: "Work Carter" and "Friend Carter." Carter describes Work Carter as responsible, organized, and a team player. Friend Carter, on the other hand, is a risk taker who speaks her mind and enjoys confrontation. According to Carter, "Work Carter can get mad at Friend Carter when she stays out too late on a weeknight." Does Carter have dissociative identity disorder (DID)? a. No; Carter is not experiencing signs of derealization, which is required to make a DID diagnosis. b. Yes; Carter has two unique personalities that are aware of one another. c. Yes; Carter is describing two distinct personalities. d. No; Carter is aware of her behavior changes in different social situations and is not experiencing gaps in memory.

d. No; Carter is aware of her behavior changes in different social situations and is not experiencing gaps in memory.

What contributes to the treatment strategy that the therapist in the video uses with her clients? a. Downplaying any family problems that might be interfering with treatment. b. Minimizing clients' exposure to unhealthy body images in the media. c. Determining the level of influence of the clients' friends and families. d. Promoting clients' understanding of where their behavior is coming from.

d. Promoting clients' understanding of where their behavior is coming from.

Which person is statistically most likely to successfully recover from anorexia nervosa with treatment? a. Someone who has high levels of anxiety. b. Someone who was diagnosed before age 18. c. Someone who engages in induced vomiting. d. Someone who is impulsive.

d. Someone who is impulsive.

How does bulimia nervosa differ from anorexia nervosa? a. The methods used to control body weight. b. The intensity of concerns related to becoming fat. c. The secrecy surrounding eating behaviors. d. The body weights of the affected individuals.

d. The body weights of the affected individuals.

What role does behavioral conditioning play in pathological gambling? a. As individuals become sensitized to losing, they no longer view it as a negative consequence. b. When individuals see others winning, they believe that they too can win, promoting more risky behavior. c. Individuals are "programmed" to want to gamble when presented with specific environmental cues. d. The positive reinforcement of winning encourages more gambling.

d. The positive reinforcement of winning encourages more gambling.

What inference can be made from the fact that the catatonic subtype does not respond to antipsychotic medication in the same manner as the other subtypes? a. Catatonia must have a cardiovascular component in addition to the schizophrenia. b. Arguments have been made that negative symptoms are actually early-onset dementia. c. The catatonic subtype belongs with the residual subtype, not in its own category. d. There is an argument that the catatonic subtype should be a separate disorder from schizophrenia.

d. There is an argument that the catatonic subtype should be a separate disorder from schizophrenia.

What is true of the physical symptoms reported in factitious disorder? a. They do not exist; the person is making them up. b. They are observable by the physician. c. They cannot be objectively observed but the person feels them. d. They are felt by the patient but do not follow known physiological or neurological patterns.

d. They are felt by the patient but do not follow known physiological or neurological patterns.

Why do individuals with somatic system disorders often visit multiple doctors? a. To get reassurance they are healthy. b. To obtain painkillers. c. To receive attention. d. To obtain a medical diagnosis.

d. To obtain a medical diagnosis.

In what way do 12-step programs differ from other psychosocial therapies in the treatment of substance use disorder? a. A 12-step program focuses on the personal consequences of one's actions, whereas other psychosocial therapies focus on how others are affected. b. Traditional psychosocial therapies focus on relapse prevention, whereas a 12-step program focuses on withdrawal symptoms. c. A 12-step program attempts to change one's thought processes, whereas other psychosocial therapies rely primarily on medication to change brain chemistry. d. Traditional psychosocial therapies are led by mental health professionals, whereas 12-step programs are led by the members.

d. Traditional psychosocial therapies are led by mental health professionals, whereas 12-step programs are led by the members.

Which activity increases the likelihood of someone seeking out food even when not hungry? a. Driving through your neighborhood. b. Cleaning your kitchen. c. Playing basketball with friends. d. Watching a baking show on television.

d. Watching a baking show on television.

What is the first phase of the Maudsley approach to treat anorexia nervosa? a. Identification of irrational thoughts. b. Development of personal autonomy. c. Development of a healthy identity. d. Weight restoration.

d. Weight restoration.

What conclusion was drawn from using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to track white matter in the brain at different stages of the disorder? a. DTI was able to see the increased white matter in the first episode of schizophrenia, enabling researchers to determine treatments that should be implemented. b. Using DTI at first experience, five years later, and again at 10 years allowed researchers to see which areas of the brain had been affected by medication. c. Chronic schizophrenia and first experience schizophrenia were shown to have the same amounts of white matter compared with controls, determining that schizophrenia is static. d. White matter was lower in chronic schizophrenia versus first episode or controls, demonstrating that this loss was a result of the disorder over time.

d. White matter was lower in chronic schizophrenia versus first episode or controls, demonstrating that this loss was a result of the disorder over time.

Pathological gambling was previously classified as an impulse control disorder, but in the current DSM, it is categorized as a(n) ______ disorder. a. perceptual b. motivational c. somatic d. addictive

d. addictive

A medication that binds to receptor sites and mimics the function of an illicit drug without producing the high is classified as an ______ drug. a. aversive b. appetitive c. antagonist d. agonist

d. agonist

White matter reductions associated with schizophrenia are found in what areas? a. the frontal and temporal lobes only b. throughout the brain c. the brainstem and cerebellum but not the cortex d. all four lobes of the cortex but not in the brainstem and cerebellum

d. all four lobes of the cortex but not in the brainstem and cerebellum

A researcher looks for loss of brain volume in particular areas of the brain in those with schizophrenia. This researcher is focused on ______ associated with schizophrenia. a. functional processes b. the development of cortical processes beginning in utero c. neural oscillations d. anatomical changes

d. anatomical changes

In the treatment of bulimia nervosa, ______ medications are more effective than a placebo but less effective than cognitive behavioral therapy. a. antianxiety b. stimulant c. neuroleptic d. antidepressant

d. antidepressant

What occurs during the prodromal phase of schizophrenia? a. appearance of negative symptoms b. relapse in symptoms after treatment c. nonspecific problems with cognition, motor, or social functioning d. appearance of positive symptoms

d. appearance of positive symptoms

According to the video, the data suggests that the prevalence of anorexia nervosa is ______. a. increased among those from single-parent homes b. higher among white teenage girls c. lower among girls than boys d. believed to be the same across ethnicities

d. believed to be the same across ethnicities

Which of the following is a characteristic of schizophrenia identified by Bleuler? a. agreeableness b. aggressiveness c. adaptive thinking d. blunted affect

d. blunted affect

To understand how the brain functions in schizophrenia, which method would be used? a. written interview b. medication trials c. behavioral observation d. brain imaging

d. brain imaging

Sanford, a 23-year-old male, has just been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His doctor does a complete background evaluation and learns the following information: Sanford suffered abuse and removal from his home, then moved to a few foster homes; he grew up in a rural town and had a short history of alcohol use; and he was an average student once his dyslexia was discovered. Which of Sanford's environmental factors is most likely associated with the development of schizophrenia? a. rural town environment b. history of alcohol use c. dyslexia d. child abuse

d. child abuse

According to research referenced in the video, the key to the genetic aspect of obesity is ______. a. reliance on beneficial, evolutionary genetic adaptations that occur over time b. the modification of several genetic structures proven to minimize obesity risk c. the strength of the body's digestive system to overcome excess calorie intake d. circuitry inside fat cells that determines how calories will be treated in the body

d. circuitry inside fat cells that determines how calories will be treated in the body

Feeling as if you are moving through a dream or a fog are symptoms of ______. a. depersonalization b. amnesia c. fugue d. derealization

d. derealization

Evelyn arrived late to work one day, wearing brightly colored clothing not in keeping with her usual conservative style. When her boss questions Evelyn about her lateness, she said "Evelyn decided to stay home, but I'm here!" Evelyn is showing signs of ______. a. dissociative fugue b. derealization disorder c. somatic disorder d. dissociative identity disorder

d. dissociative identity disorder

The first step in CBT therapy for bulimia nervosa typically focuses on ______. a. replacing negative thoughts with more adaptive ones b. medication management c. interactions within the family d. education about regular eating

d. education about regular eating

People with ______ have no brain activity when they observe movement on the side of their body that cannot move. a. derealization disorder b. malingering c. somatic symptoms disorder d. functional paralysis

d. functional paralysis

Valeria has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She has experienced voices telling her that she is "no good" and should just "kill [her]self." These symptoms would be considered ______. a. delusions b. paranoia c. echolalia d. hallucinations

d. hallucinations

Mescaline, LSD, and MDMA are all examples of ______. a. opioids b. amphetamines c. sedatives d. hallucinogens

d. hallucinogens

Four new alcoholic beverages have been introduced to the market: a lime beer, a still (noncarbonated) hard apple cider, a hard seltzer (carbonated), and a rum. Which drink is most likely to cause the experience of alcohol the fastest? a. rum b. lime beer c. still hard apple cider d. hard seltzer

d. hard seltzer

Kimble has a minor headache and starts to panic, worrying that it is a sign he has developed a brain tumor. Something similar happened a few weeks earlier when Kimble thought his throat was drier than normal and he was convinced he had COVID-19. This behavior is most suggestive of ______. a. somatic symptom disorder b. conversion disorder c. factitious disorder d. illness anxiety disorder

d. illness anxiety disorder

Parker has bulimia nervosa. It is most likely the case that Parker ______. a. engages in excessive exercise b. eats very few calories each day c. is significantly underweight d. is normal weight

d. is normal weight

A person fakes having an illness for monetary gain. This is called ______. a. conversion disorder b. illness anxiety disorder c. somatic symptom disorder d. malingering

d. malingering

Sophia generally has about five to six drinks each week. Most weeks she limits her alcohol intake to the weekends with an occasional drink during the week. Which classification would Sophia have in terms of her alcohol intake? a. light b. heavy c. binge d. moderate

d. moderate

Which of the following is likely to have a negative impact on a person's recovery from drug or alcohol addiction? a. using medications to overcome cravings b. using a variety of services and treatments c. trying to address multiple needs at once d. not having access to professional treatment resources

d. not having access to professional treatment resources

When should intervention for schizophrenia begin? a. when schizophrenia is suspected b. when genetic testing confirms schizophrenia c. once symptoms begin to interfere with daily functioning d. once signs of the disorder develop

d. once signs of the disorder devlop

Medication alone reduces the relapse rate for schizophrenia by roughly ______. a. two thirds b. one fifth c. three fourths d. one half

d. one half

Maleek broke his arm and cracked two ribs in a car accident and is in a lot of pain. Which category of substances would Maleek most likely receive to treat his injuries? a. hallucinogens b. cannabis c. amphetamines d. opioids

d. opioids

According to the video, deep brain stimulation is likened to which device? a. thermometer b. respirator c. titanium bone plate d. pacemaker

d. pacemaker

Hallucinations are considered which type of schizophrenic symptom? a. negative b. simple c. complex d. positive

d. positive

Jackson is shopping in a store when he hears music play and bells ring to celebrate the 100th customer of the day. The noises make Jackson think of the casino where he goes to play cards, and immediately after leaving the store, Jackson goes straight to the casino. This scenario best illustrates which process of pathological gambling? a. behavioral inhibition b. impaired executive functioning c. behavioral conditioning d. role of external cues

d. role of external cues

What is the primary consideration when determining the appropriate treatment for schizophrenia? a. medications available through insurance plans b. environmental influences during adolescence c. endophenotype of the brain d. specific stage of the disorder

d. specific stage of the disorder

The speaker in the video expresses that most individuals with Munchausen syndrome will discontinue seeking treatment when ______. a. they receive a specific diagnosis b. it affects their children c. they have to experience too much physical pain d. they're caught in their lies

d. they're caught in their lies

Dr. Hernandez has been treating Trish for schizophrenia using cognitive behavioral therapy. On her initial visits, Trish would tell Dr. Hernandez that she made the sun come out that day with her weather machine. Dr. Hernandez would ask her questions about this machine. What is the most likely reasons the therapist did this? a. to challenge Trish's logic b. to create associations to delusions c. to relieve the waxy flexibility d. to develop a therapeutic alliance

d. to develop a therapeutic alliance

Why are researchers using brain cell structures to examine the biological origins of disorders like schizophrenia? a. to modify cells from the areas where impairment usually occurs b. to alter the genetic makeup of specific areas of the brain c. to understand why stem cells cannot be used to recreate brain cells d. to direct research toward developing new treatments

d. to direct research toward developing new treatments

Which behavior uses a pathway in the brain related to addiction? a. liking a substance b. thinking about using a substance c. becoming intoxicated d. wanting and seeking a substance

d. wanting and seeking a substance

Explain at least two specific differences that you would expect to see as a neuroscientist when comparing the brains of individuals with schizophrenia versus those without.

A brain of an individual with schizophrenia would show shrinkage compared to brains of adults of the same age without schizophrenia. Also, diminished function would be apparent in specific regions like the prefrontal areas.

Caffeine is a common and legal substance that is associated with dependence, intoxication, and withdrawal. Why is its use not considered a substance-related disorder?

Although individuals can become physically dependent on caffeine and experience withdrawal symptoms, the intoxication, cravings, and withdrawal associated with caffeine are typically do not cause a pattern of disordered use. For use of caffeine to become disordered, it would have to cause the user significant impairment and distress, such as loss of control over amount and frequency of caffeine use; failing to meet significant obligations or maintain relationships; or experiencing significant medical issues associated with caffeine use.

Ada and Lewin are monozygotic (MZ) twins who were separated at birth. Ada remained with her natural family, while Lewin was adopted by an unrelated family. As the twins enter their teens, Ada feels mentally and emotionally adjusted, while Lewin begins to experience delusions and hallucinations that lead to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. His adopted father then discovers a history of schizophrenia in his own family. Explain the potential reasons for the difference in the twins' presentation of schizophrenic symptoms and what you would expect to see if you examined each twin's genes.

Among MZ twins who participated in research studies, both twins showed genetic abnormalities that aligned with schizophrenia, but it was possible for one twin to show symptoms while the other did not. While one might think to attribute the difference in presentation of schizophrenic symptoms to Lewin's adoption, that would mean that his schizophrenia was purely environment-based, as he shares no genes with his adopted parents, including his adopted father whose family has a history of schizophrenia. While environmental factors can contribute to schizophrenia, there is an undeniable genetic component to the disorder. Thus, Ada's genes would show abnormalities related to schizophrenia similar to Lewin's, even though she does not have any symptoms.

Why are doctors unable to share details about a patient displaying Munchausen symptoms with other doctors, even though the symptoms are factitious?

As a doctor treating a patient with symptoms of Munchausen syndrome (factitious disorder), it is important to keep the symptoms' factitious nature personally confidential, as this information could prejudice other doctors against potentially treating the individual when they have an actual ailment. While one physician might refer the patient to another physician for the treatment they're seeking, they should not create bias before the second physician sees the patient.

Describe each of Bleuler's four A's of schizophrenia, and explain why he created them.

Bleuler's four A's are affect, associations, ambivalence, and autism. Affect refers to a lack of emotional response. Associations refers to an inability to think logically. Ambivalence refers to an inability to make decisions. Autism, which was not yet defined as it is today, referred to an inability to socially connect with others. Bleuler created his four A's to help define his new term schizophrenia, as he believed these characteristics were unique to the disorder.

Compare and contrast factious disorder and malingering.

Both factious disorder and malingering involve deception. However, malingering involves deception to obtain external rewards, such as money from insurance, days off of work, or access to drugs. In contrast, in factitious disorder, symptoms are created so that an individual may obtain attention or sympathy.

Compare and contrast binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa.

Both of these conditions involve binge eating episodes during which the person consumes very large amounts of food. The binge episodes in binge eating disorder can be more excessive, with some individuals eating up to 10,000 calories at a time. In both of these conditions, the person also feels out of control when binge eating and feel guilty after the episode. A key difference is that with binge eating disorder, the person does not engage in any purging behavior, whereas this is a distinguishing characteristic of bulimia nervosa.

Slot machines and other devices are, in many cases, designed to maximize profit for a casino. Using information on the nature of pathological gambling to justify your claim, give at least two examples of a factor a casino could manipulate to elicit the addictive qualities of gambling.

Casinos may use behavioral conditioning to motivate more gambling by programming a slot machine that grants an early but unpredictable win; eventually, by creating an intermittent pattern of reinforcement, it will create a difficult-to-extinguish habit. Another way casinos could influence gambling is by providing free alcoholic drinks. Drinking lowers inhibitions and makes risk taking more likely.

Two individuals experience trauma: Sylvia, age 4, and Jordan, age 9. Sylvia develops dissociative identity disorder (DID), but Jordan does not. Explain how this supports the argument that DID is a developmental disorder.

Children develop their sense of self at a young age, typically before age 5. Therefore, a trauma during this period could interfere with the child's development of a well-formed sense of self. When this occurs, different "personalities" may develop. Trauma that occurs after the sense of self is formed is less likely to result in DID.

Darla has been diagnosed with dissociative anemia. How is her memory affected? How is new memory formation affected?

Darla will be unable to recall autobiographical memories, such as personal experiences from her past. Her ability to form new memories should be intact.

In the video, the man cannot remember his name but does remember that a hospital is where people are treated. Explain how this is possible.

Dissociative amnesia affects only autobiographical, or personal, memories. Therefore, it affects the man's memory of who he is but does not affect his implicit memory about what a hospital is.

Why is it important for neuroscience researchers like those at Stanford University and the University of California-San Francisco to make specific parts of the brain in the lab?

Each neurological (or neurodevelopmental) disorder affects the brain in unique, specific ways. When researchers recreate these parts of the brain in the lab, they are able to isolate those areas and better understand how each disorder manipulates specific brain cells. This should lead to improved and expanded treatment options for those experiencing these types of disorders.

Explain the role environmental, psychological, and biological factors play in obesity.

Environmental factors include culture and family. For example, some cultures may view larger body shapes as more attractive. Additionally, the types of foods that are made readily available can influence eating habits. Psychological factors include internal motivators for eating. For example, some people may eat when stressed as a way to comfort themselves. This too can lead to overeating and obesity. Finally, biological factors are genetic factors that can affect the amount and distribution of body fat.

Alcohol offers no health benefits.

False

All illicit drugs are illegal.

False

Binge eating disorder appears to be a phenomenon unique to the United States.

False

Bleuler expanded upon Hecker's work to combine all schizophrenic symptoms under a single type and diagnosis of schizophrenia.

False

Both men and women tend to significantly overestimate their weight.

False

Brain imaging technology has shown that sensory areas tend to be overactive in individuals with depersonalization disorder.

False

Cognitive behavioral therapy is the least successful at treating somatic symptom disorders.

False

Depersonalization is a rare phenomenon, exclusively associated with psychosis.

False

Dissociative fugue is a loss of procedural memory.

False

Drugs are used by males and females at roughly equal rates.

False

Experiencing and avoiding withdrawal symptoms are a definitive sign of addiction.

False

Glove anesthesia is a condition that could reflect nerve damage.

False

Illness anxiety disorder is similar to other anxiety disorders, just with a focus on the body.

False

Individuals who present with catatonia in schizophrenia respond very well to antipsychotic medications.

False

Individuals who present with negative symptoms have a better prognosis than those with positive symptoms.

False

Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate emotions in the same degree whether they are writing them or interacting in person.

False

Medication is a mainstay in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.

False

Obesity primarily results from a dysfunction in how the body processes calories.

False

People with conversion disorder are faking physical conditions in order to gain attention.

False

People with illness anxiety disorder are typically calmed by reassurances from healthcare providers.

False

Research has demonstrated that pathological gambling disorder is more likely to develop in females and when they are younger and in males when they are older.

False

Schizophrenia develops much the same way as Huntington's disease does genetically.

False

Second-generation antipsychotic medications used for treating schizophrenia were able to eliminate the motor side effects seen in the first-generation medications.

False

The genetic relationship of schizophrenia has been demonstrated by the higher concordance rate in dizygotic twins than monozygotic twins for schizophrenia.

False

The goal of all treatments for substance-related disorders is no further use of the substance.

False

The number of fat cells in your body increases or decreases with weight change.

False

The prevalence of bulimia nervosa is higher in developing than in developed countries.

False

The symptoms seen in conversion disorder result from physiological changes brought on by stress.

False

You are treating a patient with schizophrenia. Describe two types of medication you could try utilizing for your patient and how these drugs might work for them.

I could try the antipsychotic drug Thorazine if my patient was experiencing severe positive symptoms, but I would need to carefully monitor them for negative symptoms, which would remain unaffected, as well as side effects that could outweigh the initial symptoms that the drug treats. I could also try a newer neuroleptic medication to potentially minimize side effects. This type of drug would also work to treat positive symptoms and promote clearer thinking in my patient.

Describe differences in how men and women think about weight.

In assessing their own weight, women are more likely to overestimate their weight, and men are more likely to underestimate their weight. In defining the ideal weight or weight that would be attractive to men, women tend to choose ideal weights that are less than their current weight. In contrast, men tend to view their own weight as similar to the ideal weight and to the weight they think that women would find attractive.

Explain the difference between depersonalization and derealization.

In depersonalization, one feels as if one is watching oneself from the outside; one feels detached from the reality of one's own self. In derealization, the world is experienced in a fog or a dream; one's experience of the world does not seem real or solid. In other words, in depersonalization, the person feels disconnected from themselves. In derealization, the person feels disconnected from the world around them.

Imagine you are developing a voluntary drug treatment program for a local nonprofit. Describe at least three aspects of such a program that you would focus on to maximize your program's effectiveness.

In my treatment program, I would focus my attention on making my service easy to access by holding periodic clinics in high-need areas. I would further ensure a medical professional was present or available during these clinics to ensure clients have rapid access to medications such as methadone, naltrexone, or bupropion. However, as medication alone is not as effective without counseling, I would either keep a counselor on staff or connect my clients to local sliding-scale or free therapists.

Todd has illness anxiety disorder. What is the likely reason why he refuses to go to the doctor when he starts experiencing persistent chest pain?

Individuals with illness anxiety disorder are fearful of having a serious illness or disease. In some cases, they refuse to seek medical care for fear that the doctor will confirm the bad news that they are seriously ill.

Explain how various internal and external factors contribute to obesity.

Internally, there is a genetic region that predisposes individuals to obesity. Research has shown that manipulating the genes in this region changes the way that the body reacts to calorie intake, which opens up the potential for therapeutic intervention, limiting the storage of fat in the body that leads to obesity. External, environmental, causes include nutrition, lifestyle, and access to quality foods. Watching these lifestyle factors is important to minimizing the risk of obesity, regardless of genetic factors, as both internal and external factors work in combination to determine one's risk of developing obesity.

Explain the role of dopamine in predicting and maintaining alcohol abuse.

It is believed that some genetic predispositions to addiction are linked to differences in dopamine pathways, making certain individuals predisposed to dependence on any substance, including alcohol. In the moment, the expectation of pleasure associated with dopamine is the source of alcohol cravings and can be a powerful influence on how desirable alcohol is to the individual.

While there is much about Mr. Yan's treatment plan we don't know, it appears from the video and some of the criticisms of China's research is that the implantation of the DBS device was the sole therapy offered to him. Analyze the benefits of a multimodal and ongoing approach to addiction treatment, citing at least two of the Department of Health and Human Services' thirteen principles of effective treatment.

It is important to understand that effective treatment is just as complex as the pathology of alcoholism. No single treatment will be appropriate for every individual due to their unique underlying comorbidities and sociocultural situations, and effective treatment may take on many modalities in order to meet the many converging psychological needs that perpetuate addiction. Pharmacological solutions are especially effective when combined with behavioral therapies, indicating that one modality may potentiate other treatment methods, and the need for continual reassessment of a treatment plan may warrant changing a therapeutic approach to something more effective for the individual.

Describe the effects of nicotine on brain chemistry, and explain why these effects make quitting tobacco uniquely difficult.

Like most other drugs, nicotine increases dopamine and ultimately creates cravings, expectations, and anticipation for nicotine use. Nicotine also alters the inhibitory effects of GABA in the brain, which enhances the learning of external cues and makes it more likely that an environmental factor—such as the smell of cigarette smoke, being stuck in traffic, or going on break at work—can trigger a strong craving. Another problematic factor is the instrumental use of nicotine; consistently using nicotine as an appetite suppressant, focus aid, or anxiety-reducer may make it more daunting to quit.

Why might brain images of two individuals with chronic schizophrenia of the same age differ significantly? Why might their brain images be very similar?

Medications can account for significant brain changes in individuals with schizophrenia, the effects of which increase with age. Therefore, even though both individuals may have chronic schizophrenia, one individual may have experienced significant gray matter reduction due to medications taken for several years, while the other may have experienced far less gray matter loss. In contrast, it is also possible that the same individual could have a similar amount of gray matter reduction without taking medications, as these changes vary from person to person.

How has the use of pain-relieving opiates and opioid drugs changed since the founding of the United States?

Over the past 250 years or so, our attitude has shifted dramatically: initially, Americans enjoyed relatively free and frequent use of opium and eventually heroin, which was advertised to treat coughs, colds, and pain. Opium was made illegal in 1909, but like many other drugs, opioid usage climbed dramatically starting in the 1960s. The development of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid about 100 times stronger than morphine, has accelerated the casualty rate of the opioid epidemic to unforeseen heights.

Define pica, and describe the conditions under which it most frequently occurs.

Pica is a feeding disorder that involves eating nonfood substances, such as dirt or paste. Pica is seen around the world, but it is more common in the developing world than in developed nations. Additionally, it has been reported more often in individuals who were poor, black, pregnant, or children.

How is identity related to eating disorders?

Rates of anorexia nervosa seem to be consistent across all ethnicities. However, differences are seen with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating, as the rates are higher among women of color over other groups. Among LGBTQ individuals, minority stress contributes to a more difficult cumulative life experience, thus increasing the risk of developing an eating disorder. Additionally, it has been found that the trans population is at the greatest risk for developing eating disorders.

What is the relationship between genetics and alcohol addiction? Provide at least one genetically determined trait that may predispose an individual to alcoholism.

Research has found that while the environment is particularly involved in the use of drugs and alcohol in adolescence, dependency is strongly related to genetics. The genetic influence increases from adolescence into young adulthood, even as the environmental influences continue to steadily decrease. One gene influencing the activity of serotonin may impact alcoholism by increasing impulsivity, while another genetic phenotype impacts the dopamine pathway and increases the chances of addiction to alcohol and several more substances.

Ry has not been making a lot of sense lately when he speaks to his friends and family. They've noticed that he can't seem to form a normal sentence, and he says random words at times. When his younger sister fell down the stairs in their home the other day, Ry simply looked down at her, then walked away; his parents were stunned at his lack of reaction. What subtype of schizophrenia is Ry's behavior consistent with? Support your answer.

Ry's symptoms align with the disorganized subtype of schizophrenia. His inability to form logical sentences along with his use of random words at times categorize his speech issues as word salad. Additionally, Ry's inappropriate response to significant events like his sister falling down the stairs show an issue with affective responses, which is characteristic of the disorganized subtype.

Explain why cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is recommended to treat somatic system disorder.

Somatic symptom disorder shares some similarities with anxiety disorders, for which CBT is commonly used. For example, someone with somatic system disorder will have an unhealthy preoccupation with their physical health. CBT will help the individual identify and correct maladaptive thoughts and behaviors related to this.

Describe the typical behaviors exhibited by a person with somatic symptom disorder.

Someone with somatic symptom disorder will experience persistent worry about their physical health. They often experience physical symptoms for which medical doctors can find no medical cause. Dissatisfied with no diagnosis, they will continue to seek medical treatment from multiple doctors and spend excessive time and energy on her health.

Imagine you are a therapist working with a new client dealing with anorexia nervosa. What types of behaviors might you expect them to exhibit? How can you help the client overcome some of their initial inhibitions toward treatment?

The client could exhibit a range of beliefs and behaviors regarding their condition, anywhere from believing that they do not have a problem to actively asking for help. The client might say that they want to get better, whether or not they feel capable of doing so at the start of therapy. Asking the client a lot of questions about themselves and how they feel would help show my interest and concern for the client's life and well-being. If the client feels resistant toward therapy and/or other treatment options, providing a safe, caring environment for them to openly discuss their thoughts and feelings would be key to developing the trust needed to help the client work toward honest participation in the sessions.

Describe the three major aspects of bulimia nervosa in terms of DSM-5.

The first aspect is binge eating, which refers to eating a significant number of calories in a single sitting. The second aspect is purging. This refers to eliminating the food from the system via a number of behaviors, such as laxatives, vomiting, or enemas. The third aspect is believing one's self-worth is tied to their body weight or shape.

Erin is 24 years old and starting treatment for anorexia nervosa. Her therapist recommends cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Describe what her therapy will focus on.

The focus on CBT is to identify irrational thoughts and conclusions related to eating. Once identified, these thoughts can be replaced with more realistic and productive thinking related to both self and eating. In general, CBT therapy for anorexia nervosa either focuses on pathology related to eating disorders exclusively or focuses on pathology plus mood intolerance, clinical perfectionism, low self-esteem, and interpersonal difficulties.

How is the hippocampus related to drug addiction's effects on the brain?

The hippocampus is involved in memory, specifically memories of the context of drug use. When an individual has a history of drug abuse, the hippocampus helps the brain "remember" the experience and those environmental stimuli associated with it, leading to a conditioned chemical response in the amygdala, or part of the reward circuit. Both brain regions thus drive cravings for the drug.

Explain the variances in the onset of schizophrenia symptoms from person to person.

The onset of schizophrenia usually occurs in the late teens or early twenties; however, it often presents about five years earlier in males than in females. While the symptoms are similar across cultures, the way the disorder is experienced varies culturally. Additionally, some people have symptoms throughout their lives, while others stop showing symptoms for the most part after the first few years of experiencing them.

How do hallucinogens differ from most other addictive drugs, such as alcohol, cannabis, or cocaine? Discuss differences in brain chemistry and how these differences impact substance disorder formation.

The primary molecular difference between hallucinogens and most other addictive drugs is that hallucinogens bind to serotonin receptors, rather than acting on dopamine receptors. They do not produce the physiological dependence or withdrawal associated with dopamine-related drugs, and also lack the organ toxicity. However, it is important to note abuse and psychological dependence are still a possibility. The high associated with hallucinogens is also intensely subjective compared to other drugs.

Neva seeks medical treatment for numbness in her hands. Her physician suspects a conversion disorder. How would the physician confirm this suspicion?

The symptoms experienced in conversion disorder do not follow known physiological patterns, so one way to confirm this diagnosis is to test for numbness in other areas that physiologically should be numb as well. If the numbness does not follow the expected pattern, a conversion disorder is likely.

Dr. Milano is a cognitive behavioral therapist who is developing a treatment plan for Lianna, a young woman diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Briefly describe the phases Dr. Milano might include in the treatment plan.

The treatment plan may begin with education about the condition and regular eating habits, as well as monitoring of Lianna. The next phase would emphasize ways to eliminate binge eating and minimize obstacles to normal eating behavior. The final stage would involve teaching coping skills in an effort to help avoid relapse.

Hadlee is a 15-year-old girl who is extremely thin. Her physician suspects she may have anorexia nervosa. What other information would the physician need to make this determination?

To determine whether Hadlee has anorexia nervosa, the physician needs to better understand how and what Hadlee eats during the day, what her body image perception is, and whether she engages in compensatory behaviors.